60a16fafa3f2a6af739eff7f_SS-General-French.pdf, Exams of French

Download 60a16fafa3f2a6af739eff7f_SS-General-French.pdf and more Exams French in PDF only on Docsity! FRENCH STUDY GUIDE Grade 9 -12 THE BASICS PERSONAL PRONOUNS (les pronom personnel) Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Je I Il/Elle He/She Vous You all Tu You (singular) Nous We Ils/Elles he/she (plural) ● ‘Vous’ is also used for respect, like if someone is older, a teacher, etc. ○ (ex. For a professor use Vous) LES ARTICLES Masc. Sing. Fem. Sing. Masc/Fem. Plur. Définis Le (the) La (the) Les (the) Indéfinis Un (one) Une (one) Des (some) ● if the singular définis articles are beside a vowel it becomes l’ (ex. l’auto) Other than this: Ce (m.s.), cette (f.s) and cet (m.s. followed by a vowel) means ‘this’ (EX. cet amie = this friend). Ces (m.p.) and cettes (f.p) means ‘these’ (ces amis = these friends) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS = PAGE 14 ADJECTIVE ENDINGS ● Adjective endings change to make them match feminine or plural nouns ● Feminine- add an ‘e’ at the end (content = contente) ○ Similar to why in Spanish, feminine words usually have an “a” at the end. ● Masculine - DO NOT ADD ANYTHING, as the normal conjugations are masc. ○ Always remember: NORMAL/ WITHOUT CONJUGATIONS IS MASCULINE ● Masc. Plural - Add an ‘s’ at the end (terrifiant = terrifiants) ● Fem. Plur. - add an ‘es’ at the end (terrifiant = terrifiantes) ● For feminine DO NOT ADD AN ‘e’ if the conjugated verb already ends with an e, unless it ends with é (EX. Il parle = elle parle) (EX. Il engagé = engagée). However there are some other cases for adjective conjugations: Ends in Example Ending for Feminine Ending for Plur. Masc. Ending for Plur. Fem. - if actif - ive - ifs - ives - eux courageux - euse - eux - euses - eur acteur - rice - eurs - rices - il gentil - ille - ils - illes - et complet - ète - ets - ètes VERY IRREGULAR CASES Masculine form Feminine form Plural Form (m/f) Meaning blanc blanche blancs/blanches white doux douce doux/douces soft, mild faux fausse faux/fausse false favori favorite favoris/favorites favourite frais fraîche frais/fraîches fresh grec grecque grecs/grecques Greek gros grosse gros/grosses big, fat long longue longs/longues long Nous avons sommes allons faisons Vous avez êtes allez faites Ils/Elles ont sont vont font ● The first three are most commonly used but are the most irregular. More irregular present tense verb charts continue below. Vouloir Pouvoir Devoir Voir ^to want^ ^to be able to^ ^to have to^ ^to see^ Je veux peux dois vois Tu veux peux dois vois Il/Elle/Qui/On veut peut doit voit Nous voulons pouvons devons savons Vous voulez pouvez devez savez Ils/Elles veulent peuvent doivent savent ● You can start to see a pattern at the end of the verbs. In the charts below, you will see the same patterns continue, as well as some more patterns. Croire Boire Savoir Connaïtre ^to believe^ ^to drink^ ^to know something^ ^to know someone^ Je crois bois sais connais Tu crois bois sais connais Il/Elle/Qui/On croit boit sait connait Nous croyons buvons savons connaissons Vous croyez buvez savez connaissez Ils/Elles croient boivent savent connaissent Partir Venir Prendre Dormir ^to leave^ ^to drink^ ^to take^ ^to sleep^ Je pars viens prends dors Tu pars viens prends dors Il/Elle/Qui/On part vient prend dort Nous partons venons prenons dormons Vous partez venez prenez dormez Ils/Elles partent viennent prennent dorment ● The endings for prendre work for reprendre (resume), comprendre (understand), apprendre (learn), or any other words that end with prendre. (ex. Apprendre = j'apprends, vous apprenez just like for prendre it is je prends, and vous prenez) ● ^ whenever two vowels are together it becomes _’.... (like Je m’appelle) m’ = me ● Also the same rule/pattern for ‘partir’ works for ‘sortir’ as well (sors, sors, sort, etc.) Écrire Dire Lire Mettre ^to write^ ^to say^ ^to read^ ^to put^ Je écris dis lis mets Tu écris dis lis mets Il/Elle/Qui/On écrit dit lit met Nous écrivons disons lisons mettons Vous écrivez ditez lisez mettez Ils/Elles écrivent disent lisent mettent Offrir Mourir Essayer* Appeler ^to offer^ ^to die^ ^to try^ ^to name^ Je offre meurs essaie appelle Tu offres meurs essaies appelles Il/Elle/Qui/On offre meurt essaie appelle Nous offrons mourons essayons appelons Vous offrez mourez essayez appelez Ils/Elles offrent meurent essaient appellent ● The same rule for essayer follows for other verbs ending in yer like payer(to pay), employer (to employ), nettoyer (to clean), etc. For these types, it is just regular conjugations for er verbs. except the ‘y’ changes to ‘i’’ for je, tu, il, elle, ils and elles, but not in nous and vous (SEE PATTERN IN CHART) MORE TENSES FUTUR PROCHE (Future Tense that translates to ‘I am going to……’) ● It has 2 parts to it. ○ Part 1: Verbe ‘Aller’ in present (vais,vas, va, allons, allez, vont) ○ Part 2: The infinitive which is the verb in its normal form (ex. Aller is the infinitive of vais, vas, etc.) ○ EX. She became a doctor - the action is not happening to a doctor, it is happening to Elle (the subject). So there is no direct object FORMING PASSE COMPOSE WITH AVOIR ● There’s 2 parts; the auxiliare (meaning the auxiliary verb which helps/assists another verb) and the participe passé (past participle) The auxiliaire is the present tense of the verb Avoir Pronouns Auxilaire Pronouns Auxilaire Je ai Nous avons Tu as Vous avez Il/Elle/Qui/On a Ils/Elles ont The past participle is different for each type of verb ● For ER verbs --- RE = é (parler = parlé) ● For IR verbs --- IR = i (finir = fini) ● For RE verbs --- RE = u (vendre = vendu) Also, Passe compose has no d’accord. A ‘d’accord’ is the endings to a verb to match the subject. It is used to make the verb feminine or plural. IRREGULAR VERBS Infinitive verb Participe passé Infinitive verb Participe passé Infinitive verb Participe passé Boire bu Avoir eu Être été Croire cru Connaitre connu Dire dit Vouloir voulu Voir vu Pouvoir pu Suivre su Courir couru Faire fait Devoir dû Lire lu Conduire conduit Pleuvoir plu Plaire plu Recevoir recu Savoir su Instruire instruit Produire produit Ecrire ecrit Tenir tenu Vivre vècu Couvrir couvert Prendre pris mettre mis FORMING PASSE COMPOSE WITH ÊTRE ● There are 16 verbs that are used with être - To remember what the 16 verbs are, remember the acronym DR & MRS. VANDERTRAMP ● There are 3 parts; the auxiliaire, the participe passé, and the d’accord. ● The auxiliare is the present tense of the verb ‘être’ Pronouns Auxilaire Pronouns Auxilaire Je suis Nous sommes Tu es Vous êtes Il/Elle/Qui/On est Ils/Elles sont To form the participe passe for être, it is the same way you do it for avoir ● For ER verbs --- RE = é (aller = allé) ● For IR verbs --- IR = i (sortir = sorti) ● For RE verbs --- RE = u (descendre= descendu) ● HOWEVER, there are a few exceptions -the underlined are the exceptions Those 16 verbs are: Francais Past participle Anglais Francais Past participle Anglais Devenir Devenu(e)(s) Became Descendre Descendu(e)(s) Went down Revenir Revenu(e)(s) Came back Entrer Entré(e)(s) Entered Monter Monté(e)(s) Climbed Rentrer Rentré(e)(s) Re-entered Rester Resté(e)(s) Stayed Tomber Tombé(e)(s) Fell Sortir Sorti(e)(s) Went out Retourner Retourné(e)(s) Returned Venir Venu(e)(s) Came Arriver Arrivé(e)(s) Arrived Aller Allé(e)(s) Went Mourir Mort(e)(s) Died Naître Né(e)(s) Was born Partir Parti(e)(s) Left ● Notice that ‘sortir’ means ‘to go out’, while ‘partir’ means ‘to leave’. ● As you can see ‘naître’ and ‘mourir’ are very irregular, as the past principle changes to né(e)(s) and mort(e)(s) ● Also venu(e)(s), revenu(e)(s) and devenu(e)(s) are irregular. Instead of the ending being -i it is -u ○ Notice how revenu(e)(s) and devenu(e)(s) have venu in it. That is why they are irregular just like venu(e)(s) ● NOTICE how all the past participles have (e)(s) at the end. That is because that is the d’accord. It is used to change the past principles to feminine or plural forms ○ For Feminine put an ‘e’ at the end --- you can do this to all of them as none of them end with e (some end with ‘é’, in which case you can add another ‘e’) ○ For Plural put a ‘s’ at the end (For feminine plural put ‘es’ at the end) ● REMEMBER that the d’accord is only used with the passe compose with être, NOT avoir. ● ALWAYS REMEMBER, why we use the 2 different ways for passe compose; avoir with a direct object and être with no direct object. ○ FULL DESCRIPTION for this is above COMPLEX RULES/GRAMMAR LE VERBES REFLECHIS (Reflexive verbs) leur leur leurs their ● Notice how ma, ta and sa have mon, ton and son in brackets. This is because if the noun is feminine and starts with a vowel (ex. amie), you can’t say ‘ma amie’, because there are now 2 vowels beside each other. You need to say ‘mon amie’, even though ‘amie’ is a feminine noun. ● Notice how both ‘ton’ and ‘votre’ means ‘your’. That is because ‘ton’ is like ‘tu’, which is informal, while ‘votre’ is like ‘vous’, which is formal and used for respect PRONOUNS (PRONOM) ● Pronouns are used to replace nouns, so you do not have to continuously say the noun. Instead, you can replace the noun with them, it, her, him, there, etc. ● There are various types of pronouns; this includes direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns. There are also Y Pronouns and En pronouns. ● Pronouns ARE ALMOST ALWAYS placed before the verb (I eat it). The ‘it’ in french would go before ‘eat’, as ‘eat’ is the verb DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ● These Pronouns are used to say it, them, him or her (ex. I eat tomatoes = I eat them) (ex. I like Paul = I like him) These pronouns are: ● ‘Le’, which is used for ‘him’, or ‘it’ (something or someone masculine, singular) ○ ENG. I like Paul = I like him, I eat this cookie = I like it ○ FRAN. J’aime Paul = Je l’aime, Je mange ce cookie = Je le mange ■ Since ‘le’ ends with a vowel and ‘aime’ starts with a vowel, you put the apostrophe in between, as you can not have to vowels together. ■ Cookie is masculine, that is why ‘le’ is used ● ‘La’, which is used for ‘her’, or ‘it’ (something or someone feminine, singular) ○ ENG. You are seeing Rebecca this evening = You are seeing her this evening ○ FRAN. Vous voyez Rebecca ce soir. = Vous le voyez ce soir ● Les, which is used for ‘them’ (something or someone plural both feminine and masculine) ○ ENG. I eat my tomatoes = I eat them, I like the boys = I like them ○ FRAN. Je mange mes tomates = Je les mange, J'aime les garçons = Je les aime For these Pronouns look for: ● Le, les, la, notre, mon, nos, vos, votre, ton, ta, tes, ce, cet, cette, leur, leurs, me, ma, mes, sa, se and ses ○ Je mange notre/mes/ces/tes/vos/leurs mangues = Je les mange INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ● These pronouns are used to say ‘him/her/them’ (I talk to Paul = I talk to him) These pronouns are: ● ‘Lui’, which is used for to ‘her’ or ‘him’ (used for both feminine and masculine) ○ ENG. I talk to Paul/Rebecca = I talk to him/her ○ FRAN. Je parle à Paul/Rebecca = Je lui parle ○ LOOK FOR: à, à la, au ● ‘Leur’, which is used for ‘them’ (used for both feminine and masculine) ○ ENG. I talk to the girls = I talk to them ○ FRAN. Je parle aux filles = Je leur parle ○ LOOK FOR: aux, à ces/les/ses/mes/tes/cettes/leurs/nos/vos Y PRONOUN ● Usually, this pronoun is used to say ‘there’ and it replaces the noun after the ‘à (to)’ (I go to Paris = I go there) (Je vais à Paris = J'y vais) ○ The form of ‘à’ can be ‘au’ or ‘à la’ ○ In french ‘y’ is considered as a vowel. Since je ends in a vowel and 2 vowels can not be together you put an apostrophe between them. ● In another case, ‘y’ also means there, however it replaces a word indicating location (the bag is in front of the car = the bag is there) (le sac est devant l'auto = le sac y est) ○ Here since y is first, you do not need to put the apostrophe in between. To make it simpler, you can also say ‘le sac est là’ --- ‘là’ means there as well ● Y can also replace the noun after à (Je pense à l'astrologie = J’y pense) ○ Since à means ‘of’ as well, the sentence means ‘I think of astrology’. Which changes to ‘I think of it’. Since it uses ‘of’, we use ‘y’ EN PRONOUN ● Overall, this pronoun is used to express a quantity of some sort, whether it is direct quantity (ex. 5 cookies = 5 of them) or just a few/some (some cookies = some of them). It can also be used with words indicating quantity, like ‘a lot of them’, ‘a little of them’, etc. ● Usually, this pronoun is used to say ‘some’ and it replaces the noun after the ‘de (of/some)’ (I prepare some cookies = I bake some of them) (je prépare des biscuits = J’en prépare) ○ LOOK FOR: de, de la, des, du … then noun (Je mange de la pomme) ● It can also replace a noun that has quantity (We prepare five cakes = we prepare five of them) (Nous préparons deux gâteaux = Nous en préparons deux) ○ The number/quantity remains there. That is because, without the number, we would be saying ‘we prepare some’ (nous en preparons). This would be like the example above this one, where no exact quantity is expressed. ● The ‘en’ pronoun can also replace a noun that has an indirect quantity. This is when the quantity is not expressed with a number, instead, it is expressed with a word. Examples are: ‘a little bit of’ (peu de) or ‘a lot of’ (beaucoup de). (You want a lot of candies = you want a lot of them) (Vous voulez beaucoup de bonbons = vous en voulez beaucoup) ○ Notice how again the word indicating quantity remains here. That is because, without the quantity, we would be saying ‘you want some of them’, however we want to say ‘you want a lot of them’ There is an order that pronouns go, if there are multiple pronouns together. This is the order: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns Y Pronoun En Pronoun ● Always remember that the pronouns usually go before the verb. ● If the verb is a reflexive verb, then the reflexive pronouns (se/me/te/nous/vous) goes before the pronouns listed above and the actual verb goes after the pronouns like (Je me les lave tous les jours = I wash them every day.) ○ The ‘me’ is the reflexive pronoun, the ‘les’ is another pronoun (it is a direct object pronoun), and the ‘lave’ is the actual verb. Peut- être Maybe Sans Without À To/ At Dessus Above All Si If Sur On Entre Between Derrière Behind Dans In LES MOTS INTERROGATIFS ( Question Words / Phrases ) Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Pourquoi Why Combien de How many Où Where A quelle heure At what time Quand When A qui est-ce que To whom Comment How De qui est-ce que About whom Quel(s) / Quelle(s) What / Which Avec qui With whom? ● There are two ways you can write it either the normal way which is... ○ EX. Ou est-ce tu vas? (this way is more formal) ● Or remove the est-ce que and switch the verb and subject, with a hyphen in between ○ EX. Ou vas-tu? ○ This can work with any verb or subject/pronoun or question word ■ Example #1: Ou va-t-il? (where is he going?) ● here we put ‘-t-’ in between because there were 2 vowels together. ■ Example #2: Combien de bonbons est-ce que tu veux? = Combien de bonbons veux-tu? (how many candies do you want?) Works cited https://grammar.collinsdictionary.com/french-easy-learning/possessive-adjectives https://www.lawlessfrench.com/grammar/personal-pronouns/ https://grammar.collinsdictionary.com/french-easy-learning/reflexive- verbs#:~:text=The%20reflexive% 20 pronouns % 20are%3 A %20me.telling%20someone%20t0%20 do%20something. https://francais. lingolia.com/en/grammar/pronouns/reflexive-pronouns