Prevalence and Understanding of Dissociative Disorders and Anxiety Disorders in Psychology, Exams of Nursing

Download Prevalence and Understanding of Dissociative Disorders and Anxiety Disorders in Psychology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 2024 PSY 268 Exam 2 New Latest Recent Version with All Questions from Actual Past Exam and 100% Correct Answers I was running down a familiar country lane when all of a sudden nothing looked familiar. It took me several seconds to realize where I was, and I continued my run without incident. What I experienced was: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- jamais vu Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. Research into the causes of this difference have MOST often focused on possible: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- cultural belief system and social support factors. "Among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness, and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce." The person who believes this espouses the _____ explanation of the development of phobias. ----------- Correct Answer ---------- behavioral-evolutionary Which of the following symptoms could lead to abnormal eating patterns or food avoidance? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- globus From the psychoanalytic perspective, somatic symptom disorders may be understood as resulting from __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- a conversion of psychological conflicts into physical symptoms Which of the following is the most common somatic symptom in adults? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- voluntary motor dysfunciton Which of the following has contributed to the questionable scientific status of the category dissociative identity disorder? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- the lack of empirical quantitative investigations What percentage of psychologists employed in a typical Veteran's Administration hospital accept dissociative disorders as a valid diagnostic grouping? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 97% If one wanted a drug to improve the effectiveness of GABA, one would choose: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- a benzodiazepine. Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on: ----- ------ Correct Answer ---------- modeling The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- bond with the primary personality. Which of the following is NOT a top stressor in the United States? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- transportation Depersonalization disorder is most common among: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- adolescents and young adults. If you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best taking it while you are: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- unusually happy. Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- female, or low-income individuals. The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old. A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which is the BEST answer you can give based on current research? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- "Probably— about two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- one-way amnesic relationship. A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- more outgoing. After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- localized Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n): ----------- Correct Answer ---------- rap group. Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her. A person with dissociative identity disorder has just experienced "switching." What MOST likely has happened? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- The person has changed from one personality to another. When he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- classical conditioning In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- a generalized anxiety disorder. People with panic disorder experience body sensations: ----------- Correct Answer -------- -- more intensely than those without panic disorder. "Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder. ----------- Correct Answer ---------- socicultural For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must: --- -------- Correct Answer ---------- increase serotonin activity. A person recently was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. A BEST guess is that the person is in: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- high school and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique. ----------- Correct Answer ---------- covert According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate symptoms of edginess, sleep changes, distress, and excessive worry for ______ to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. ----------- Correct Answer ---------- six months Which is an example of a meta-worry? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- worrying about worrying Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): ----------- Correct Answer ---------- panic disorder Which is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- apprehension about being evaluated by others Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress. A person says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK." From a cognitive perspective, this person is _____ obsessive thoughts. ----------- Correct Answer ---------- neutralizing Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karen's fear of this dog is an example of: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- stimulus generalization Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- benzodiazepines Which statement is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder? ---------- - Correct Answer ---------- Cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as medication, if not more so. Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of: --------- -- Correct Answer ---------- biofeedback training. A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- panic attack "Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist MOST likely to agree with this quote would be a: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- cognitive theorist A comprehensive approach that involves several techniques in treating anxiety disorders is called: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- a stress management program. A person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder. A therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. Which behavioral technique did the therapist NOT use? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- modeling According to behaviorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced. Agoraphobia is the fear of: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- going to public places. _____ is a pop psychology term for the rush of fear that people have when they realize that they have misplaced or lost their cell phone, disconnecting them from the world. ---- ------- Correct Answer ---------- Nomophobia Antidepressants and benzodiazepines such as alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- panic disorders Which behavioral assumption has not been supported by research? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- Phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans. Those LEAST likely to experience specific phobias are: ----------- Correct Answer --------- - white American males. Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- the psychodynamic approach Which is an anxiety disorder? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- obsessive-compulsive disorder To determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia. According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through the process of: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- stimulus generalization. A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent and adequate and achieve in all possible aspects is displaying a: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- basic irrational assumption. Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others. Which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- Rogers's client-centered theory If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- some phobias should be acquired more easily than others. Why are those who have fallen to a weight below their set point in a "battle against themselves"? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- Their brains are working against them to get them back to their "set point." Compared to the general public, people with eating disorders are more likely to: ---------- - Correct Answer ---------- be depressed A therapist who sat with a patient with bulimia while the patient ate appropriate quantities of "forbidden" foods, and then stayed until the patient no longer had the urge to purge, would be practicing: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- exposure and response prevention. Patients with anorexia nervosa receive a gradually increasing diet over the course of several weeks, encouragement, education, and reassurance that they will not become obese. The form of therapy they are receiving is: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- supportive nursing care. If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I'll be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- distorted thinking. Which medical problem associated with anorexia nervosa is MOST likely to lead to death? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- metabolic and electrolyte changes The MOST accurate diagnosis for a woman who regularly eats a whole pizza, a carton of ice cream, and a box of donuts at one sitting, then forces herself to throw it all up, is: - ---------- Correct Answer ---------- bulimia nervosa. Research on the aftermath of anorexia nervosa shows that: ----------- Correct Answer ---- ------ the death rate from anorexia nervosa appears to be declining. Which medical breakthrough is MOST likely to appeal to an overweight person? ---------- - Correct Answer ---------- a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans Parents who feed their children when they are anxious and comfort them when they are tired, rather than giving them a nap, run the risk of producing children who: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- can't assess their own needs. Peter is a behavioral therapist who exposes patients with bulimia to situations that usually cause binge episodes and then prevents them from binge eating. The technique that he is using is called: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- exposure and response prevention. What is the MOST likely explanation for the different explanations of eating disorders in men and women? ----------- Correct Answer ---------- Male eating disorders are more likely to be tied to work or sports. Serotonin levels are low in those with eating disorders and in those with obsessive- compulsive disorder and depression. This means that: ----------- Correct Answer ---------- there is a relationship, but no evidence of causation. Rob is 9 years old and consistently cannot talk to other people in certain social situations. He most likely has which of the following? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- selective mutism Research indicates that serotonin is important in anxiety disorders. Partial evidence for this is found in biochemical challenge studies in which __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- participants' serotonin levels are manipulated and their anxiety levels monitored "I have to worry about the future. It's always been a good strategy. If I worry, I'm able to avoid problems and negative consequences. It's kind of like trouble-shooting." A statement of this sort would most likely come from someone who has __________. ------ ---- Correct Answer ----------- generalized anxiety disorder People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are characterized by excessive worry about __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- many different things The Food and Drug Administration issued a warning on the use of SSRIs with regard to children, adolescents, and young adults with depression. This message warned of an increased risk for __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- suicidal thinking A fear of thunder is categorized as which of the following? ---------- Correct Answer ------- ---- natural environment phobia Although approximately 6.8% of the adult U.S. population suffers from PTSD, the rate for combat-related PTSD among veterans is about __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 6-18% Rates of PTSD for children exposed to a traumatic event have a range from __________ to __________ of victims ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 5.2%; 100% Which figure most closely approximates the proportion of people with panic disorder who seek treatment? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 95% Gina's child is terrified of being separated from her mom. Her child is most likely __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- a girl In children, __________ may be the first sign of fear. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- unusual behaviors What percentage of children suffer from separation anxiety disorder? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 4 In the United States, the average age of onset for an anxiety disorder is __________ years. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 11 Select the statement below about worry that is TRUE. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- The cognitive symptom of worry is typically not present in young children because of their skill deficit in metacognition. Roshanda is a good-natured four-year-old who typically enjoys her 7:30 PM bedtime ritual. After the first day of preschool, Roshanda cries and refuses to stay in bed following her mother's goodnight kiss and demands to sleep in her parents' bed. After three unsuccessful attempts to entice Roshanda to sleep in her own bed, her mother gives in. This pattern is repeated every night. Which statement most appropriately applies to this scenario ---------- Correct Answer ----------- Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement. An intense fear reaction resembling sheer terror is called a(n) __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- panic attack A type of situational phobia is __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- claustrophobia Someone who has panic symptoms and cannot identify an environmental trigger for the event is most likely experiencing which specific type of attack? ---------- Correct Answer - ---------- unexpected attack Across all anxiety disorders, improvement rates for cognitive-behavioral therapy average about __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 70% The anxiety-sensitivity model of fear acquisition holds that some people __________. --- ------- Correct Answer ----------- believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences Select the statement below that best illustrates the concept of functional impairment ----- ----- Correct Answer ----------- a man is unable to attend his son's wedding in another state because of his fear of flying In Asian cultures, those manifesting taijin kyofusho are afraid of __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- offending others Gwen is preparing for her Psychology of Learning midterm exam. Although she has read all of the material and been active in class discussions, she has recurring thoughts At this time, the etiology of somatic symptom disorders is poorly understood and usually approached from a __________ perspective ---------- Correct Answer ----------- psychological Both dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- involve memory loss Factitious disorder was originally termed __________ after a baron who told tall tales. -- -------- Correct Answer ----------- Munchausen syndrome Approximately 85% to 95% of the general population experiences at least one physical symptom every __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 2-4 weeks From a psychoanalytic perspective, factitious disorders may be viewed as a form of __________, while behaviorists would view it as being maintained through __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- masochism; positive reinforcement Glove anesthesia involves __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist "So many men get prostate cancer, it must be some type of unidentified bacterial infection." This inaccurate belief about illness supports a __________ theory of somatic symptom disorders. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- cognitive A teenage girl was brought to the emergency room by her mother several times during the summer for severe abdominal pain. After many diagnostic tests returned negative results, the girl was hospitalized for observation. Over several days, the patient's abdominal pain disappeared. However, the night before her discharge, the pain returned. A hospital security camera recorded the mother entering her child's room late that night carrying a bag from the neighborhood pharmacy. Shortly after this visit the girl's symptoms returned. The hospital staff might suspect that __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- this is a case of factitious disorder imposed on another Overall, the course of recovery, remission, and chronicity in the somatic symptom disorders is __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- complex Children as young as 8 years of age have been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder; however, these children __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- also had comorbid psychological diagnoses Which of the following would be associated with factitious disorder? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- a woman holds a thermometer up to a hot surface to create a high temperature reading and then uses it as "evidence" that she has a fever Margo described upsetting experiences as "being out-of-body" and as being an observer of her own behavior. Which type of dissociative experience was she undergoing? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- depersonalization On average, how many fewer days per month do people with somatic symptom disorders work compared to those who do not have a somatic symptom disorder? -------- -- Correct Answer ----------- 7.8 Laboratory results for patients with factitious disorders have revealed patients __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- purposely placing blood in their urine sample After contracting an actual acute illness, some individuals exhibit signs of which of the following, as they fear they are not over the illness or worry that they need to limit activities? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- transient hypochondriasis Treatment for somatoform disorders account for approximately __________% of all medical care expenses in the U.S. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 20 Conversion disorders and neurological problems may be discriminated from each other on the basis of __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- neurological patterns About __________% of the people diagnosed with conversion disorder are later found to have a diagnosable medical condition. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- 10-15 What do all types of somatic symptom and related disorders have in common? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- lack of a recognizable medical cause People with somatic symptom disorders often have comorbid anxiety or __________. --- ------- Correct Answer ----------- depressive disorders Mrs. Borhoquez is terrified that she has contracted a viral infection that is invading her body and weakening her immune system. In spite of medical tests that show no illness, she continues to surf the Internet looking for a diagnostic match to her symptoms. Family members were sympathetic at first but now are tired of hearing the same old complaints. Mrs. Borhoquez presents a classic case of __________. ---------- Correct Answer ----------- illness anxiety disorder Which theoretical construct provided the bases for the name "conversion disorder"? ----- ----- Correct Answer ----------- psychodynamic Which of the following used to be known as multiple personality disorder? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- dissociative identity disorder The idea that a person "compartmentalizes" a response to trauma is consistent with which of the following? ---------- Correct Answer ----------- posttraumatic model