Key Provisions & Impacts of Historical Documents: Magna Carta, Renaissance, & Reformations, Study notes of World History

Download Key Provisions & Impacts of Historical Documents: Magna Carta, Renaissance, & Reformations and more Study notes World History in PDF only on Docsity! ***I’m not too sure of the answers I have for the last 3 sections. It’s just what I could find in my notes and the book. Many of the other answers came from the SI session. Sorry I don’t have all of them answered. I did the best I could with what I had. Medieval Europe 1. Who was Charles Martel and what was his chief accomplishment?  Militaristic leader of the Franks  Defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732 CE 2. What was the major significance of the Donation of Pepin?  Donation of the land of Rozenna, the seat of the Byzantine government in Italy, to the Pope, making him temporal ruler of the Papal States 3. Who was Charlemagne and what were his chief accomplishments?  Leader of the Franks from 768-814  Pepin’s son  Seized control over eastern areas: the Iberian Peninsula, Eastern Spain, Germanic Kingdoms, Saxony, and Bavaria  The Roman church emerged, and he restored the Pope 4. What were the chief provisions of the treaty of Verdun?  Charles the Bald received the West Frankish Kingdom  Louis the German received the East Frankish Kingdom  Lothar I received the Middle Frankish Kingdom, which was later split between his 2 children: o Charles the Young received Burgundy o Lothar II received Lotharingi 5. What were the principal features of European feudalism?  Private governments in private hands exercised by private individuals  Medieval Knights/Mounted Knights received lands for their services  Military commanders would conquer territory and split the land among their knights 6. What was fief?  Huge tracts of populated land split among knights  Knights received authority to govern the lands and served as vassals to their king 7. What was Manorialism?  Manors consisted of nobles’ households  Lords exercised all kinds of power: judges, political, courts, police 8. What were the chief provisions of Magna Carta?  Made the law above the rulers  Rulers must observe feudal rights 9. What was the reconquista and what were its major goals and accomplishments?  Christianity trying to expel the Muslims from Spain  It drove the Muslims out of Spain and Christianized the population 10. What were the major accomplishments of Isabella and Ferdinand?  Took the first steps in forging a Spanish state  Castile and Aragon were joined together by their marriage to create Spain  Supported the reconquista  Isabella supported Christopher Columbus 11. What was the concept of Lay Investiture?  Prohibited secular appointment without papal approval  Upheld by Pope Gregory II  Secular nations opposed this 12. What was the major contribution of Innocent III? 13. What did the concept of Papal Supremacy include?  The Pope was supreme over bishops, archbishops, and the king  The king could not appoint people or be be appointed without papal approval 14. What were the major goals and accomplishments of the Crusades?  They were originally peaceful pilgrimages to holy places  Became violent against non-Christians and some Orthodox Christians  The 4th Crusade failed because it didn’t gain military support from secular rulers 15. What were the major social and political consequences of the 100 Years War?  Changes in warfare nature: introduction of the infantry  Decline of old warfare nobility  Decline of royal authority  Role of the local governments increased  Prevention of the penetration of Renaissance ideas  Traditional European aristocracy declined 16. What were the principle features of the medieval army?  Primarily warriors (Chivalry Knights)  They were expensive 17. Who was Joan of Ark?  A peasant girl  Internal voices told her to come and help her king  Gave some kind of spirits to the French king and the army 18. The seizure of what fortress by the French brought the 100 Years’ War to an end?  Castellon-sur-Dargogne 16. What was the major contribution of Marsilio Ficino to the Italian renaissance?  Wrote Platonic Theology  Translated Plato’s work  Took the concept of Plato’s ideal form and put a Christian face on it – the ideal form was God 17. What was the major contribution of Pico della Mirandola to the renaissance?  Wrote Narration on the Dignity of Man  Argued that the people have free will to become one with God, to become just as perfect as God  Furthered the work of Ficino 18. Who was Johann Gutenberg and what was his significance?  Perfected the printing press (invented by the Chinese centuries earlier)  Furthered the Renaissance because people were able to obtain books and texts 19. What were the major factors that facilitated the spread of renaissance ideas?  The printing press  The Italian Wars between France and Spain over Naples; they used Italy as a base for the fighting and took the ideas of Italian paintings back to their homelands  Mysticism and magic – Hermes Trismegistus’ earliest predictions of what would happen in this world  Castiglione’s Courtier which provided a cultural link throughout Europe for the Renaissance Reformations in Europe 1. How would you describe the relations between the Christian church and secular kings during the late middle ages, the 13th and 14th centuries?  There was a power struggle between the 2  Secular rulers were struggling to maintain their power as kings while the Christian church, through ideas of Papal Succession and Lay Investiture, was gaining more authority 2. Who was Philip the Fair?  French Prince  Started the Avignon Papacy because he began to tax the clergy, which was not allowed without papal approval 3. Who wrote Unum Sanctum and what was the principal goal of the document?  Pope Boniface VIII  “To my son”  threatened Philip the Fair with excommunication for attempting to tax the clergy 4. What was the Avignon papacy and what was its major impact on Catholic Church?  Philip moved the papacy to the French city Avignon  Split the Catholic Church  Known for its corruption  The last Avignon Pope moved back to the traditional Roman Catholic Church in Rome  Caused the Great Schism: Romans didn’t want any more French Popes, so they elected their own Pope. There were now 2 popes. 5. What was the Great schism and what were its major implications for the church?  1378-1415  There were 2 popes: Urban VI of Rome and Clement VII of Avignon  Created criticism  They attempted to fix it by electing a new pope, but then there were 3 popes 6. What was conciliarism?  In the Roman Catholic Church, a theory that a general council of the church has greater authority than the Pope and may, if necessary, depose him  Enacted to prevent another Great Schism: the Pope could be overridden by the council 7. What were the major accomplishments of the Council of Constance in 1415?  Laid the foundation for political reformation  Ended the Great Schism  Did away with all 3 popes and elected one new Pope 8. What were the principal ideas of Scholasticism?  They used logic and Greek philosophy to try to explain and analyze Christian doctrine  Influenced by Aristotle 9. What were the principal ideas of Nominalism?  Believed that nothing could be proven, it just had to be accepted 10. Who were the Lorllards and what were their major ideas?  Emerged in England  Direct challenge to the papacy  Wanted to prove that the papacy was wrong when they excommunicated people or placed entire areas under interdict (refusal of church services)  Used original scriptures to prove that there was no support for the papacy’s claim to power  Believed the Bible should be available to people in their native language  English translation of the Bible was produced 11. Who was Thomas Aquinas?  Associated with Scholasticism  Professor of Theology  Most brilliant intellect of the High Middle Ages  Aristotelian  Believed people could reach general truths by abstracting universals from particular, individual cases 12. Who was John Wyclif and what were his accomplishments?  Associated with the Lollards  A Oxford University professor of philosophy  Determined that there was no support for the papacy’s claim to power  Scripture should be available in native languages 13. What were the major aims of the New Devotion movement?  Find ways to gain salvation outside of the church  Personal communication with God  By conducting themselves in a certain way, people can reach that level that brings them close to God  Set up schools: Brethren of Common Life, which educated people who would become reformers and Protestant Reformers 14. What were chief accomplishments of Lefebvre d’ Etaples?  Searched for differences in meanings from translations that completely changed the original idea of the text  Produced his own translation of the Bible 15. Who was Thomas Moore and what was his major significance for humanism?  Social thinker/critic  Criticized society and the church  Wrote Utopia about what he believed Christian society should be like and what early Christianity was 16. Who was Erasmus and what were his major accomplishments?  Great Dutch humanist  Social thinker/critic  Criticized society and the church  Disagreed with Martin Luther  Educated by the Brethren of Common Life  Wanted to reform the church from within instead of separating it  Wrote In Praise of Folly 17. What principal issues distinguished Christian humanists and Protestant reformers? 18. What was 95 Thesis and what were its major provisions and goals?  Book by Martin Luther  Attacked the sale of indulgences and made several disagreements with the church  Introduced his own ideas of what the church should be like  Rejected the idea of the physical presence of flesh and blood of Jesus and offered the idea of symbolic presence  Converted back to Catholicism after assuming the throne to keep the peace  Founded a sort of religious peace  Issued the Edict of Nantes 12. What happened at Vassey in 1562 and what was the major consequence of this?  The guise family led a massacre on a Protestant congregation  Started the open fighting of this war 13. What happened on the eve of the St. Bartholomew’s Day in 1572 in France?  10,000 Huguenots were massacred  20,000 Huguenots throughout France were massacred the next day  August 24, 1572 14. What were he principal features of the Edict of Nantes?  Granted Huguenots the freedom to worship, public assembly, hold public offices, and attend universities 15. Who was William of Orange?  Wealthy noble man; one of the wealthiest land owners  Emerged as the new leader of the rebellion in 1564  Had lands in the Netherlands, France, and some German states  Fighting impoverished him  Announced the independence of the Netherlands from Spain in 1581 16. What were the major rivals during the Thirty Years War?  Protestants vs. Catholics  Lutherans vs. Catholics  Lutherans vs. Calvinists 17. What were the major points of the Peace of Augsburg?  Reinforced local sovereignty  Roman Catholic Church had no control over their lands anymore  Lands became Lutheran lands  Local princes and rulers were to determine the religion of their subjects  Calvinism was no recognized as a legal religion 18. What were the major provisions of the Peace of Westphalia?  Gave Calvinists legal recognition  Permitted them to determine the religion of their subjects and retain lands they gained during fighting  Destroyed the socially, orderly, organized society 19. What were the major political consequences of the Thirty Years’ War for Europe?  Emergence of Absolutism  People were willing to support a more authoritarian government 20. Who were the Huguenots?  French Protestants – Bourbons and Montmorency Absolutism, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 1. What form of government is meant by absolutism?  When one ruler holds all of the power and there is no constitutional body 2. What does the concept of divine right mean?  God gave rulers the right to rule  Divine right from God given to the ruler to hold power 3. Who was Jacques Bosset and what was his major accomplishment?  Wrote Politics Drawn from Scripture in 1709 arguing for the concept of divine right  Rulers would have religious justification from the Bible to be absolute rulers  Religious support for absolutism 4. Who was Thomas Hobbes and what was his historical significance?  Political philosopher  Wrote Leviathan in 1651  Human kind is naturally evil, and without absolute rule, human kind would destroy itself 5. What were the major European absolutist states during the seventeenth century?  Started with France (King Louis XIV)  Other European states basically copied France – Austria-Hungary, Prussia, and Russia  The Netherlands (on continental Europe) and England were not absolutist states – they had a constitutional/limited government with a representative body  England’s Parliament was still called into session  Zemskii Sabor, Russia’s Estates-General, was not called into session for as long as the absolute monarchy ruled 6. Who was Louis XIV and what was his historical significance?  King of France  First real absolutist ruler  Set the tone for French absolutism  Took away power from aristocracy and nobility when he assumed power  As he was taking away their power, he built the palace of Versailles 7. What was the chief purpose of Versailles?  To control the nobility  Built near Paris  Absolutist power distrusted the nobility 8. What was the major achievement of Nicholas Copernicus?  Part of the scientific revolution  Brought back into life Aristarchus’s heliocentric theory (sun-centered)  The Church and Martin Luther condemned this theory – they believed in the geocentric theory (earth-centered)  Wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Sphere, initially trying to prove the geocentric theory mathematically but ended up proving the opposite – that everything revolved around the sum 9. What was the major scientific discovery associated with Isaac Newton?  Theory of Gravitation  Revolutionary theory that the universe is functional according to a set of scientific laws, not chaotic  Self-regulating according to scientific laws 10. What theory regarding the universe dominated in Europe until the scientific revolution?  The universe was chaotic – everything operated according to a chaotic pattern and not a set of laws  Everything revolved around the Earth and not the Sun 11. Who was Johannes Kepler and what was his major scientific achievement?  German mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher  Suggested that the heavenly bodies revolved around the sun in a set elliptical pattern  Gotten closer than anyone else at this point in time 12. What were the innovations and discoveries associated with Galileo Galilei?  First to create the telescope o Could see sunspots, Saturn’s rings, and the satellites of Jupiter  Further supported the heliocentric view which was still not supported except by the scientists 13. What are the major principles associated with the scientific methods?  Inductive and deductive reasoning  Knowledge is based on research and observation 14. What are the principal features of the inductive method?  Start with specific ideas/research/observations and then create a theory  Specifics to hypothesis/theory 15. What are the principal features of the deductive method?  People want to prove a theory that they’ve already created by then going into specific details and doing specific research  Hypothesis/theory to specifics 16. Who was Rene Descartes and what was his major accomplishment?  Associated with creating the scientific method  Invented analytical geometry 17. What were the principal ideas and beliefs associated with the Enlightenment?  Critical of absolutism because no one had any rights under the king’s absolute rule unless he chose to give it to them  Many similarities lay between the ancient Chinese philosophers and 9. Who was Marco Polo?  An Italian Renaissance traveler who lived in China and India for a number of years  Left an account of those lands as prosperous 10. What Christopher Columbus intended to reach by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean?  China and India 11. Who supported Columbus voyages?  Spanish Queen Isabella 12. When Columbus reached Central America, what did he think he reached?  India 13. What did the Pope issue in 1493 and what was its major goal?  The Bull of Demarcation  Inter Caetera  Suggested a line that divided the spheres for exploration  West went to Spain  Most of the East went to Portugal 14. What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and what were its terms, goals and achievements?  Moved the line 300 miles westward so that Portugal got 300 miles more 15. What two major voyages laid the basis for the Portuguese overseas empire? 16. Who was Vasco da Gama and what were his major achievement(s)?  First Portuguese voyage  Rounded the Cape of Good Hope  Eventually crossed the Indian Ocean and explored the West Indian Coast  Brought cinnamon and pepper back  Made voyage 60 times 17. What did da Gama’s expedition bring back to Portugal?  Cinnamon and pepper 18. What profit did this expedition gain? 19. Who was Pedro Cobral and what was his significance?  Second Portuguese Voyage  Went too far west (Crossed the Atlantic)  Reached a new continent - Brazil 20. What areas of the world did the Portuguese control during the first half of the 16 th cent.? 21. What happened to the Portuguese merchants in Southeast Asia and China?  They were expelled for violating local ethnic trade and business customs and codes 22. What voyages laid the foundation for the Spanish overseas empire? 23. Where did the Spanish build their first settlements?  In the West Indies – Cuba and Hispaniola 24. Who were the conquistadors?  Spanish explorers 25. Who was Ferdinand Magellan and what was his accomplishment?  Spanish sailor  Crossed the Atlantic  Rounded the tip of Africa  Crossed the Pacific Ocean  Reached the Philippines  First Circumnavigation 26. What other parts, besides the Americas, did the Spanish spread their imperial control? 27. What states became involved in overseas exploration and conquest after 1600?  Netherlands, France, England 28. What prevented northern European states from intensive overseas explorations during the sixteenth century? 29. What was the first English colony in North America?  Jamestown in 1607 30. What were the major impacts of the contact with the Europeans on the Americas and Africa?  New plants and animals were introduced o Cows, sheep, goats, horses to America o Tomatoes, potatoes, squash, beans, corn to Europe  Microorganisms, viruses, germs, bacteria began to rise  Destruction of native states  Decline of native populations  Inhumane treatment Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade What were the major factors which influenced the shift of plantation economies from the Mediterranean to the New World?  Hard to enslave natives because they could escape and they were prone to disease  Indentured servants paid for passage to the new world to the captain of the ship What factors stimulated the increase of slave trade in Africa? What groups of people were more likely to be enslaved before Africa became the major sours of slaves? Before slaves became the major commodity from Africa, what goods did Africa export?  Gold and silver Which European Nations were first to set up trading posts in Africa?  Portuguese and Dutch Who was Francisco de Almeida? What area in Africa did the Portuguese colonize?  Swahili Area in East Africa Who was Mwene Metapa? What areas of Africa were colonized by the Dutch?  South Africa What was the major reason behind Dutch settlements in Africa?  They needed a provisional post for their ships when they created the Dutch- East India Company What areas of Africa provided most slaves for the trans-Atlantic slave trade?  West Coast of Africa and Central Africa What groups of people in Africa were most likely to be sold as slaves? Approximately how many slaves were transported from Africa to the New world during the eighteenth century?  6 million What factors contributed to the decline of trans-Atlantic slave trade?  Enlightenment’s Humanitarianism  Liberalism  Bad impact on Africa – hampers the process of nation-state building  Waged war in order to get people who could be sold as slaves  Tensions and conflict  Demographic impact – no general population decline because of slave trade, but if slavery didn’t happen, population in Africa would be much higher Early Modern Islamic Empires, 1500-1800 What major challenges did the Ottoman Empire face during the sixteenth century?  Shifting trade roads declined their importance as a commercial  The Habsburg Empire was trying to reclaim territory they had lost  The Russian Empire was expanding and wanted to gain access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea Who were the janissaries?  A tax imposed on the nobility was suggested 16. Who were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette?  French rulers  Very unpopular  Considered to be irresponsible 17. Who was Charles-Alexander de Colonne and what was his significance?  Minister  Suggested a tax reform that would be paid by the nobility  Took his idea to local courts (Parlements) and the Assembly of Notables 18. What social groups constituted the third estate?  Professionals  Medical doctors  Lawyers  Peasants 19. Who in France pad most taxes during the “Old Regime”?  The 3rd Estate (Peasants) 20. What caused Louis XVI to call the Assembly of Notables in 1787?  Calonne’s tax reform idea 21. What was the Estates General?  France’s parliament  Made up of 1/3 of each class 22. What was the National Assembly and what was their its historical role in 1789?  576 out of 577 members from the 3rd Estate who were locked out of the Estates-General meeting met on a tennis court and took the Tennis Court Oath  They began to refer to themselves as the national Assembly  They believed that they were the true representatives of the nation, not the king 23. What major political principles did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen promulgate?  All men are born and remain free and equal in rights  Those rights were defined as liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression  Sovereign power was to be vested in the nation as a whole  Law was to be the expression of the general will  Freedom of speech and religion were guaranteed  Liberty could only be abridged by due process of law, before which all men were to be regarded as equal 24. What social groups did not want to accept social distinctions based on wealth and demanded equality in 1790? 25. What was the Declaration of Pilnitz?  Issued by Frederick William IV of Prussia and Leopold II of Austria  Stated as its goal the restoration of the French monarchy, by force if necessary  A declaration of war without an actual call to arms  Served only to strengthen the republicans in France who argued that the revolution would never be complete or secure as long as Louis remained king 26. What factors led to radicalization of the French Revolution? 27 What was the Committee of Public Safety and who led it?  A body with rather vague supervisory functions  Maximilien Robespierre was the leader 28. What policy did the Committee of Public Safety carry out during its reign? 29. What was the Directory?  A five-member executive from which the new regime was to take its name  Inherently unstable  Declared that anyone advocating either the monarchy or the democratic constitution of 1793 would be shot on sight 30. What individual emerged in 1799, after defeating the Directory, as a new leader of France?  Napoleon Bonaparte