Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Key Concepts and Diagnostic Criteria, Exams of Nursing

Download Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Key Concepts and Diagnostic Criteria and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 2024 PYS 368 Exam 2 New Latest Version/ PYS 368 Exam 3 Updated Version with All Questions and 100% Correct Answers The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in: --------- Correct Answer ---------- poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old. Anhedonia is most frequently and directly seen as a symptom of __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- Major depression disorder __________ is a psychologist who was especially famous for studying the role of rumination in perpetuating clinical depression. --------- Correct Answer ---------- susan A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which of the following is the BEST answer you can give based on current research? ---------- Correct Answer --------- "Probably-- about 2/3 of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed? ---------- Correct Answer --------- moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress. ---------- Correct Answer --------- emotional A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which is the BEST answer you can give based on current research? --------- Correct Answer ---------- "Probably—about two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to: --------- Correct Answer ---------- bond with the primary personality. Which of the following is NOT a top stressor in the United States? --------- Correct Answer ---------- transportation Depersonalization disorder is most common among: --------- Correct Answer ---------- adolescents and young adults. Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a: --------- Correct Answer ---------- one-way amnesic relationship. A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become: --------- Correct Answer ---------- more outgoing. After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia? --------- Correct Answer ---------- localized Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n): --------- Correct Answer ---------- rap group. Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is: --------- Correct Answer ---------- feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her. A person with dissociative identity disorder has just experienced "switching." What MOST likely has happened? --------- Correct Answer ---------- The person has changed from one personality to another. Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from: ----- ---- Correct Answer ---------- regression A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress. --------- Correct Answer ---------- emotional Which statement BEST describes the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Those with dissociative fugue change where they live. The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to: --------- Correct Answer ---------- depersonalization. Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the night she was attacked out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n): --------- Correct Answer ---------- posttraumatic stress reaction. Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: --------- Correct Answer ---------- stress response. Support for the idea that depressive disorders set the stage for eating disorders comes from evidence that shows: --------- Correct Answer ---------- that close relatives of people with eating disorders have a high rate of depressive disorders. The popular star whose death raised awareness of eating disorders was: --------- Correct Answer ---------- Karen Carpenter. Individuals with anorexia nervosa often show which personality characteristic? --------- Correct Answer ---------- obsessive-compulsive tendencies Salvador Minuchin describes a family system in which members are overly involved in each other's affairs as a(n): --------- Correct Answer ---------- enmeshed family pattern. The primary motivating emotion a person with anorexia experiences is: --------- Correct Answer ---------- fear Someone who is experiencing bulimia nervosa is more likely to _____ than someone experiencing anorexia. --------- Correct Answer ---------- display characteristics of borderline personality disorder Which behavior BEST describes the effects of compensatory behaviors that people with bulimia nervosa use in controlling weight? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Repeated vomiting affects one's ability to feel satiated. Which statement about recovery from anorexia nervosa is true? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Anorexic behavior recurs in about one-third of recovered patients. If a person were afraid of dogs and his therapist treated him by interacting with dogs while the client watched, he would be receiving treatment in the form of: --------- Correct Answer ---------- modeling Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: --------- Correct Answer ---------- manipulative assumption A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region(s) of the brain? --------- Correct Answer ------ ---- caudate nuclei When he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: --------- Correct Answer ---------- classical conditioning In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: --------- Correct Answer ---------- both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: --------- Correct Answer ---------- a generalized anxiety disorder. People with panic disorder experience body sensations: --------- Correct Answer ---------- more intensely than those without panic disorder. "Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder. --------- Correct Answer ---------- socicultural For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must: --- ------ Correct Answer ---------- increase serotonin activity. A person recently was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. A BEST guess is that the person is in: --------- Correct Answer ---------- high school and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique. --------- Correct Answer ---------- covert According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate symptoms of edginess, sleep changes, distress, and excessive worry for ______ to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. --------- Correct Answer ---------- six months Which is an example of a meta-worry? --------- Correct Answer ---------- worrying about worrying Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): --------- Correct Answer -- -------- panic disorder Which is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety? --------- Correct Answer ---------- apprehension about being evaluated by others Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms: --------- Correct Answer ---------- are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress. A person says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK." From a cognitive perspective, this person is _____ obsessive thoughts. --------- Correct Answer ---------- neutralizing Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karen's fear of this dog is an example of: --------- Correct Answer ---------- stimulus generalization "Among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness, and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce." The person who believes this espouses the _____ explanation of the development of phobias. --------- Correct Answer ---------- behavioral-evolutionary If one wanted a drug to improve the effectiveness of GABA, one would choose: --------- Correct Answer ---------- a benzodiazepine. Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on: ----- ---- Correct Answer ---------- modeling Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA? --------- Correct Answer ---------- benzodiazepines Which statement is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as medication, if not more so. Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of: --------- Correct Answer ---------- biofeedback training. A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: --------- Correct Answer ---------- panic attack "Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist MOST likely to agree with this quote would be a: --------- Correct Answer ---------- cognitive theorist A comprehensive approach that involves several techniques in treating anxiety disorders is called: --------- Correct Answer ---------- a stress management program. A person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder. A therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. Which behavioral technique did the therapist NOT use? --------- Correct Answer ---------- modeling The "weight set point" is: --------- Correct Answer ---------- the weight a person is predisposed to maintain. Why are those who have fallen to a weight below their set point in a "battle against themselves"? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Their brains are working against them to get them back to their "set point." Compared to the general public, people with eating disorders are more likely to: --------- Correct Answer ---------- be depressed A therapist who sat with a patient with bulimia while the patient ate appropriate quantities of "forbidden" foods, and then stayed until the patient no longer had the urge to purge, would be practicing: --------- Correct Answer ---------- exposure and response prevention. Patients with anorexia nervosa receive a gradually increasing diet over the course of several weeks, encouragement, education, and reassurance that they will not become obese. The form of therapy they are receiving is: --------- Correct Answer ---------- supportive nursing care. If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I'll be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in: --------- Correct Answer ---------- distorted thinking. Which medical problem associated with anorexia nervosa is MOST likely to lead to death? --------- Correct Answer ---------- metabolic and electrolyte changes The MOST accurate diagnosis for a woman who regularly eats a whole pizza, a carton of ice cream, and a box of donuts at one sitting, then forces herself to throw it all up, is: - -------- Correct Answer ---------- bulimia nervosa. Research on the aftermath of anorexia nervosa shows that: --------- Correct Answer ------ ---- the death rate from anorexia nervosa appears to be declining. Which medical breakthrough is MOST likely to appeal to an overweight person? --------- Correct Answer ---------- a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans Parents who feed their children when they are anxious and comfort them when they are tired, rather than giving them a nap, run the risk of producing children who: --------- Correct Answer ---------- can't assess their own needs. Peter is a behavioral therapist who exposes patients with bulimia to situations that usually cause binge episodes and then prevents them from binge eating. The technique that he is using is called: --------- Correct Answer ---------- exposure and response prevention. What is the MOST likely explanation for the different explanations of eating disorders in men and women? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Male eating disorders are more likely to be tied to work or sports. Serotonin levels are low in those with eating disorders and in those with obsessive- compulsive disorder and depression. This means that: --------- Correct Answer ---------- there is a relationship, but no evidence of causation. The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is that used to treat ---------- Correct Answer --------- depression "Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a ___________________ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder. ---------- Correct Answer --------- sociocultural According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is ---------- Correct Answer --------- better than nothing and about as effective as medication A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying a ---------- Correct Answer --------- basic irrational assumption Leila always feels threatened and anxious--imagining awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing ---------- Correct Answer --------- a generalized anxiety disorder The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is ---------- Correct Answer ------- -- agoraphobia Which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth? ---------- Correct Answer --------- Proger's client-centered theory "Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope with neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist MOST likely to agree with this quote would be a ---------- Correct Answer --------- cognitive theorist A person who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is that BEST advice for this person? ---------- Correct Answer -- ------- "Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmophic disorder actually feel worse afterword." Which statement is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder? ---------- Correct Answer --------- Cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as medication, if not more so. Maura believes that it is a dire necessity for her to be loved or approved by everyone and that is catastrophic if things are not the way she wanted them. She is displaying _______________________. ---------- Correct Answer --------- basic irrational assumptions An entomologist's fear of spiders is debilitating. To treat this phobia, a therapist puts the entomologist in a room with spiders, even asking her to handle them. This technique might be used in__________________________ ---------- Correct Answer --------- flooding Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. The disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter ____________________ ---------- Correct Answer --------- norepinephrine Rosa's heart was racing (from the 4 cups of coffee she had just finished), but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a ---------- Correct Answer --------- panic attack An abnormal psychology instructor asks in class, "What kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive compulsive related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), a student replies: ---------- Correct Answer --------- "exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs" The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about ---------- Correct Answer --------- 40 percent According to Freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop ---------- Correct Answer --------- moral anxiety Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is an aspect of ---------- Correct Answer --------- systematic desensitization The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that ------ ---- Correct Answer --------- relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are A person says "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everyone with be OK." From a cognitive perspective, this person is ______________ obsessive thoughts ------- --- Correct Answer --------- neutralizing The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to: ---------- Correct Answer --------- depersonalization What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD? ---------- Correct Answer --------- women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels One who suffers from dissociative identity disorder is MOST likely to be a: ---------- Correct Answer --------- women who was physically abused as a child Which of the following is most likely to experience stress related to employment ---------- Correct Answer --------- Juan, a Hispanic American male age 40 If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active? ---------- Correct Answer --------- sympathetic nervous system A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing ________________ therapy. ---------- Correct Answer --------- exposure Which does NOT characterized stress disorders? ---------- Correct Answer --------- a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a: ---------- Correct Answer --------- mutually amnesic relationship Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: ---------- Correct Answer --------- stress response In the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder: ---------- Correct Answer --------- has increased Which of the following is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder? ---------- Correct Answer --------- increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt Poor health is BEST described as a: ---------- Correct Answer --------- stressor Which hypothesis used to explain dissociative disorders is shared by psychodynamic and behavioral theorists? ---------- Correct Answer --------- they serve to help someone escape something unpleasant One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: ---------- Correct Answer --------- how long the anxiety symptoms last Rob is 9 years old and consistently cannot talk to other people in certain social situations. He most likely has which of the following? --------- Correct Answer ---------- selective mutism Research indicates that serotonin is important in anxiety disorders. Partial evidence for this is found in biochemical challenge studies in which __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- participants' serotonin levels are manipulated and their anxiety levels monitored "I have to worry about the future. It's always been a good strategy. If I worry, I'm able to avoid problems and negative consequences. It's kind of like trouble-shooting." A statement of this sort would most likely come from someone who has __________. ------ --- Correct Answer ---------- generalized anxiety disorder People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are characterized by excessive worry about __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- many different things The Food and Drug Administration issued a warning on the use of SSRIs with regard to children, adolescents, and young adults with depression. This message warned of an increased risk for __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- suicidal thinking A fear of thunder is categorized as which of the following? --------- Correct Answer -------- -- natural environment phobia Although approximately 6.8% of the adult U.S. population suffers from PTSD, the rate for combat-related PTSD among veterans is about __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- 6-18% Rates of PTSD for children exposed to a traumatic event have a range from __________ to __________ of victims --------- Correct Answer ---------- 5.2%; 100% Which figure most closely approximates the proportion of people with panic disorder who seek treatment? --------- Correct Answer ---------- 95% Gina's child is terrified of being separated from her mom. Her child is most likely __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- a girl In children, __________ may be the first sign of fear. --------- Correct Answer ---------- unusual behaviors What percentage of children suffer from separation anxiety disorder? --------- Correct Answer ---------- 4 In the United States, the average age of onset for an anxiety disorder is __________ years. --------- Correct Answer ---------- 11 Select the statement below about worry that is TRUE. --------- Correct Answer ---------- The cognitive symptom of worry is typically not present in young children because of their skill deficit in metacognition. Roshanda is a good-natured four-year-old who typically enjoys her 7:30 PM bedtime ritual. After the first day of preschool, Roshanda cries and refuses to stay in bed following her mother's goodnight kiss and demands to sleep in her parents' bed. After three unsuccessful attempts to entice Roshanda to sleep in her own bed, her mother gives in. This pattern is repeated every night. Which statement most appropriately applies to this scenario --------- Correct Answer ---------- Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement. An intense fear reaction resembling sheer terror is called a(n) __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- panic attack A type of situational phobia is __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- claustrophobia Someone who has panic symptoms and cannot identify an environmental trigger for the event is most likely experiencing which specific type of attack? --------- Correct Answer -- -------- unexpected attack Across all anxiety disorders, improvement rates for cognitive-behavioral therapy average about __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- 70% The anxiety-sensitivity model of fear acquisition holds that some people __________. --- ------ Correct Answer ---------- believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences Select the statement below that best illustrates the concept of functional impairment ----- ---- Correct Answer ---------- a man is unable to attend his son's wedding in another state because of his fear of flying In Asian cultures, those manifesting taijin kyofusho are afraid of __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- offending others Gwen is preparing for her Psychology of Learning midterm exam. Although she has read all of the material and been active in class discussions, she has recurring thoughts of failing the exam. Her thoughts persist even though she is an honors student and has never failed a test. Gwen is experiencing __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- anxiety People with PTSD often report which of the following? --------- Correct Answer ---------- shame Little Jake is strongly bonded to his mother. In fact, he has a difficult time letting her out of his sight. When his mother must leave him in daycare to go to work, the daycare Approximately 85% to 95% of the general population experiences at least one physical symptom every __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- 2-4 weeks From a psychoanalytic perspective, factitious disorders may be viewed as a form of __________, while behaviorists would view it as being maintained through __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- masochism; positive reinforcement Glove anesthesia involves __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist "So many men get prostate cancer, it must be some type of unidentified bacterial infection." This inaccurate belief about illness supports a __________ theory of somatic symptom disorders. --------- Correct Answer ---------- cognitive A teenage girl was brought to the emergency room by her mother several times during the summer for severe abdominal pain. After many diagnostic tests returned negative results, the girl was hospitalized for observation. Over several days, the patient's abdominal pain disappeared. However, the night before her discharge, the pain returned. A hospital security camera recorded the mother entering her child's room late that night carrying a bag from the neighborhood pharmacy. Shortly after this visit the girl's symptoms returned. The hospital staff might suspect that __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- this is a case of factitious disorder imposed on another Overall, the course of recovery, remission, and chronicity in the somatic symptom disorders is __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- complex Which of the following symptoms could lead to abnormal eating patterns or food avoidance? --------- Correct Answer ---------- globus From the psychoanalytic perspective, somatic symptom disorders may be understood as resulting from __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- a conversion of psychological conflicts into physical symptoms Which of the following is the most common somatic symptom in adults? --------- Correct Answer ---------- voluntary motor dysfunciton Which of the following has contributed to the questionable scientific status of the category dissociative identity disorder? --------- Correct Answer ---------- the lack of empirical quantitative investigations What percentage of psychologists employed in a typical Veteran's Administration hospital accept dissociative disorders as a valid diagnostic grouping? --------- Correct Answer ---------- 97% Children as young as 8 years of age have been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder; however, these children __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- also had comorbid psychological diagnoses Which of the following would be associated with factitious disorder? --------- Correct Answer ---------- a woman holds a thermometer up to a hot surface to create a high temperature reading and then uses it as "evidence" that she has a fever Margo described upsetting experiences as "being out-of-body" and as being an observer of her own behavior. Which type of dissociative experience was she undergoing? --------- Correct Answer ---------- depersonalization On average, how many fewer days per month do people with somatic symptom disorders work compared to those who do not have a somatic symptom disorder? -------- - Correct Answer ---------- 7.8 Laboratory results for patients with factitious disorders have revealed patients __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- purposely placing blood in their urine sample After contracting an actual acute illness, some individuals exhibit signs of which of the following, as they fear they are not over the illness or worry that they need to limit activities? --------- Correct Answer ---------- transient hypochondriasis Treatment for somatoform disorders account for approximately __________% of all medical care expenses in the U.S. --------- Correct Answer ---------- 20 Conversion disorders and neurological problems may be discriminated from each other on the basis of __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- neurological patterns About __________% of the people diagnosed with conversion disorder are later found to have a diagnosable medical condition. --------- Correct Answer ---------- 10-15 What do all types of somatic symptom and related disorders have in common? --------- Correct Answer ---------- lack of a recognizable medical cause People with somatic symptom disorders often have comorbid anxiety or __________. --- ------ Correct Answer ---------- depressive disorders Mrs. Borhoquez is terrified that she has contracted a viral infection that is invading her body and weakening her immune system. In spite of medical tests that show no illness, she continues to surf the Internet looking for a diagnostic match to her symptoms. Family members were sympathetic at first but now are tired of hearing the same old complaints. Mrs. Borhoquez presents a classic case of __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- illness anxiety disorder Which theoretical construct provided the bases for the name "conversion disorder"? ----- ---- Correct Answer ---------- psychodynamic Which of the following used to be known as multiple personality disorder? --------- Correct Answer ---------- dissociative identity disorder The idea that a person "compartmentalizes" a response to trauma is consistent with which of the following? --------- Correct Answer ---------- posttraumatic model model of catastrophizing that was presented in class, which cognitive distortion explained the greatest percentage of variance in catastrophizing? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Rumination Which of the following factors has been demonstrated to influence risk appraisals? ------ --- Correct Answer ---------- Emotional state and framing _________ is an emotional state that leads to increased perceptions of risk. --------- Correct Answer ---------- Fear "I have difficulty keeping the threat of terrorism out of my mind." This item is one of the questions intended to evaluate the __________ subscale of the Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale. --------- Correct Answer ---------- Rumination Which of the following is one of the subscales of the Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale? - -------- Correct Answer ---------- Magnification, Rumination, Helplessness Learned helplessness is most likely to happen to a person if that person ___________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- experiences negative outcomes which he/she cannot control Which of the following is a potential benefit of a measure such as the Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale (TCS)? --------- Correct Answer ---------- It is a standardized measure, meaning that we can easily compare TCS scores across different samples. It provides evidence for the hypothesis that, after a terrorist attack, terrorism-related fears do not necessarily return to pre-attack levels. TCS scores allow us to predict who is especially likely to develop depression, anxiety, and stress in response to a terrorist attack. In a study presented in class (Sinclair & LoCicero, 2007), participants completed the Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale. According to research presented in class (e.g. Scrimin et al., 2009), which of the following cognitive skills is negatively impacted by exposure to a terrorist attack? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Attention Control and Memory Research presented in class (Cohn et al., 2004) analyzed the effects of the September 11 terrorist attacks on linguistic patterns. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the findings of this study? --------- Correct Answer ---------- In the days immediately following 9/11, positivity of language decreased In the days immediately following 9/11, cognitive processing increased neither a or b A(n) __________ is a framework for organizing and interpreting information, and is used to help make sense of the outside world. --------- Correct Answer ---------- Schema Research presented in class (Cohn et al., 2004) suggests that, following a terrorist attack, __________ experience the most changes to their language. --------- Correct Answer ---------- people who are most preoccupied with the attack __________ is the psychologist who is most directly associated with the development of cognitive-behavioral theory. --------- Correct Answer ---------- AAron beck A study presented in class (Morton & Postmes, 2011) examined the effects of emphasizing shared humanity. Which of the following statements best summarizes this research? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Emphasizing shared humanity leads to less negative intergroup behavior, but only if human beings are portrayed as a benevolent species. Which of the following psychological processes is an example of cognition? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Decision making, language, memory Which of the following topics would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to research? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Memory In the context of cognitive schemas, "accommodation" is best defined as __________. - -------- Correct Answer ---------- changing/alternating schemas to incorporate new information Jake is a young child who has begun to develop a schema for "dogs". Jake has defined examples of this schema as animals that have four legs and a tail. This morning, Jake saw a horse and exclaimed "doggie!". When categorizing the horse as a dog, Jake is engaging in __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- Assimilation Cognitive psychology is best defined as the study of __________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- informational Processing After a recent terrorist attack on her hometown, Lisa is feeling less safe in public places than she used to. This change in Lisa's thinking is best described as __________. ------- -- Correct Answer ---------- Schema accommodation Which of the following statements would Aaron Beck be most likely to agree with? ------- -- Correct Answer ---------- Humans are active thinkers, engaging with the world around them. Terror management theory was inspired most directly by the writings of __________. --- ------ Correct Answer ---------- Ernest Becker According to terror management theory research presented in class (Rosenblatt et al., 1989), which of the following is true about municipal judges? --------- Correct Answer ---- ------ They tend to set significantly higher bond amounts for prostitution charges if they have first thought about death (although this effect depends on the judge's personal level of moral opposition to prostitution). Which of the following statements is true, based on terror management theory research? --------- Correct Answer ---------- Thinking about death leads people to be protective of their cultural worldview. A challenge to one's cultural worldview leads people to have increased death-thought accessibility. Which of the following is an example of "literal immortality", in the context of terror management theory? --------- Correct Answer ---------- a belief in the after life Which of the following is likely to make mortality salient? --------- Correct Answer ---------- writing a paragraph about what the experience of death will be like watching a car accident in which one of the passengers was killed According to terror management theory, which of the following is a component of a cultural worldview? --------- Correct Answer ---------- institutions, symbols, and rituals that support components of the cultural worldview standards for value the promise of immortality (either literal or symbolic) to those who subscribe to and support the cultural worldview A terror management study presented in class (Hayes et al., 2008) presented Christian participants with one of three articles to read: a control article about aurora borealis, a threat article about the "Muslimization of Nazareth", or an annihilation article that was identical to the threat article, except it included a short paragraph about a recent plane crash in which many Muslims were killed on the way to Nazareth. In this study, which group showed the highest death-thought accessibility? --------- Correct Answer ---------- threat According to terror management theory, which of the following is NOT a likely outcome of mortality salience? --------- Correct Answer ---------- being open-minded to new ways of seeing the world According to terror management theory, people tend to like ingroup members ___________ and outgroup members ___________ after being reminded of death . ----- ---- Correct Answer ---------- more, less Which of the following outcomes would be most difficult to explain for someone with a strong belief in a just world? --------- Correct Answer ---------- A woman was robbed on her way home from volunteering at the soup kitchen. Which of the following statements is TRUE about people's beliefs regarding the afterlife? --------- Correct Answer ---------- The majority of people worldwide are inclined to believe that there is an afterlife. According to terror management theory research presented in class (Luke & Hartwig, 2014), participants in the __________ condition were most likely to support the use of torture during interrogation of terrorism suspects. --------- Correct Answer ---------- Mortality salience Terror management theory research presented in class suggests that mortality salience leads to _________. --------- Correct Answer ---------- support for fewer procedural protections for terrorism suspects, but only if those suspects come from foreign countries Terror management theory predicts that when mortality is salient, people will be especially supportive of charismatic leaders. Which of the following is a component of charismatic leadership, as defined by TMT? --------- Correct Answer ---------- an unconflicted, clear vision The "terror" in terror management theory is hypothesized to arise from __________. ---- ----- Correct Answer ---------- the inevitability of death Meta-analyses (e.g. McNally et al., 2003; Ozer et al. 2003) have suggested that ___________ is a good predictor of whether or not someone will develop PTSD following a traumatic experience. --------- Correct Answer ---------- level of social support