151 Final Biology Exam Module 1-12 Practice| Questions with Answers Latest Updated 2023/…, Exams of Nursing

Download 151 Final Biology Exam Module 1-12 Practice| Questions with Answers Latest Updated 2023/… and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 [Date] 151 Final Biology Exam Module 1-12 Practice| Questions with Answers Latest Updated 2023/… 1. trans - ✅✅✅cis or trans? tend to be solid at room temperature 2. cis - ✅✅✅cis or trans? tend to be liquid at room temperature 3. cis - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the chain has a "kink" in it at the site of the double bond 4. cis - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the hydrogen atoms linked to the double bonded carbons are on the same "side" of the molecule 5. trans - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the chain does not have a "kink" or bend at the site of the double bond 6. trans - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the hydrogen atoms linked to the double bonded carbons are on the different "sides" of the molecule 7. DNA polymerase and nucleotides - ✅✅✅The polymerase chain reaction required addition of __________________________. a. bacteriaphages b. DNA ligase and plasmids c. restriction enzymes d. DNA polymerase and nucleotides 2 [Date] 8. true - ✅✅✅T or F? When NADP becomes limiting in chloroplasts, electrons energized by light can be transferred to oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species. 9. four fused carbon rings - ✅✅✅What is a characteristic feature of steroids? a. hydrophilic interactions b. long chains of hydrocarbons c. four fused carbon rings d. nitrogen rings 10.all of the above - ✅✅✅What mechanism ensures that the DNA sequence in the genome remains accurate? (Check all that apply) a. nucleotide excision repair b. complementary base pairing during DNA replication c. mismatch repair enzymes d. proofreading by DNA polymerases 11.NADH, Acetyl-CoA, CO2 - ✅✅✅Which of the following are the products of the oxidation of pyruvate (preparatory reaction)? (Check all that apply) a. ATP b. NADH c. Acetyl-CoA d. CO2 12.hydrogen bonds - ✅✅✅Which of the following bonds is the weakest chemical bonding? a. covalent 5 [Date] 24.chlorophyll is excited by light 25.stroma - ✅✅✅Chloroplast Question: 26.sugars are produced 27.area inside of green disks - ✅✅✅Chloroplast Question: 28.oxygen is released 29.it can be released as heat, as light of a lower wavelength, transferred to another pigment molecule, or used to transfer electrons to other molecules - ✅✅✅What are the possible fates of the light energy that is absorbed by the electrons in pigment molecules? (Choose ONE best answer) 30.by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane, by increasing the percentage of cholesterol found in its membranes - ✅✅✅A petunia is exposed to extremely cold conditions, what is a means by which this plant might be able to keep its membrane fluid? a. by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane b. by increasing the percentage of cholesterol found in its membranes c. by decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane 6 [Date] 31.in thylakoid membrane - ✅✅✅Where would one find the protein complexes and electron carriers associated with the light reactions of photosynthesis? 32.glucose; unstable; more - ✅✅✅During glycolysis, the first step shows the hydrolysis of ATP allows ___________ to be phosphorylated which makes the molecule ___________ and therefore _______ reactive to complete the process of glycolysis. 33.the shape of the protein may change - ✅✅✅In the laboratory, you are asked to place a protein in an acidic solution. What would you expect might happen to that protein? 34.all of these are true differences between asexual and sexual reproduction - ✅✅✅How are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction different? a. asexual reproducing organisms transmit 100% of their genes to their progeny, while sexual reproducing organism only transmit 50% b. asexual reproduction results in offspring identical to their parents, while sexual reproduction gives rise to genetically distinct offspring c. asexual reproduction involves a single parent, where sexual reproduction usually involves two parents d. asexual reproduction only requires mitosis, but sexual reproduction involves meiosis e. All of these are true differences between asexual and sexual reproduction 35.plasma membranes composed predominantly of phospholipids, ribosomes that function to synthesize proteins, genetic materials that contain information for creating cellular components - ✅✅✅What features are shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (Check all that apply) 7 [Date] a. plasma membranes composed predominately of phospholipids b. ribosomes that function to synthesize proteins c. genetic materials that contain information for creating cellular components d. internal membrane bound structures that perform specific functions 36.Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon - ✅✅✅What elements make up 99% of you? 37.interphase - ✅✅✅In which stage of the cell cycle do most cells spend most of their time? 38.the reaction does not require the input of energy - ✅✅✅The reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco is spontaneous, what does this mean? a. the reaction does not require the input of energy b. the reaction would occur without the presence of Rubisco c. the reaction does not have an activation energy barrier d. the reaction is not regulated in anyway 39.oxidized; reduced - ✅✅✅NAD+ is the __________ form of the molecule, NADH is the ___________ form of the molecule. 40.metaphase - ✅✅✅During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane located center of mitotic spindle? a. anaphase b. telophase c. metaphase d. prophase 10 [Date] 50.true - ✅✅✅T or F? Binary fission in bacteria does not involve the process of mitosis but does involve the replication of the chromosome. 51.glycoprotein - ✅✅✅What type of molecule is fibronectin? 52.A+C=G+T ; G+A=T+C - ✅✅✅In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following is true? a. A=C b. A=G and C=T c. A+C=G+T d. G+A=T+C 53.true - ✅✅✅T or F? The nuclear lamina is composed of an array of protein filaments which help to maintain the shape of the nucleus. 54.fatty acids, glycerol - ✅✅✅Which of the following molecules would you find in a lipid? a. glucose b. amino acids c. fatty acids d. glycerol 55.the ability of ATP synthase to make ATP - ✅✅✅Some poisons act by making the inner membrane of the mitochondria permeable to H+ ions. What will this most directly affect? 11 [Date] a. the ability of ATP synthase to make ATP b. the ability of electrons to pass down the electron transport chain c. the ability of the Kreb's cycle to reduce NAD d. the ability of complex IV to pass electrons to oxygen 56.can move laterally (horizontally) in/along one side of the membrane - ✅✅✅Phospholipids in the cell membrane... a. can move laterally (horizontally) in/along one side of the membrane b. can flip from the outside of the cell membrane to the inside of the cell membrane easily c. are bound to each other by hydrogen bonds d. are covalently bonded to each other 57.nonpolar substances that repel water molecules - ✅✅✅Fatty acid tails of vegetable oil are? a. polar substances that have an affinity for water b. nonpolar substances that repel water molecules c. nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules d. polar substances that repel water e. charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules 58.substituted hydrocarbons - ✅✅✅Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone 59.hydrocarbon - ✅✅✅a linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms 12 [Date] 60.organic molecule - ✅✅✅a molecule that contains carbon atoms 61.groups of atoms found in molecules that contribute to their specific chemical properties - ✅✅✅functional groups 62.they are insoluble in water, they are hydrophobic - ✅✅✅What features of steriods puts them in the same chemical category as phospholipids and fats? a. they have four fused carbon rings b. they are insoluble in water c. they have multiple fatty acid chains d. they are hydrophobic 63.fatty acid chains; phosphate group - ✅✅✅In a phospholipid the _____________ are hydrophobic and the ________________ is hydrophilic. 64.monomers; polymers; dehydration - ✅✅✅______________ are linked together to form ___________ through ___________ reactions. 65.6; 4 - ✅✅✅Carbon is an atom that has _____ electrons 'normally' and thus has the capacity to form covalent bonds with a maximum of _____ other atoms. 66.true - ✅✅✅T or F? Different arrangement of the atoms within the molecules leads to differences in their chemical properties. 15 [Date] a. Only its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that can release energy b. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions c. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions 76.in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups - ✅✅✅Where in a molecule of ATP is the stored energy that can be used by a cell? a. within its five carbon sugar, ribose b. in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups c. within the nitrogen-containing base, adenine 77.by changing the structure and therefore the shape of the enzyme - ✅✅✅How does a non-competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction? a. By decreasing the activation energy of the reaction b. By binding to the active site of the enzyme c. By acting as a coenzyme for the reaction d. by changing the structure and therefore the shape of the enzyme e. By changing the free energy of the reaction 78.add more enzyme - ✅✅✅If an enzyme solution is saturated with substrate, what is the most effective way to obtain an even faster product yield? a. add more substrate b. heat the solution to 90 C c. add a noncompetitive inhibitor 16 [Date] d. add an allosteric inhibitor e. add more enzyme 79.potential energy - ✅✅✅The energy stored within an ATP molecule is? 80.exergonic - ✅✅✅What type of reaction releases energy that could be used for other work? 81.energy cannot be transferred without some energy loss - ✅✅✅The second energy law includes the fact that ________. 82.potential, kinetic - ✅✅✅Energy that is stored is ___________ energy, while energy in motion is ________ energy. 83.true - ✅✅✅T or F? You can consider glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway because oxygen is not consumed in the process. 84.Mitochondria and cytosol/cytoplasm - ✅✅✅The site of cellular respiration in plant cells is the? 85.exergonic, endergonic - ✅✅✅In energy coupling the energy from an ________ reaction is used to power an _________ reaction. 86.true - ✅✅✅T or F? In eukaryotes, glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria. 17 [Date] 87.true - ✅✅✅T or F? In some bacteria, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the cytoplasm and the electron transport chain is located in the plasma membrane. 88.transmembrane proteins, transport proteins - ✅✅✅What type(s) of proteins are involved in controlling the passage of glucose into a cell? (Check all that apply) a. transmembrane proteins b. transport proteins c. GLUT d. peripheral proteins 89.because CO2 is released - ✅✅✅Fermentation that leads to the production of ethanol is often referred to as anaerobic respiration, why? a. because O2 is consumed b. because it involves the glycolytic pathway c. because CO2 is released d. because pyruvate is consumed 90.glucose, fats, and proteins - ✅✅✅Which of the following types of food can be oxidized by aerobic respiration? 91.high levels of ATP, low levels of NAD+ - ✅✅✅Which of the following conditions would regulate the rate at which glycolysis occurs in a cell? (Check all that apply) a. high levels of ATP 20 [Date] c. prokaryotic chromosomes can be replicated in both the 3' to 5' and the 5' to 3' directions d. prokaryotic chromosomes do not contain telomeres 101. all molecules with one parental and one new strand - ✅✅✅In the semiconservative replication of DNA, progeny DNA molecules consist of: a. one-half of the molecules with two parental strands and one-half of the molecules with two new strands b. all molecules with one parental and one new strand c. all molecules with interspersed parental and new segments d. all molecules with two new strands 102. nucleotide excision repair - ✅✅✅Xeroderma pigmentosum in humans is associated with an error in what repair mechanism? a. DNA proofreading b. nucleotide excision repair c. mismatch repair 103. replication is faster in prokaryotes, the eukaryotic genome is much larger - ✅✅✅How does the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes differ from DNA replication in prokaryotes? a. prokaryotes have a greater number of DNA polymerases b. replication is faster in prokaryotes c. the replication steps vary between prokaryotes and eukaryotes d. the eukaryotic genome is much larger 21 [Date] 104. they detect the non-methylated strand - ✅✅✅In E. coli bacteria how much do mismatch repair enzymes recognize which of the two bases is the incorrect one? a. they recognize unsealed nicks in the strand b. they detect where the replication proteins are still attached c. they detect the on-methylated strand d. they detect the methylated strand 105. true - ✅✅✅T or F? In order for Eukaryotic DNA to be replicated it must be modified so that it slides off of the histones. 106. transition substitution - ✅✅✅mutations in which a purine is replaces with a different purine, or a pyrimidine is replaced by a different pyrimidine. 107. point mutations - ✅✅✅mutations that affect a single base pair 108. silent - ✅✅✅mutations that have no visible effect 109. transversion substitution - ✅✅✅mutations in which a purine is replaced with a different pyrimidine or vice versa 110. histones - ✅✅✅In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around __________. 111. an internal solution in the cytoplasm, a cell membrane containing phospholipids, ribosomes, genetic material - ✅✅✅Which of the following features do all cells share? 22 [Date] a. a nucleus b. an internal solution in the cytoplasm c. a cell membrane containing phospholipids d. genetic material 112. a nucleus - ✅✅✅What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don't? 113. shorter; active - ✅✅✅Cancerous cells have been found to have ________ telomeres and that telomerase is ________ in these cells. 114. telomere shortening is associated with aging, telomeres contain repetitive sequences that do not code for a particular gene - ✅✅✅Which of the following statements are true statements concerning telomeres? a. telomere shortening is associated with aging b. telomeres contain repetitive sequences that do not code for a particular gene c. telomeres are synthesized in telomerase in adult somatic cells d. telomeres on the leading strand shorten after each round of DNA replication 115. DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive - ✅✅✅Suppose radioactive (isotope-labeled) thymine was added to an actively dividing culture of E. coli. What would happen if a cell replicated in the presence of this radioactive base? 25 [Date] a. dATP contains the sugar ribose b. dATP does not contain as much energy as ATP c. dATP is a nucleoside and ATP is not d. dATP contains the sugar deoxyribose 131. to join Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand - ✅✅✅What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication? a. To catalyze the lengthening of telomeres b. To unwind the parental double helix c. To synthesize RNA nucleotides to make a primer d. to join Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand e. to stabilize the unwound parental DNA 132. that the amount of A is always equivalent to T, that the relative proportion of each of the four bases differs from species to species - ✅✅✅Chargaff's analysis of the relative base composition of DNA was significant because he was able to show that? a. that the amount of A is always equivalent to T b. that the relative proportion of each of the four bases differs from species to species c. that the human genome is more complex than that of other species d. that the amount of C is always equivalent to T 133. plasma membranes composed predominantly of phospholipids, ribosomes that function to synthesize proteins, genetic materials that contain information for creating cellular components - ✅✅✅What features are shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 26 [Date] a. plasma membranes composed predominantly of phospholipids b. ribosomes that function to synthesize proteins c. genetic materials that contain information for creating cellular components d. internal membrane bound structures that perform specific functions 134. anti-parallel - ✅✅✅The two strands that make up DNA are ____________ in nature. 135. antiparallel configuration, complementary base pairing, major and minor grooves, uniform diameter - ✅✅✅DNA double helix has what characteristics? a. antiparallel configuration b. complementary base pairing c. major and minor grooves d. uniform diameter 136. conservative replication - ✅✅✅The parental DNA remains together, and the newly formed daughter strands are together. 137. semi-conservative replication - ✅✅✅Each of the two parental DNA strands acts as a template for new DNA to be synthesized; after replication, each double stranded DNA includes one parental or "old" strand and one "new" strand. 138. dispersive replication - ✅✅✅Both copies of DNA have double stranded segments of parental DNA and newly synthesized DNA interspersed. 27 [Date] 139. each original strand serves as a template for a new strand serves as a template for a new strand, each of the double stranded DNA molecules after replication have one old and one new strand - ✅✅✅What happens in a semi conservative replication of DNA? a. each original strand serves as a template for a new strand serves as a template for a new strand b. only one strand serves as a template for the new strands c. both new strands end up in the same double stranded DNA d. each of the double stranded DNA molecules after replication have one old and one new strand 140. origins of replication - ✅✅✅The nucleotide sequences within the DNA molecule are called? 141. true - ✅✅✅T or F? The enzyme helicase is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases resulting in unwinding of the DNA. 142. Four genetically different haploid cells - ✅✅✅The products of meiosis are? 143. 11 - ✅✅✅If a eukaryotic cell has 22 chromosomes and it undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each of their resulting gametes contain? 144. false - ✅✅✅T or F? Mitosis is a key component to bacterial cell division 30 [Date] 162. they contain different sets of genes, the positions of their centromeres vary, when stained the patterns vary - ✅✅✅How do the chromosomes in humans differ from each other? (check all that apply) a. they are different sizes b. they contain different sets of genes c. the positions of their centromeres vary d. when stained the patterns vary 163. before meiosis I - ✅✅✅During which phage/stage, the cell synthesizes DNA, thereby replicating each chromosome? 164. karyokinesis (nucleus division) - ✅✅✅Which of the following event of the eukaryotic cell cycle is missing in prokaryotic binary fission? 165. By the microtubule spindles - ✅✅✅How are the homologous chromosomes separated during meiosis? 166. prophase I - ✅✅✅During which stage of meiosis does crossingover occur? 167. Meiosis, Fertilization, Gametes - ✅✅✅Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do ALL sexual life cycles (animal, plant and fungal) have in common? 168. true - ✅✅✅T or F? Once the haploid gametes are formed, they lose the ability to divide again 31 [Date] 169. 1/64 - ✅✅✅In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? (hint: consider one character at a time and use multiplication rule.) 170. ABO blood type - ✅✅✅Which of the following is an example of codominance? 171. cross it with a homozygous recessive individual - ✅✅✅How might you determine the genotype of an individual that displays a dominant phenotype with unknown genotype? 172. two copies of every gene located on those chromosomes, a paternal homologue, a maternal homolouge - ✅✅✅A homologous pair of chromosomes have? (Check all that apply) 173. 4 - ✅✅✅A pea plant genotype is SsYyTT (phenotype is smooth, yellow and tall) can make how many different gametes? 174. 3/16 - ✅✅✅In humans, "unattached" earlobes are dominant over "attached" earlobes. 175. "Widows peak" hairline is dominant over "non-widows peak" hairline. 176. Use E and e for the earlobe phenotype alleles, and W and w for the hairline phenotype alleles. 177. A female and a male, both with genotype EeWw have a child. What is the probability it will have attached earlobes and a widow's peak hairline? 32 [Date] 178. They are both heterozygous for the CF gene. - ✅✅✅Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a recessive allele. A child has CF, even though neither of his parents has CF. What can you conclude about the parents? 179. Hh, hh - ✅✅✅If two parental organisms have the genotypes Hh and hh, what are the possible genotypes of their offspring? 180. incomplete dominance - ✅✅✅If a true-breeding twelve inch plant (this means when self-crossed the offspring are always 12inches) is crossed with a true-breeding six inch plant and all of the F1 plants are nine inches tall, this is most likely a situation of? 181. during meiosis I or II of gametes (sperm and egg cells) - ✅✅✅Nondisjunction or failure of chromosomes to separate can occur 182. any eukaryotic cell that is not a reproductive cell - ✅✅✅What is a somatic cell? a. a type of prokaryotic cell b. any type of cell found in a eukaryote c. any eukaryotic cell that is not a reproductive cell 183. no, because more than one mutation is needed to develop cancer. - ✅✅✅The mutant BRCA2 gene predisposes people to cancer. If mutant BRCA2 runs in Isadora's family, will she automatically get cancer? a. no, only nonhereditary mutations will cause cancer. b. yes, because genes like BRCA2 are always inherited if one of your parents has a mutation. 35 [Date] c. the Golgi apparatus produces vesicles containing materials (phragmoplast) for cellulose, that migrate along microtubules and fuse to become a cell plate. d. asters coalesce to form a fibrous plate that reinforces with cellulose 193. the nuclear envelope disappears - ✅✅✅Which one of the answer choices below represents a key event of prophase? a. Chromatids align along the equator b. The nuclear envelope disappears c. DNA is duplicated d. Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles 194. somatic cells - ✅✅✅Mutations that occur in the __________ cells of the body are not passed on to future generation. However, they can cause diseases in the affected individual. a. germ line b. eggs c. sperm d. somatic cells 195. true - ✅✅✅T or F? The number of chromosomes found in somatic cells varies between species. 196. G0 phase - ✅✅✅Cells that are in a nondividing state are in which phase? 197. apoptosis - ✅✅✅programmed cell death 36 [Date] 198. microtubules - ✅✅✅If you wanted to block the action of the spindle apparatus, you would need something that interfered with the activity of which of the following items: a. flagellin b. microtubules c. actin d. chromatin e. myosin 199. bacterium - ✅✅✅Which of the following organisms does not reproduce cells by mitosis and cytokinesis? a. bacterium b. a cow c. a mushroom d. a banana tree 200. ATP - ✅✅✅What is the source of energy that pushes nonkinetochore microtubules apart during anaphase? a. no energy is required for this process b. endergonic reactions c. ATP d. oxidation-reduction of the microtubules 201. they function by phosphorylating other proteins, particular protein kinases give go-ahead signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints - ✅✅✅Which of the 37 [Date] following are true of protein kinases (such as cyclin-dependent kinase) involved in cell cycle regulation? (Check all that apply) a. they function by phosphorylating other proteins b. they are enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins c. particular protein kinases give go-ahead signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints 202. centromere - ✅✅✅Sister chromatids are held together by a ____________. 203. reducec - ✅✅✅When a molecule of NADp+ gains a hydrogen atom, what does the molecule become? 204. Higher - ✅✅✅When compared to the chloroplast as a whole, the thylakoids have ________ surface-to-volume ratios. 205. Oxygen and ATP - ✅✅✅The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis produce which of the following? 206. the reaction does not require the first input of energy - ✅✅✅The reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco is spontaneous, what does this mean? 207. they are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis - ✅✅✅What is the source of ATP and NADPH used during the Calvin cycle?