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The Concept and Significance of Qi in Chinese Culture, Exercises of Chinese

Traditional Chinese MedicineChinese PhilosophyChinese LiteratureChinese artChinese religion

The concept and significance of Qi in Chinese culture, including its philosophical and religious aspects, its role in traditional Chinese medicine, and its representation in Chinese literature and art. It also explores the relationship between Qi and the natural world, as well as its influence on Chinese society and identity.

What you will learn

  • How is Qi represented in Chinese literature and art?
  • What is the relationship between Qi and the natural world?
  • What is the concept of Qi in Chinese philosophy and religion?
  • How has Qi influenced Chinese society and identity?
  • How is Qi related to traditional Chinese medicine?

Typology: Exercises

2021/2022

Uploaded on 08/05/2022

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Download The Concept and Significance of Qi in Chinese Culture and more Exercises Chinese in PDF only on Docsity! 氣的含義及其積極意義 金鵬程(Paul R. Goldin) 唐梓彬譯,陳偉强校對 提    要 “氣”作爲一個含義豐富的字,與相當多的概念相互關聯,表現出極爲複雜的 内涵。但“氣”是中國哲學中的重要命題,所以歷來的研究者都希望梳理出“氣” 的概念史。最近白一平(William H. Baxter)和沙加爾(Laurent Sagart)重構“氣” 爲C. qhps,其中C表示不確定的輔音,與“吸”顯示出明顯的聯繫;而qhp則 表示呼吸。毫無疑問,“氣”的基本含義是“呼吸”(breath),而所有其他感官 (senses)都從它派生出來。本文在此基礎上繼續對“氣”及其相關概念如陰陽、五行 等進行研究,闡述“氣”之所以在中國上古時期能夠作爲重要概念的三個主要原因 及其積極意義:(1)“氣”以“神靈”的形式允許了疾病的概念化;(2)“氣”能賦予 “天命”政治承襲理論合法性的地位;(3)傳統認爲可藉學習控制“氣”以獲得非凡 力量。最後爲求使研究更完整,本文亦對“氣”的局限性作一討論。 關鍵詞:氣  五行  陰陽  中國政治理論  中醫理論 一、 什麽是“氣”? “‹”ifjk‹a:u)"#'è,&A)*)sEÕVa)WXA •¸d。rs"#8(È_`”òóÒ³“‹”)@-¸dVa,ifÒ³@ jWX)ɶ)2€。àÎ`»¤¸“‹”)èZ(Etymology),?5ÚÎÍN †-12–Ý-†³)½)ý\,ÐÑ“stuff”、“fluid”、“pneuma”、“ether”、 “energy”(¤°i“material energy”)·“vital force”ù。µ"jk=O)½ ¦‹ìÒ“V™.™)™”,?Šr¶éêÃjk‘op“‹”)zs‰g oX,¢µ#üŒj‰D+。 “‹”jþ¤$†‹a:?j7«“×6”(breath)、“¾‹”(vapor)·“õ ‹”(air);4j/0í«“ÿ.”(matter)、“Ÿx”(material)、““!0üÔ)! Ùo<”(the physical substance of the world),ë?57“̀ ˜-<).Ù”(the substance of the human body)D“̄ ×k-ÎH).™æç”(the physical basis of ones energy),¦‹7“Óû”(fighting spirit)。?¢7]ߦjkVaãg ^?@-ˆžñÕ)Vam7Ñsg^? &"aj(William H. Baxter)·‡Ê´(Laurent Sagart)gƒÒ《~V ‰‘ëY^I*》(Old Chinese牶 A New Reconstruction)jÅ,)"HIa>Ò jI…)~VNÆ^Ÿ­(uvular initials),?~>Ú‚)yÿ。?œm ±“‹”Y^fC. qhps,µ"C{nCFE)Î^,&“6”jng`j)d e;qhp{n×6;;Ӌ”(C. qhps)p7¸–ÒjkÚå)ýÄ (prefix)(!NÆ^)Y^g^Ãý,“‹”&“6”9ö)deBC`F)。? 603   人文中國學報(第二十四期) ? ? ? ? ? ? èZ(Etymology)«è)ɶ,@-èÞI‘Þ(L™D`,C7jI…ào†{) oû_{Üè)×&(@7"#È_"¤â)cWŽ)。W Axel Schuessler,ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese,ABC Chinese Dictionary Series (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,2007),pp. 1—28,@7ð2id)W>。 Daniel K. Gardner,Learning to Be a Sage牶 Selections from the Conversations of Master Chu, Arranged Topically (Berkeley:University of California Press,1990),esp.,p. 50. 《É5》2A. 2 ")“­@9‹”,jE“‹”)$>‹a。 ¸0@&û)Va,q Mark Edward Lewis,Sanctioned Violence in Early China,SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture (Albany,1990),pp. 222—231. Old Chinese牶 A New Reconstruction (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014),pp.43—46。rÅ )6>”æ0ý-@—Y(Pan Wuyun):《ý^1》,《—½‘'》,1997…, 5~,† 10—24。 ÐÑ Schuessler?“‹”)Y^fk(t)s,“6”fhp,¹7ëfµ;8)I*BCí îNÆ^Ÿ­(uvular initials)。 batten his qi. 瑏瑧 ¯x¶,ö“‹”è!《55》·《]5O´》)Ð,‰åG¼6¨«“× 6”。Ñ: 其爲食也,足以增氣充虛,彊體適腹而已矣。瑏瑨 [Under the Sages,]one would eat no more than what was sufficient to augment the qi,fill the emptiness,fortify the limbs,and satiate the belly.瑏瑩 氣鬱而疾,志意不通,則仲由、卜商侍。瑐瑠 When (Confuciuss)qi grew stagnant and he fell ill with his aspirations unrealized,Zhong You (542—480 B. C.)and Bu Shang (b. 507 B. C.) served him. @>“‹”)WX!jI…)'L&8(#"‰]C²。&¤O)$kÐ57 《é5》·《š5》: 氣者,身之充也。瑐瑡 903氣的含義及其積極意義  瑏瑧 瑏瑨 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 Ä"#ã2%&«`¼cC¯)½,µÁ“‹”i“&”。D. C. Lau,Confucius牶 The Analects,p. 91。 Åÿú,«yFi:《55d》(Ž™:"=Ś,1993 …),› 1,《Í/》,† 47。" #《55d》,› 6,《ñ"》,† 255:“ÂÃyÃI‹,Ë¡.,89(N`,í¿。” (When it is enough to fill the emptiness and sustain the qi,to strengthen the thighs and forearms,and to make the ears and eyes keen of hearing and keen of sight,stop [eating].) Ä"# Ian Johnston )½。Ian Johnston,The Mozi牶 An Annotated Translation (Hong Kong:Chinese University Press,2010),p. 43;and Yipao Mei,The Ethical and Political Works of Motse,Probsthains Oriental Series 19 (London,1929),p. 25. í:《]5O´9´》(Ž™:"=Ś,1962 …),› 3,† 182。“ø¤î#ôø#93 Ã뵊,]5?ûÚE。” aKŸú,”Ð=®™:《é5d》(Ž™:"=Ś,2004 …),› 13,《VÃ》,† 778。Ä"#sâ:《̀ g59´》(Ž™:"=Ś,1998 …),› 1,《L”》,† 82。“‹`, •9y5。”(Qi is what fills living things.) Qi is what fills the body. 瑐瑢 人之生,氣之聚也;聚則爲生,散則爲死。瑐瑣 The birth of a human being is an agglomeration of qi. While it agglomerates,there is life;when it disperses,there is death. 瑐瑤 &û,Ñ~;>,“‹”5Äëjk-)‹Ù、ùpð®,ÐÑ: 居移氣,養移體。瑐瑥 Ones dwelling affects ones temperament [just as]nourishment affects ones body. 瑐瑦 孝子之有深愛者,必有和氣。瑐瑧 A filial son who has deep love [for his parents]must have a harmonious temperament. 瑐瑨 百姓無怨氣。瑐瑩 013   人文中國學報(第二十四期) 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 瑐瑦 瑐瑧 瑐瑨 瑐瑩 Ä"# W. Allyn Rickett )½。W. Allyn Rickett,Guanzi牶 Political,Economic,and Philosophical Essays from Early China (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998),II, p. 59. ÿ#6l,Šy÷®™:《š59´》(Ž™:"=Ś,1961 …),› 7 ƒ,《åŽN》,† 733。 Ä"# Burton Watson )½,œ³´“‹”f“×6”(breath)。Burton Watson,The Complete Works of Chuang tzu,Records of Civilization:Sources and Studies 80 (New York and London:Columbia University Press,1970),p. 235. jú,ñ''i:《É5¹a》(Ž™:"=Ś,1987 …),› 27,† 933。 Ä"#ã2%)½,D. C. Lau,Mencius牶 A Bilingual Edition,revised edition (Hong Kong:Chinese University Press,2003),p. 303. 《è%¹a》,.《³äLdè》,› 47,《ßa》,† 1594a。 Ä"# James Legge)½,µ¤“·‹”i“a bland air”。James Legge (1815—1897), The Li Ki,in The Sacred Books of China牶 The Texts of Confucianism (Oxford:Clarendon, 1885),II,p. 215. 《¶%》(Ž™:"=Ś,1959 …),› 118,《̀ g¡,…$》,† 3090。 The common people are not inclined to complain. 瑑瑠 6D“‹”&-)vð&¤§)7Ãgš《O´ŠÊ》@Ç'è: 公孫之《養氣》曰:“裹藏泰實則氣不通,泰虛則氣不足,熱勝則氣□,寒 勝則氣□,泰勞則氣不入,泰佚則氣宛至,怒則氣高,喜則氣散,憂則氣 狂,懼則氣懾。凡此十者,氣之害也,而皆生於不中和。”瑑瑡 Nourishing qi by Gongsun [Nizi 尼子?] says:“When the internal storehouses [i. e. organs]are too full,the qi does not circulate;when they are too empty,the qi is insufficient. When heat dominates,the qi [lacuna]; when cold dominates, the qi [lacuna]. When one is overworked,the qi does not enter;when one is too idle,the qi arrives, but circuitously. When one is enraged,the qi rises;when one is happy, the qi is dispersed;when one is worried,the qi is crazed;when one is afraid,the qi is terrified. These ten [disorders]are impairments of qi, and they all arise from not being centered and harmonious.”瑑瑢 @Ç''9;Ã6‰¸d,¤Ãƒ9kLë。¿ã,@7lméê!jk#‚ )ýC"W’“‹”)*DVaÃÀ%È_),jk'L。%"')-jEd V],¹Ñlmå®5Spœqg,“‹”E¤*DVa,ÐÑ:×6(breath)、$ <(the substance of the body)、jk-)‚ûvðù。@š@ÁÃÿlmO` 113氣的含義及其積極意義  瑑瑠 瑑瑡 瑑瑢 Ä"# Burton Watson )½。Burton Watson,Records of the Grand Historian牶 Han Dynasty,revised edition,Records of Civilization:Sources and Studies 65 (New York: Columbia University Press,1993),II,p. 342;and Yang Hsienyi and Gladys Yang,Records of the Historian (Hong Kong:Commercial Press,1974),p. 330. ^rú,”8i:《O´ŠÊa²》(Ž™:"=Ś,1992 …),› 16,《®9”,ѳ Ñ》,† 447 Dµû。 Ä"# Sarah A. Queen · John S. Major )½。Sarah A. Queen and John S. Major, Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn牶 Attributed to Dong Zhongshu,Translations from the Asian Classics (New York:Columbia University Press,2016),p. 574. ~、§·Œ%(Œ\),ÈÒ、u、¾、I、Þ。~§)«ƒ?eSS57Œ% )«ƒ?e;"9³…ªg^ÒCÅE¤žÜÏ)A¸È_,瑒瑣ë?L'C !?þÞ;¢l2˒jkæç™6ifÃ6>)æº:™6ر‹)Œk ^Çz˜C¯)j…。&cW)$>j…D7A•·A*,瑒瑤ý`&k›•4 jk)™,û`í&kΗµ4jk)™。D2)7,m!/09"3k ŽA¯)j…。 相生:土→金→水→木→火 相剋:土←水←火←金←木 @-¸¹)æLL™ccCS`F(¦‹“!ԙ),¢¤)Ѿ*I)L™ í7Ĭ#™³)。@3j…)Va!0±‰œ¡WXµ:ÿ.8Ûì/ Œ%)j…¥1ÊG,B–!$j¡“RûDëx3¥jÊG。@x)j k­~ìcºef7j…,$k^Ǜ•)‹í_{ë)j°。@,@> ž­!!S~¤jE)]î,ëfV°"#·lm^!jx”7j…L/• °(O、t、́ 、R)Ž¸,C7Œ°。07¤-'­éê|,Œ°ÃjÜ@ k³´~)]î,¹7©0™6\£;Y。瑒瑥µœ­~ÑjkŠh)¡íº ef62S*…,¦‹98…­˜。ë?,C¯­~!¯j°öÃC¯)ñ ^Ð%@kÍlB¼‡¢。@û,@-­~mcº³´#2])^e,p 413   人文中國學報(第二十四期) 瑒瑣 瑒瑤 瑒瑥 ÐÑ Aihe Wang,Cosmology and Political Culture in Early China,Cambridge Studies in Chinese History,Literature and Institutions(Cambridge,2000);John S. Major,Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought牶 Chapters Three,Four,and Five of the Huainanzi,SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture (Albany,1993);Nathan Sivin,Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China,Science,Medicine,and Technology in East Asia 2 (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1987);and Manfred Porkert,The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine牶 Systems of Correspondence,MIT East Asian Science Series 3 (Cambridge,1974)。 g?9Ä,:¤µœÐ5,ѕ°)¹cÀ4———u、I、Ò、¾,Þ!",BC?MA•A *)WX。Ž*¤¸s>ª²!)Âj,WWolfram Eberhard,“Beitrge zur kosmologischen Spekulation Chinas in der HanZeit,”Baessler Archiv 16. 1 (1933),pp. 1—100. 1 Rickett,I,pp. 151—166. 7˜G)Ð5C*。瑒瑦 二、 論氣的積極意義 ‹ºEf"#~V°~jkD2)WX,A¤ä‚Lë: (1)‹&"#V_åÝz5)¸Ó’GE¤jYv,@‚WZ0â#°~ åÝz5#¸?áx°_2‚kl)µi;P。瑒瑧‹@>ëVaÕÖÎ<^ !W)#X"。ƒ¤Å0% x3,"#-¸ª¤‚sz)Wõ:2‚ )ÏH。瑒瑨Ã){°”Í7#Â4)Ð5: 貞:王疾身,維妣己害?瑒瑩 Divined:The King is sick to his body;is Ancestress Ji harming [him]? 壬寅卜," 貞:王尤 [或疣?],維父乙害?瑓瑠 Scapulimancy on renyin day. Ke divined:The King is unwell [or perhaps “has a wart”];is Father Yi harming [him]? W7!Æ_{°u”'µ";W&\¸d)sï9j,ëfWº°-³ 513氣的含義及其積極意義  瑒瑦 瑒瑧 瑒瑨 瑒瑩 瑓瑠 ¸0˞`Lq­~)Ð5,ÄÐ1 Paul R. Goldin,“Economic Cycles and Price Theory in Early Chinese Texts,”in Between Command and Market牶 Economic Thought and Practice in Early China,ed. Elisa Sabattini and Christian Schwermann (forthcoming). ¸0Ã2‚)?ùÂéif”\åý)ÇI,Đ1 Paul R. Goldin,Confucianism, Ancient Philosophies 9 (Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,2011), p. 13f.《{%》Ë Ò@k»·:“J-ς,Z—Ãÿ‚。”(The men of Yin [i. e., Shang]honored spirits and led its people to serve them.)“’-Ïèœå”(The men of Zhou honor ritual and esteem philanthropy.),W《è%¹a》,› 44,† 1642a。"# Franklin Perkins,Heaven and Earth Are Not Humane牶 The Problem of Evil in Classical Chinese Philosophy,World Philosophies (Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana University Press, 2014),p. 16。 9LÌ、äû5¬ò:《"V(kl¶》(;‡:(g,Xgƒ„,2003 …),† 12—14。 ÿ‹à¬ò:《{°'M9》(Ž™:"=Ś,1979—1983 …),† 822a。 ¯~,† 2235a1。 ´f‚QjnCÓ)j>oC。ë?,$)#ŠWµ°?ÐÊ~‚`r‚Q )w¢。ÑüCÎD°¶Š‚Q)CÓ,‚QÄÎÁI^U»,f-üN Ž*)JÆ·C0。瑓瑡ëf{°'op)Xéý\S¸,lmCÎÂgWW X!µœðFƒ)8Ð5,“!ںˠƒ)ÄÎv。¢7Š½?0 WZ)Åj³´7:WZ0‚Q~֍öK0-。 Wif릂~wG)#X,!'­Ÿx"G*¤C²。瑓瑢ÐÑà 《/$》")jkTÿ,úi…_‹Å!Æ_9ûjT…:瑓瑣 公疾病,求醫于秦,秦伯使醫緩爲之。未至,公夢疾爲二豎子,曰:彼良 醫也,懼傷我,焉逃之? 其一曰:居肓之上,膏之下,若我何? 醫至,曰:疾不可爲也,在肓之上,膏之下。攻之不可,達之不及,藥不至 焉,不可爲也。 公曰:良醫也。厚爲之禮而歸之。瑓瑤 613   人文中國學報(第二十四期) 瑓瑡 瑓瑢 瑓瑣 瑓瑤 1ãZ:《ƒßåèÈ_》(Ž™:Æ7CÅ,2004 …),† 237— 265;Richard von Glahn,The Sinister Way牶 The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Religious Culture (Berkeley:University of California Press,2004),pp. 19ff.;David N. Keightley,The Ancestral Landscape牶 Time,Space,and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200—1045 B. C.),China Research Monograph 53 (Berkeley: Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California,2000),pp. 102f.;Michiharu Itō,“Religion and Society,” in Studies in Early Chinese Civilization牶 Religion,Society,Language,and Palaeography,ed. Gary F. Arbuckle (Osaka:Kansai Gaidai University,1996),I,pp. 38—49;and Tsungtung Chang,Der Kult der ShangDynastie im Spiegel der Orakelinschriften牶 Eine palographische Studie zur Religion im archaischen China,Verffentlichungen des Ostasiatischen Seminars der JohannWolfgangGoethe Universitt,Frankfurt / Main B. 1 (Wiesbaden:Otto Harrassowitz, 1970),pp. 34—62. 4jkÐ5W《š5》,1 Alfred Leder,“Ein geistreicher Exorzismus im Zhuangzi 19, 6,”Asiatische Studien 67. 1 (2013),pp. 75—85。 @kTÿÄȬ‹¤)ý 581 …,¢A¸)'èË Ä͚ 4 üË。«`iL?《/ $》)"i…_À%È_,Đ1“The Hermeneutics of Emmentaler,”Warring States Papers 1 (2010),pp. 75— 78。¢rÍxCpœQ];5Đ1 Waiyee Li,The Readability of the Past in Early Chinese Historiography,Harvard East Asian Monographs 253 (Cambridge,Mass.,and London,2007),pp. 33—59。 ˜—Iòú:《O´/$d》(Ž™:"=Ś,1990 …),“˜¤³…”,† 849 Dµû。 norm. They enter the bedroom drunk;they expend their vital essence [i. e. their refined qi] in desire and wastefully disperse their original substance. They do not know how to maintain plenitude or how to control their spirit as befits the moment;they are devoted to quickening their hearts and are opposed to lifeaffirming pleasures. They are immoderate in their activity and repose,and thus decline at half a century. 瑔瑠 ¯j'L)C¯sz³´:@>fo‹)w<úFˆf“Ô;)è`~]“W ‹”°,&kÁ»YÁÌ。 岐伯曰:“風雨寒熱不得虛,邪不能獨傷人。卒然逢疾風暴雨而不病者,蓋無 虛,故邪不能獨傷人。此必因虛邪之風,與其身形,兩虛相得,乃客其形。”瑔瑡 Qibo瑔瑢 said:“If wind,rain,cold,or heat do not gain access to a depleted [body],such pathogens alone cannot harm a person. If one suddenly meets a serious wind or vicious rainstorm and does not become sick,it is because there was no depletion. Thus a pathogen alone cannot harm a person. It must be that when a depleting and pathogenic wind engages a [depleted] body,the two depletions potentiate each other and invade the body.”瑔瑣 ''")“Ÿ”,«`Vf“WL<”(pathogen),è0af“Ÿ‹”,@7j> 913氣的含義及其積極意義  瑔瑠 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 瑔瑣 Ä"# Paul U. Unschuld · Hermann Tessenow )½。Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow,trs.,Huang Di nei jing su wen牶 An Annotated Translation of Huang Dis Inner Classic — Basic Questions (Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press, 2011),I,pp. 32f.;and Sivin,Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China,p. 98. Ðÿ+ö(1805—1858)=,ÿÀk、÷f、Š_õi,÷ʝ、úEÈÀ、Êg›0QS: 《Qñ%a》(Ž™:(>gƒ„,2003 …),《8W3•》,† 886。 Đ1a”:《"#V(¶È_》,† 1—8。 Ä"# Sivin)½。Sivin,Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China,p. 100;L') äi™IGI?Å (p. 101. 9)。 Á'ÿW)‹。瑔瑤@>‹cÃù、瑔瑥W、Ÿ·.)oC!üÔs¶êì,¢ BCÁ_â;‘)-;†-ÿãªfo“¹‹”)-¤5­)¿“W‹”|Ü w<(''")“o”j@7ƒpÿ'(э)Ñ。)瑔瑦¥Ê±(ý 145?—ý 86?)《¶%·öÝV$》瑔瑧(fl. 180—154 B. C.)æg9Þ­zA¯)#i,œ opÜjè`:“W‰9·³GÃW‚ù‹。”瑔瑨 ì/‹)#X¼˜)kl/Ð&k˜fÒÃÅ.¬afæç)¤E2‚ “!)™©。°-¼¢Cz\2‚NW9ž,¤-i`Ž¤xÙÚ2‚ “!9ÄÎ。Šy(27—A 100)7)")_{,œx”: 人之所以生者,精氣也,死而精氣滅,能爲精氣者,血脈也,人死血脈竭, 竭而精氣滅,滅而形體朽,朽而成灰土,何用爲鬼?瑔瑩 That by which people are alive is their vital qi. When they die,their vital qi is extinguished. That which can produce vital qi are the blood vessels. When people die,their blood vessels dry out;when [the blood vessels] are dried out, the vital qi is extinguished;when [the vital qi] is extinguished,the body decays;when [the body]decays,it becomes ash             023   人文中國學報(第二十四期) 瑔瑤 瑔瑥 瑔瑦 瑔瑧 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 ÐÑ:äCh=,PŽù´:《ä<O´ë´》,《ãæ》,† 146。µ“:“‹Ôë,Ÿ ‹oO,Dµ®…。” Shigehisa Kuriyama,The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine (New York:Zone,1999),p. 236,efù·‹7ccÄÕk)WX; ¢@7j>Ž»,ŽºF)ž­ìr7:ùÄú™³fj>34)‹。@>ðµ·C !)P>¢ŒÒ Shigehisa Kuriyama@Å)“6。 “o”7Ü(p!pÿÆÛ")äºÃ‘;ÐÑ:«-ú,°Öùd,˜w<™:《³jØ d«5™》(Ž™:"=Ś,1999 …),《€¶》,† 246 Dµû。 ?0@kØ&9õ0öÝV9ž,«`׆@ûp,ëf"…)za4nÒr'LŸ xZ)!˜v。Õ֐1 Elisabeth Hsu,Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine牶 The Telling Touch,University of Cambridge Oriental Publications 68 (Cambridge,2010), pp. 49—61;51 Miranda Brown,The Art of Medicine in Early China牶 The Ancient and Medieval Origins of a Modern Archive (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2015), pp. 70—83。?L'Þ,''")kl"i`)w¢ŽfD2。 《¶%》,› 105,《+],¤…$》,† 2812。 å:《6¡´》(Îã-O9³),《6Á》,† 871。 and dust. By what means would it become a ghost?瑖瑠 Ñ«`9ý;Þ,瑖瑡@Ç'è9;Ãcº',7ëfyӒϷVa`F。 @ÿ!~S*"#-!ŠyÃû‹^!)üËÚ@A„2‚9ž。 ë?,lm¤?2!@‡ijkD2)õ“:“‹”)ëüÔ#,B½¤ò ß·È°¶._ÒW)®¤³´,WÇ@ºEf2‚Î<)“ü。瑖瑢ƒ~ '《/$》)Ð5q,@$kWXٓÒ9küË。4jkÐ57“d”@k Ñ(!“2d”jt",µVð“2~w”),"#)V•YÏ0±‹)™6õ 3fëfÑ.)ÏHÑW‹;»Y,¢ÉÈmÃBCiF.ÆÇ,@j@7ƒ H1"ѝ)。瑖瑣¯x¶,”¿ŸˆHØ12ÁNW;@>s‘"NQú )ÏH,7œmƒ-u"‰]ÛO)¬2ÆÇ9j。瑖瑤œm›C†Ï¶zTÒ ¦1N¤‹@k)l­。瑖瑥 ʊ}gÞ)《Œ³²W/》74jkE¤yÿv)Ð5。Šlm, ù‹Äñ0¢¦µ,Båè¾)/­: 123氣的含義及其積極意義  瑖瑠 瑖瑡 瑖瑢 瑖瑣 瑖瑤 瑖瑥 Ä"# Alfred Forke )½。Alfred Forke (1867— 1944),Lunhêng (1907;rpt.,New York:Paragon,1962),I,p. 191. “The Consciousness of the Dead as a Philosophical Problem in Ancient China,”in The Good Life and Conceptions of Life in Early China and GrcoRoman Antiquity,ed. R. A. H. King, ChineseWestern Discourse 3 (Berlin:De Gruyter,2015),pp. 81f. Ä" # Lisa Raphals,Divination and Prediction in Early China and Ancient Greece (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013),pp. 317—321. W Michel Strickmann,Chinese Magical Medicine,ed. Bernard Faure,Asian Religions & Cultures (Stanford:Stanford University Press,2002),pp. 23—39;Li Jianmin,“Contagion and Its Consequences:The Problem of Death Pollution in Ancient China,”in Medicine and the History of the Body牶 Proceedings of the 20th,21st and 22nd International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine — East and West,ed. Yasuo Otsuko et al. (Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, 1999), pp. 201— 222; and Sivin, Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China,pp. 102—106. ‚'Œ´:《}~の”,》(b™:"'„,1991 …),† 87—98。 Cf. Strickmann,p. 72ff.;also Christine Mollier,“Visions of Evil:Demonology and Orthodoxy in Early Daoism,”in Daoism in History牶 Essays in Honour of Liu Tsunyan,ed. Benjamin Penny,Routledge Studies in Taoism (London and New York,2006),p. 75. Yuri Pinesikl«g《O´/$d》)Va,† 196 Dµû(š¤³•…Èý 680 …);†‡) D.———тJ———º³´f-m)“PR9‹”;›•g)。 凡帝王者之將興也,天必先見祥乎下民。 黄帝之時,天先見大螾大螻,黄帝曰:土氣勝,土氣勝,故其色尚黄,其事 則土。 及禹之時,天先見草木秋冬不殺,禹曰:木氣勝,木氣勝,故其色尚青,其 事則木。 及湯之時,天先見金刃生於水,湯曰:金氣勝,金氣勝,故其色尚白,其事 則金。 及文王之時,天先見火,赤烏銜丹書集於周社,文王曰:火氣勝,火氣勝, 故其色尚赤,其事則火。 代火者必將水,天且先見水氣勝,水氣勝,故其色尚黑,其事則水。水氣 至而不知,數備,將徙于土。瑘瑥 Whenever an emperor or king is about to flourish,Heaven must first cause an omen to appear to the people below. At the time of the Yellow Thearch,Heaven first caused great earthworms and mole crickets to appear. The Yellow Thearch said:“Earth qi prevails.”Since Earth qi prevailed,he exalted yellow as his color and modeled his activities after Earth. When it came to the time of Yu,Heaven first caused grasses and trees to appear throughout autumn and winter without dying. Yu said:“Wood qi prevails.”Since Wood qi prevailed,he exalted green as his color and modeled his activities after Wood. When it came to the time of Tang,Heaven first caused metal blades to appear growing in the water. Tang said:“Metal qi prevails.” Since Metal qi prevailed,he exalted white as his color and modeled his activities after Metal. When it came to the time of King Wen,Heaven first caused fire to appear,and red rooks with cinnabar writings in their beaks to gather at the 423   人文中國學報(第二十四期) 瑘瑥 äCh=,PŽù´:《ä<O´ë´》,› 13,《ì¯》,† 682—683。 altars of Zhou. King Wen said:“Fire qi prevails.” Since Fire qi prevailed,he exalted red as his color and modeled his activities after Fire. What will replace Fire is surely Water. Heaven will first make it apparent that Water qi prevails;and since Water qi will prevail,[the new ruler] will exalt black as his color and model his activities after Water. Water qi will reach its limit,and then,without our knowing it,the sequence will come full circle and shift back to Earth. 瑘瑦 ƒçhólþ\&æAd#9,@Œ%I*)D2vD`»G(TÉh"; WÉù½û)çpßî”7¡ì))瑘瑧。ë?,ç#)“Gºwë˜fC˜5C ý,@7.Ù/v;jE)。ÄøE)7,Ì%)Ëp³Þç)*Fi9ž, &k?@ºjkëÏH———Þ———;Ž¸。瑘瑨 ¢®Ò‰@j®!ڝ)s°。 (3)‹),ä57&û)ÿ4ðF:Ü-$*efp2(¸Ñs;P ‹———íîšæ)·œ-),DÄà‰¼±)ÏH。^“&V™)Ð5ÄÎ ã7《é5》Å";Ÿ)《oh》j¡,µ'ñ: 凡物之精,此則爲生,下生五穀,上爲列星。流於天地之間,謂之鬼神,藏 523氣的含義及其積極意義  瑘瑦 瑘瑧 瑘瑨 Ä"# Knoblock and Riegel)½。Knoblock and Riegel,p. 283. 《¶%》,› 6,《ç3ÑLË》,† 237。 "# John Louton,“Concepts of Comprehensiveness and Historical Change in the Lüshih chunchiu,” in Explorations in Early Chinese Cosmology牶 Papers Presented at the Workshop on Classical Chinese Thought Held at Harvard University,August 1976,ed. Henry Rosemont,Jr.,Journal of the American Academy of Religion Thematic Studies 50. 2 (Chico,Calif.:Scholars Press,1984),pp. 106ff;[3Ã:《ä<O´)3F™6》(Ž: €Æ7CÅ,1970 …),† 156—163。''Š·“·½,¤6ÝÞ”& Michael J. Puett ;6AèP。W Puett,The Ambivalence of Creation牶 Debates Concerning Innovation and Artifice in Early China (Stanford:Stanford University Press,2001),p. 144:“It is possible that the first emperor believed that,having attained the fifth and final power,the Qin marked the end of the era begun by Huangdi [É]. There would,then,never be a return to the power of earth.”@,Yuri Pines¯V Puett)q­,W Pines,“The Messianic Emperor:A New Look at Qins Place in Chinas History,”in Birth of an Empire牶 The State of Qin Revisited,ed. Yuri Pines et al.,Global,Area,and International Archive (Berkeley: University of California Press,2014),p. 271. 於胸中,謂之聖人。瑘瑩 The vital essence of all creatures — it is this that endows them with life. Below,it gives birth to the five grains;above,it creates the arrayed stars. When it flows between Heaven and Earth,it is called “ghostly”and “spirit like.”Those who store it within their breasts are called “sages.”瑝瑠 2·‚!?ºWXµf“”(!'")“‹”%),!®¶9ö&M-9ö êG=。“M-”7kEԙv)8(¸Ût,!@‡ì™³fj´!·"…9 ‹)!S`。《oh》m“: 能正能靜,然後能定。定心在中,耳目聰明,四枝堅固,可以爲精舍。精 也者,氣之精者也。瑝瑡 Only after one is able to be rectified and tranquil is one able to be settled. With a settled mind within,the ears and eyes will be keen of hearing and keen of sight;the four limbs will be firm and solid,and [ones body]can be a lodge for vital essence. Vital essence is the refined essence of qi. 瑝瑢 à‹F!7w<)†˜.Ù,m”™,Ì*˜‹DÄ˵wV·TåÎÏ。瑝瑣 623   人文中國學報(第二十四期) 瑘瑩 瑝瑠 瑝瑡 瑝瑢 瑝瑣 aKŸú,”Ð=®™:《é5d》,› 16,† 931。 Ä"# Harold D. Roth)½。Harold D. Roth,Original Tao牶 Inward Training (Neiyeh) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism,Translations from the Asian Classics (New York and Chichester,U. K.:Columbia University Press,1999),p. 46;and Rickett,II,p. 39. aKŸú,”Ð=®™:《é5d》,› 16,† 937。 Ä"# Roth)½。Roth,p. 60;and Rickett,II,p. 43. "# Romain Graziani,“The Subject and the Sovereign:Exploring the Self in Early Chinese SelfCultivation,”in Early Chinese Religion,Part One:Shang through Han (1250 BC—220 AD),ed. John Lagerwey and Marc Kalinowski,Handbuch der Orientalistik IV. 21 1 (Leiden and Boston:Brill,2009),I,pp. 459— 517;and Michael J. Puett,To Become a God牶 Cosmology,Sacrifice,and SelfDivinization in Early China,HarvardYenching Institute Monograph Series 57 (Cambridge,Mass.,and London,2002)。&~m&˜)V'È_ 6=7 Henri Maspero (1883— 1945),Le Taosme et les religions chinoises,Bibliothèque des histoires (Paris:Gallimard,1971),pp. 479—589。 ¹Ñ«`9ý;6,?@>üÔ#)Ä÷ûü7,QÑ*F`Îh©Öüµ‹ )[Ã,œÄÃá8-—OT\œšæÉVÿ)rsð®。 三、 限    制 àC6D‹)£P,LÈ_ãCÁ­®。 ˜‚±þ`SSPV0íf‹F#,¢ŒSî!S。¥Ê±%>-m G}?5Ë»9à8,¢S8D®˜Òõó: 王公大人初見其術,懼然顧化,其後不能行之。? When kings and dukes and great men first beheld [Zou Yans]technique, they were stunned and became devotees,but later they could not put it into practice. ? ‚*·¸0‹)N¶™6)li,!0µLCG&æL)!²1ö。? G@ szLë7ëf‹LcºzfAÎA˜)/0,¢B½¤`˜.Ù) ™。!z5、L5ùClÅ´)@xjkÎÏ",‹)™6BCγ´µ (¸ì。@C7?"#Lw)žP,ëfV/)*(!bš§(Lavoisier) 9ý5˜CÒ*Å。? ¢7,if³´ÿ.Õv)j>éê,@7j¾/° )™6ýC。 923氣的含義及其積極意義  ? ? ? ? ? After Confucius,pp. 105f. 《¶%》,› 74,† 2344。 Ä"#William H. Nienhauser)½。Nienhauser,VII,p. 181;Yang and Yang,p. 72. Šy!?æç~`”Œ%,†7&EØýv)žP9j(èéœ7jkE)A„‹) -)。Wå:《6¡´》(Îã-O9³),《.·》,† 146— 152。"# Nicolas Zufferey,Wang Chong (27— 97?)牶 Connaissance,politique et vrit en Chine ancienne (Berne:Peter Lang,1995),pp. 280—285. A¸)'­¯*,CO9\;Bl µ*yÿ)7:Carleton E. Perrin,“The Chemical Revolution,”in Companion to the History of Modern Science,ed. R. C. Olby et al. (London and New York:Routledge,1990),pp. 264—277。 ©0€0Ž¤#)™6³´j-.™^e,˕Ò7*Q͋E¤ù ð)¸ªž­。ÑC¯0p)6·/,㽤³´g^zT)Lë。Šyiê =ã6·/9öPScÖ,œefKL©W‹Ð%G,¼©jþef)~ ®­•,?¢Œ½¤ÍEKLÿ•&C•)ïP。 夫天無爲,故不言。災變時至,氣自爲之。夫天地不能爲,亦不能知也。 腹中有寒,腹中疾痛,人不使也,氣自爲之。? Heaven does not act;thus it does not speak. Disasters and disturbances occur from time to time;qi spontaneously produces them. Heaven and earth cannot act,and moreover cannot be sentient. When there is cold in the belly,the belly will ache. People do not cause this;qi spontaneously produces it. ? ?@>~®öKLÃnÉ@­ç)ê%#X,Šyef~®B5• Ð,TGCΤ;%G;Kî&:"@-.™^e?E©‹;Y。?ƒ{ 0~q,@>#iÝގ^_,¢½¤‚_Ñs·fs‹'Y:"°ÿ•, ë?µ™6B5*(“6。? !Kîÿ•9û,-mSSÄÞ:“g,†7 /‹。”¸9,)ÿðÀ4¥Z,íÄÞ:“å®76‹!”?Ñ?,-mB 033   人文中國學報(第二十四期) ? ? ? ? ? ? Šy&XÊÛ½¤`F)¸d,¢Á`ÄÎÁefXÊÛ7Šy)žP?e,ëfœ8 @kt7ˆ;’å)。1《‰Å》,› 65,《XÊÛ$》,† 2498。 å:《6¡´》(Îã-O9³),《š@》,† 785。 Ä"# Forke)½。Forke,I,p. 101. å:《6¡´》(Îã-O9³),† 634—648。 Needham,II,p. 386,ž:“If only he could have devised some hypotheses more fruitful for science and technology than the Yin and Yang dualism and the five elements,his services to Chinese thought would have been greater still.” Leo Tolstoy (1828—1910),War and Peace牶 The Maude Translation,ed. George Gibian, 2nd edition (New York and London:W. W. Norton,1996),p. 1048:“Peasants having no clear idea of the cause of rain,say,according to whether they want rain or fine weather:‘The wind has blown the clouds away,’or,‘The wind has brought up the clouds.’” C7!ÿ{™6。?@>Ò;)“ü,ã7±‹g˜¼™6v)Œm7“f; CØ”)bV。?@xWolfgang Pauli57Áž:“@B¼¢Ž。”? šr,‹)WX!¤°í9,½°íîb!]º…Ì)ÐÐ。‹! "V、fÃ、?ù¾?ù/0‹åÚ@7jk*þ)WX。 (作者:美國賓夕法尼亞大學東亞語言與文化系教授) 133氣的含義及其積極意義  ? ? ? ? ? ¯x,lef;ð)“ë×سj¦)îï”7õQ),ëf7æ0Q͋Ä!C¯ù ð)6/"g^;ë?,p7DÀҟ‹œ0¹c)jkîï,½¤3¹³´µ"r sj/)Lë。?0ë×Ø)™6È_,1 Paolo Santangelo,“Emotions and the Origin of Evil in NeoConfucian Thought,” in Minds and Mentalities in Traditional Chinese Literature,ed. Halvor Eifring,Studies of Chinese Literature and Psychology 1 (Beijing: Culture and Art Publishing House,1999),esp.,pp. 212—223;Ira E. 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Goldin (Professor and Graduate Chair,Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations,University of Pennsylvania;Tong Tsz Ben Benson translated,Timothy Waikeung CHAN proof read) Abstract: The prolific Chinese word qi 氣 has so many interrelated but distinct senses that any student of Chinese philosophy will want to unravel them so as to understand the history of the concept. William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart reconstruct qi as C. qhps (where C represents an indeterminate consonant), which shows a manifest connection with xi吸,qhp,“to breathe.”Little doubt can remain that the basic meaning of qi is “breath,”and all its other senses are derived from it. This paper goes on to survey associated concepts,such as yinyang陰陽 and the Five Phases五行,and discusses the three main reasons why qi was regarded as a useful idea in ancient China:(1)it helped replace the conceptualization of disease as possession by a ghost or spirit;(2)it permitted an alternative theory of dynastic succession to that of Heavens Mandate(tianming天 命);and (3)some traditions promised practitioners extraordinary power by learning how to control qi. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations. Keywords:qi,Five Phases,yinyang,Chinese political theory,Chinese medical theory 933氣的含義及其積極意義 
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