4 chapters of the introduction to Computer, Lecture notes of Introduction to Computers

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Chapter 2: Computer Hardware Oullin es Y Basic Architecture Y Input Devices Y Storage Devices Primary Memory Secondary Memory Cloud Storage Physical and Logical Storage Y Processing Unit Y Output Devices. ¥ Communication Devices PPI Devices ® Any device used to input data into computer. ® Allow us to interact with computer. ® A wide range of devices including: " Mouse " Keyboard ™ Scanner Audio conversion device " Biometric e.g. fingerprint sensor ™ Barcode reader ™ Business card reader ™ QR code reader " Digital camera = Joystick " Light pen = Touch screen ™ Medical imaging devices = Microphone and more. wWILU I GAYye& Devices ® A device capable of holding data and information. ® Basically two types: = Primary memory, used to hold programs and programs data. = Secondary memory, a mass storage device that permanently stores data. » Primary Memory ® Provides quick access to data and programs. ® Lies between processor and mass storage devices. © Based on type and purpose, classified to several sub-types: "= RAM = ROM = BIOS memory = Cache memory = CPU Registers. Priiticar y Memory ®Random Access Memory, allows random access of data rather than sequential. 1. RAM ® Holds part of the OS and programs being run by the computer. ® Faster than secondary memory to enable fast data processing. ® Volatile memory. ® Different types including: = SRAM (Static random access memory) = SDRAM (Synchronized dynamic random access memory) = DDR SDRAM (Double data rate SDRAM) =" DDR2 SDRAM "= DDR3 SDRAM = DDR4 SDRAM Priiridcar y Memory 3. BIOS Memory ® Built into the motherboard. ® Non volatile. ® Stores BIOS settings. ® Traditionally called CMOS RAM as it uses a volatile Complementary Metal- Oxide Semiconductor SRAM powered by the "CMOS" battery. Standard CMOS Features » Genie BIOS Setting Advanced BIOS Features La CaO Cl RU Ute Mbt ae Ty PCM eb ba Mee Ue a3 Integrated Peripherals Set Supervisor Password pr Uh aA UC a isla PnP/PCI Configurations Save & Exit Setup PMR Ra eat Exit Without Saving Pat eh al bat Priiticar y Memory 4. Cache Memory ® Integrated directly with CPU. © Faster than RAM. © Smaller size. ® Stores frequently accessed instructions. 5. CPU Registers ® Inside CPU. ® Provides very fast access to data e.g. an instruction, address or character. Main la—e| Level2 |. 5: [Level 1 Memory Cache | |Cache “Secondary Memory ® Permanently stores data until deleted. ® Large capacity. © Slower. ® Examples: Hard drive, SSD drive, Flash memory. 1. Hard Disk Drive ® Magnetic storage device. ® One or more platters in air sealed casing. ® Magnetic head reads and writes the data. ® Connected to the motherboard via ATA, SCSI or SATA cables. Secondary Memory 2. Solid State Drive ® Latest technology used in secondary storage devices. ® Much like RAM memory, but non-volatile. ° Advantages = No moving parts. = Much faster than HDD. Low power consumption. = No noise and vibration. = Generates lesser heat. Light in weight. More reliable than HDD 3. External Hard Disk ® External storage device. ® Connects via USB or other port. 4.RAID ® Redundant Array of Independent Disks. ® Two or more HDDs or SSDs integrated together. ® Redundancy in data. ® Increased speed. ® Concurrent access to data. ® Disk mirroring. ® Disk stripping. Secondary Memo 5. Optical Storage ® Optically readable media. ® Light is used to read/write data. ® Examples: CD and DVD disks. 5. Flash Memory ® Electrically erasable memory. ® Developed using the concept of EEPROM. ® Data is erased block by block rather than byte by byte. © Faster than EEPROM. Physical and Logical Storage ° Physical Storage = Refers to the storage device that physically exists. * Contains a specific amount of unallocated memory space. = Examples: Hard drive, USB drive, SSD etc. ° Logical Storage * Virtual space allocated within a physical drive. = One or more partitions in the physical storage device. = One physical drive can have multiple logical drives and vice versa. (a) Physical Storage Disk (C:) -_, =a SS us Ge free of 20.0 GB Disk (D:) SF" 09.2 G8 free of 109 GE Disk (E:} SP 305 GB free of 117.68 (b) Logical Storage Processing U ® Central processing unit (CPU). nit ® Handles the instructions received form hardware and software. ® Four basic components: "CU " ALU = Processor buses = Processor memory. Decode instructions Execute commands into commands ' Control Unit ALU | | Fetch ; Store results Instructions in memory from memory CPI] Memory Processing Unit > ° . » Control Unit see '°, . = < x ® Controls and directs operations. lal Unit Control Unit Control Unit o/ ® Extracts, decodes and executes @°,@ instructions. Receives Converts Sends the signal Information to a signal to Processor ® Controls flow of data. » Arithmetic Logic Unit © Arithmetic Unit Integer Integer Operand Operand = Performs arithmetic operations, e.g. addition, subtraction. Status Status Opcode ® Logic Unit Logical Operations, e.g. less than, Integer greater than. Result = Decision operations. COMMUNICATION D EM Ice Qwices that assist a computer to connect to, and send or receive data over a network. ag O & » Wi-Fi Adapter ® Radio waves based communication. © On sender device, it transforms the data into radio signals. © On receiver side, decodes the signal it receives from the router. Communication DRMIGES ® Radio waves based wireless technology. ®Communication over short distances. ® Personal area network. ® High level of security. » Network Interface Card ®NIC. ® Connects a device to the rest of the network. ® Interface between a computer and a network e.g. a LAN or the internet. ® Add-in card, either fitted in an expansion slot or connected via USB port. Thanks! Any Questions