Anatomy and Physiology of Cancer, Exams of Nursing

Download Anatomy and Physiology of Cancer and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 260 Patho Exam 1 2024 Edition. Real Test Questions & Verified Correct Answers. Already Graded A+ A 13-year-old female has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. Her features include a short stature, lack of breast development, and a webbed neck. What is her diagnosis? A Fragile X Syndrome B Down Syndrome C Turner Syndrome D Klinefelter Syndrome - ANSAnswer: C These are the characteristics of Turner syndrome. It affects females, instead of 46 chromosomes there are 45, only one X chromosome, designated as 45X. (p. 35) A cancer tumor is classified based on which of the following? (Select all that apply) A Same type of cancer cell found in a distant site B Size of the tumor C Number of lymph nodes that are swollen D Shape of the tumor E Number of lymph nodes with evidence of cancer cells - ANSAnswer: A, B, and E Use of the TNM classification system. (p. 951) A patient demonstrates Chovstek's sign, a symptom of increased neuromuscular excitability. Which electrolyte imbalance may cause this? A Hypokalemia B Hyponatremia C Hypocalcemia D Hypercalcemia - ANSAnswer: C Rationale: Hypocalcemia can cause neuromuscular excitability. Chovstek's and Trousseau's sign are examples of neuromuscular irritability caused by chronic hypocalcemia. (p. 133) A patient has dehydration and sodium of 159 mEq/L. The nurse would expect the IV orders to be for which of the following solutions? A Oncotic B Isotonic C Hypotonic D Hypertonic - ANSAnswer: C Rationale: This patient has a high sodium level 159mEq/L. For dehydration you would want to decrease the sodium from the ECF to the ICF. A hypotonic solution adds water to the blood stream and causes a fluid shift from the ECF to the ICF, thereby decreasing the sodium in the blood stream (ECF). (p. 121) A patient's pathology report states that the tumor tissue is encapsulated and there is no damage to the surrounding tissue. The patient's pathology is most characteristic of which of the following? A Neoplastic tumor B Benign tumor C Metastasis D Malignant tumor - ANSAnswer: B From the TNM classification system a tumor that is encapsulated is a carcinoma in situ. Benign tumors do not cause damage to surrounding tissue. (p. 950) Cancer cells release vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), which allows which function? A Apoptosis. B Tumor invasion into the blood vessel. C Release of tumor marker. D New blood vessel growth. - ANSAnswer: D Tumor cells need a blood supply in order to grow. Cancer cells release (VEGF) in order to develop new blood vessels (p. 952) Cancer is often the result of mutation of ____ to ____ and the inactivation of ____ genes. A proto-suppressor genes, suppressors, oncogenes B proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes C oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes D oncogenes, proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes - ANSAnswer: B Proto-oncogenes control cell growth and proliferation, if mutated they become oncogenes that allow unrestrained cell division. If tumor suppressor genes are turned off they do not function to guard against cancer formation. (p. 949) Cancers involve defects in which of the following? A Number of chromosomes in the cell due to mutations. B Cell proliferation and loss of normal function. C Cell meiosis occurring more rapidly. D Cell size due to cell growing larger at a rapid pace. - ANSAnswer: B Cancer cells are non-uniform, misshapen, multiply rapidly, and do not function like normal cells. (p. 949) Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is associated with what type of cancer? A Prostate Cancer B Cervical Cancer C Gastric Adenocarcinoma D Colon Cancer - ANSAnswer: B Rationale: The risk for cervical cancer include; smoking, history of STD, HPV virus, 2 or more lifetime sexual partners, or immunosuppression. (p. 960) Capillary oncotic pressure pulls water back into the capillary bed Type 2 diabetes is an example of which of the following? A Mitochondrial disorder B Multifactorial disorder C Single nucleotide polymorphism D Autosomal recessive disorder - ANSAnswer: B The individual will inherit one or more genes that predispose them to the disorder; an environmental trigger contributes to the development of the disorder. (p. 32) What is oncotic pressure? A None of the above. B The pulling force exerted by albumin in the bloodstream. C The pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream. D The pushing pressure exerted by electrolytes in the bloodstream. - ANSAnswer: B Rationale: Albumin is the main colloidal protein in the bloodstream; it attracts water (proteins PULL) and keeps it in the blood vessel. (p. 119) Which disease is triggered by a combination of multiple genes and environment? A Multifactorial B Epigenetic C Single nucleotide polymorphism D Mendelian - ANSAnswer: A The individual will inherit one or more genes that predispose them to the disorder; an environmental trigger contributes to the development of the disorder. (p. 32) Which of the following carries the genetic information for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosomes? A tRNA B codons C mRNA D DNA - ANSAnswer: C Protein is synthesized in a two-step process known as transcription (in the nucleus), and then translation in the ribosome by mRNA (messenger RNA) (p. 7-8). Which of the following disorders is an autosomal recessive disorder where the protein that codes for chloride channel is mutated, causing excessive, thick mucus in the pancreas, reproductive organs, and lungs? A Huntington B Marfans C Cystic Fibrosis D Tay Sachs - ANSAnswer: C In Cystic Fibrosis thick mucus builds up in the lungs causing poor respiratory function, in the pancreas causing the need for enzyme supplements and reproductive organs. Which of the following is a variation in DNA sequencing that occurs when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in a genome is substituted with another nucleotide? A Inversion B Translocation C Frameshift D Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) - ANSAnswer: D When there is a change in one nucleotide in a gene sequence. (p. 32) Which of the following is the best regulator of pH, but the slowest to respond to changes in pH? A Protein buffers B Kidneys C Carbonic acid D Breathing patterns - ANSAnswer: B Rationale: Both the renal system and the Respiratory system regulate plasma pH. The renal system is slow and regulates by controlling bicarbonate levels. Which of the following is true of epigenetics? Select all that apply. A Epigenetics is influenced by foods we eat, smoking, and exposure to chemicals or stress. B Epigenetic changes to the egg or sperm can be transmitted to multiple generations. C Epigenetics is the result of signaling from the fetal environment. D Epigenetics is permanent. E Epigenetics manifests only as disease. - ANSAnswer: A, B, and C Epigenetics can be affected by our environment; it is a change in the phenotype without a change in the genotype. This affects how cells read the genes. (Video - Epigenetics and the Future of our Genes) Which of the following refers to the recognizable traits, physical or biochemical, associated with a specific genotype? A Phenotype B Alleles C Expressivity D Polymorphism - ANSAnswer: A Phenotype is the actual physical or somatic expression of the genotype (p. 30) Which of the following refers to when only 80% of people with a genotype exhibit a phenotype? A Recessiveness B Dominance C Penetrance D Expressivity - ANSAnswer: C The ratio of the number of persons with a phenotype, compared to those with the genotype. (p. 31) Which statement regarding the sodium and potassium pump is correct? A The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell than in the extracellular compartment. B Maintaining homeostasis of the sodium and potassium levels requires ATP and the Na/K pump. C The concentration of potassium ions should be higher in the extracellular compartment than in the intracellular compartment. D Maintaining homeostasis of the sodium and potassium levels requires passive movement through the Na/K pump. - ANSAnswer: B Active transport helps to maintain resting potential and cellular fluid volume. (p. 4)