1st quarter lessons in biology from grade 9 students., Lecture notes of Biology

Download 1st quarter lessons in biology from grade 9 students. and more Lecture notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! SCIENCE 9 Reviewer Transcribed by: Julianne Chloe Gambo Date: June 27, 2023 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The process of taking in (inspiration) oxygen and expels (expiration) carbon dioxide. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Nose – only visible part of the respiratory system.  Pharynx – 5-inch passageway for the food and air commonly called the “Throat.”  Larynx – also known as the “voice box.”  Trachea - also known as the “wind pipe.” This is also a 4-inch tract; located mid chest.  Bronchi – the right bronchus (singular) is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left bronchus.  Lungs – rests on a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm. The right lung is shorter than the left lung. HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The main purpose is to provide oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the muscles, tissues, and organs throughout the body. PART OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.  Heart- hollow, cone-shaped organ that weighs less than a pound. This is also the primary organ of the circulatory system.  TWO BIGGEST VEINS IN THE HEART - Superior Vena Cava - drains blood from the upper part of the body. - Inferior Vena Cava - collects blood form the lower part of the body.  4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART - Right and Left Atria - receiving chambers. - Right and Left Ventricle – pumping chambers.  ATRIOVENTICULAR VALVES - Tricuspid Valve (right) - Mitral Valve (left)  Semilunar Valves - Pulmonary Valve - Aortic Valve  Pulmonary Artery – carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.  Pulmonary Veins – carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs.  Aorta – largest artery. GAS EXCHANGE (RESPIRATORY+CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS) The alveoli is where the gas exchange starts. Gas exchange occurs when the oxygen from the air goes inside the alveoli then moves into the pulmonary capillaries. The tissues cells remove the oxygen from the blood and releases carbon dioxide into the blood, which goes from the blood into the alveoli, the flushes out the lungs during exhalation. In the lungs and the thoracic cavity, volume changes lead to pressure changes, which allow the flow of gasses between the two structures to equalize, namely, inspiration and expiration.  Inspiration – mechanical process by which the air goes into the lungs.  Expiration – mechanical process by which the air leaves the lungs. BLOOD VESSELS This is where the blood continuously flows throughout the body. PARTS OF THE BLOOD VESSEL  Arteries – carries the oxygenated blood away from the heart.  Veins – carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart  Capillaries – smallest veins that connects the arteries and the veins. BLOOD This is the circulating medium in the cardiovascular system. This contains solid components called formed elements (45%) And a liquid content known as plasma (55%). BLOOD CELLS  Red Blood Cells – also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen on the blood to all body cells through the action of an iron-containing protein called “hemoglobin.”  White Blood Cells – also known as leukocytes. White Blood Cells are part of the body’s defense against foreign bodies that might carry diseases.  Platelets – also known as thrombocytes. They are the clotting agents when a wound is formed.  Plasma – liquid, least-dense part of the blood. Plasma aids in distributing bodily heat and transports different substances throughout the body. 1 Instructor: School: Bloomingfields Academy Foundation, Inc. SCIENCE 9 Reviewer Transcribed by: Julianne Chloe Gambo Date: June 27, 2023 EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE Lifestyle – one’s way of living; can be active of passive. RESPIRATORY DISEASES 1. Asthma – chronic inflammatory disease that causes breathing complications when the airways become narrow. 2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (OPD) a. Emphysema – develops when the tiny air sacs in the lungs become damaged and less elastic. b. Chronic Bronchitis - where the lining of the bronchial tubes becomes irritated and inflamed. 3. Pneumonia – infectious agent causes the tiny air sacs in the lungs to fill with fluid or pus. CIRCULATORY DISEASES 1. Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries; caused by a diet high in fat, which then leaves fatty deposits on the lining of the blood vessels. 2. Coronary heart disease – when the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart. 3. Anemia – develops when your blood produces lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells. NON-MENDALIAN PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE The inheritance pattern that does not comply with Mendel's laws. It describes the inherited traits associated with a single gene on chromosomes.  Genetics – concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.  Inheritance – genetic information from the parents is passed off to the offspring.  Chromosomes – long strands of DNA that are found in nearly all cells in the body. Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. PARTS OF THE CHROMOSOME  P arm- short arm  Q arm- long arm  Centromere – links with the sister chromatids together.  Chromatid – one of the two identical strands of replicated chromosome.  Telomeres – caps at the end of each strand of DNA. This protects the chromosome.  Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – carries the genetic information for the development of the functioning of an organism.  Traits – characteristic features; can be visible (hair and eye color) or hidden (blood type).   Genes – related to the Greek word “Genos” meaning race, stock, or offspring. This is a unit of heredity and are found in the chromosomes of the cell. Genes are responsible for the transfer of biological traits.  Allele – one of the two or more versions of DNA sequence at a given location. Each individual receives two alleles.  Dominant - trait that is always expressed.  Recessive – needs two copies to express the trait.  Heterozygous – two different alleles for a trait. (TF)  Homozygous – inherits two alleles for a trait (TT) (tt)  Phenotype – physical appearance (purple, white)  Genotype – genetic makeup (PP, Pp, pp) 2 Instructor: School: Bloomingfields Academy Foundation, Inc.