Pharmacology and Neurology: ANS Medications and TBI, Exams of Water and Wastewater Engineering

Download Pharmacology and Neurology: ANS Medications and TBI and more Exams Water and Wastewater Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! 68W ALC Phase 3, LPC Exam 345 Questions with Answers 2024 Update. 1. Pharmacology - ANS study of substances that interact with living organisms through chemical processes 2. Medical pharmacology - ANS science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease 3. Indication - ANS reason or condition for which a particular medication is given 4. Dose - ANS amount of medication given within a specified period of time 5. Single dose - ANS amount of medication administered at one time 6. Maximum dose - ANS the largest amount of medication either as a single dose or within a period of time 7. Cumulative dose - ANS sum of all single doses over either a lifetime or a period of time 8. Strength - ANS amount of medication contained per tablet, capsule, suppository, etc. 9. Titration - ANS administering a medication with variable strength, interval, and quantity to achieve and maintain a desired observable physiological effect (pain ctrl) 10.Contraindication - ANS medical reason not to give a medication 11.Absolute contraindication - ANS medical reason to NEVER give a medication 12.Relative contraindication - ANS medical reason a medication should not be given, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances 13.Allergy - ANS immune response in which there is a hypersensitivity response induced by exposure to a particular medication 14.Side effect - ANS unintended, but not surprising consequence of a medication which may require a medication dose be changed or discontinued 15.Therapeutic effect - ANS desired change in physiology for administering the medication 16.Therapeutic level - ANS blood level of a medication required to achieve the therapeutic effect 17.Toxic level - ANS blood level of a medication which will cause tissue damage P a g e 1 | 20 18.Therapeutic range - ANS variable blood levels of a medication between the therapeutic level and the toxic level 19.Therapeutic window - ANS range of acceptable DOSAGES of a medication needed to keep blood levels within the therapeutic range 20.Peak - ANS when medication is at its highest concentration 21.Trough - ANS lowest blood level of a medication between doses 22.Half-life - ANS time it takes for the body to eliminate half the dose of medication 23.Steady state - ANS relatively constant blood level of medication which is sustained after 5-6 half lives of a medication 24.Tolerance - ANS when the body has adapted to having a medication regularly and now requires a higher or more frequent doses to achieve the therapeutic effect 25.Resistance - ANS when infectious organisms adapt to antibiotics and it takes either higher doses of same medication or a change to a different medication to kill the organisms 26.Metabolism - ANS process of the body to break down and eliminate medications most metabolized by the liver or kidneys 27.Dosing interval - ANS recommended time period between doses of a medication 28.Onset - ANS time until a medication's therapeutic effect begins 29.Duration of effect - ANS time until the medication's therapeutic effect wears off 30.Duration of therapy - ANS length of time a course of medication is continued to ensure the desired effect is maintained 31.Dosing parameters - ANS the limitations, considerations, and instructions required regarding a medication; helps achieve the desired physiological response minimize side effects 32.Body weight, Comorbidities, Age - ANS what are factors that affect dosing 33. Importance for patients to understand dosing parameters - ANS -too little: not achieve therapeutic effects 34. -too much: increased side effects/toxic levels 35.Antibiotics - ANS Medications which kill or inhibit the reproduction of bacteria P a g e 2 | 20 76.Laxatives - ANS Cause increased peristalsis to relieve constipation by altering water and electrolyte secretion producing net intestinal fluid accumulation and laxation 77.Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ANS End result of a significant blow or penetrating injury to the head that disrupts normal brain function 78.Blast Injuries - ANS #1 cause of TBI 79.MVC, GSW, Unspecified Blunt trauma, Airborne and fast rope operations - ANS MOIs of TBI 80.Mild, Moderate, Severe - ANS Classifications of TBI's 81.Mild TBI - ANS Most common type of TBI, often missed, "Dead Man Walking", 82.Transient confusion, delayed verbal and motor responses, disorientation, slurred or incoherent speech, any period of LOC - ANS S/S of Mild TBI 83.Moderate/Severe TBI - ANS Penetrating injuries, lucid but deteriorate 84.LOC, personality change, severe persistent headache, repeated vomiting, seizures, inability to waken dilation of pupils, slurred speech, and loss of coordination - ANS S/S of moderate/severe TBI 85.Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE) - ANS Good tool to form neurological/cognitive baseline before deployment 86.MC4 - ANS Most effective modality to capture data for TBI testing 87.Semiannually or as mission dictates - ANS When should TBI testing be done 88.Baseline results, MACE results, exposure proximity and frequency to blasts, retest and compare results throughout deployment - ANS Tracking documents for TBI should include what 89.History and examination - ANS MACE is broken down into 2 areas of concern 90.Orientation, immediate memory, neurological screening, concentration, and delay recall - ANS what are the evaluation criteria for the MACE exam 91.Pronator Drift - ANS A casualty who has suffered a TBI may display what 92.28/25 - ANS what is the median score of a MCE exam? What scores indicates the need for further testing 93. Involved in a vehicle blast, collision, or rollover; within 50 meters of a blast injury; direct blow to the head; command directed - ANS what are mandatory events that require a MACE exam P a g e 5 | 20 94.Red flags - ANS Ominous signs of worsening condition 95.Any positive answer to MACE items V-VIII; double vision; worsening headache; can’t recognize people; disorientation to place; LOC greater than 5 minutes; slurred speech; weakness or numbness in arms/legs - ANS Level 2 Eva for MACE red flags 96.Progressively declining levels of consciousness; pupil asymmetry; seizures; repeated vomiting - ANS Level 3 Eva for MACE red flags 97.Cognitive, physical, behavioral - ANS When approaching the possibility of TBI, it is imperative to focus on what 3 areas of evaluation 98.Oxygenation, blood pressure, pupils, GCS - ANS When assessing casualties for TBI's special attention should be directed to what? 99.Eye response, verbal response, motor responses - ANS 3 different areas of GCS 100. GCS 3-15/ GCS 8 or below/ GCS less than 14 - ANS what is the range for GCS? When someone is considered unconscious? When is special interest placed on patients? 101. Airway, ventilation, oxygenation - ANS Treatment for TBI 102. With signs of cerebral herniation, posturing with asymmetric or bilateral dilated pupils - ANS When do you hyperventilate TBI patients 103. Hypertonic saline and colloids preferred to maintain SYS above 90 - ANS Fluid resuscitation for TBI 104. Manito 1.4-2.1 g/kg - ANS May use this with signs of herniation but may exacerbate hypotension 105. Traumatic iridoplegia - ANS Paralysis of the sphincter of the iris 106. High Altitude Illness - ANS Cerebral and pulmonary syndromes that can develop in an un-acclimatized person’s activity shortly after ascent to high altitude 107. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) - ANS Acute accumulation of fluid in the alveoli due to rapid ascent in altitude 108. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) - ANS Acute swelling of the brain due to rapid ascent in altitude 109. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) - ANS Syndrome due to rapid ascent in altitude consisting of headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue 110. Apnea - ANS Cessation of breathing P a g e 6 | 20 111. Edema - ANS Localized or generalized excessive amount of tissue fluid (swelling) 112. Hypoxia - ANS Inadequate oxygen content in the blood (hypoxemia) 113. Hypobaric hypoxia - ANS Hypoxia due to decreased availability of oxygen in ambient air 114. Acclimatization - ANS Process whereby the body gradually adapts to the climate and environment 115. Staged Ascent - ANS Requires soldiers to ascend to a moderate altitude and remain there for 3 days or more to acclimatize before ascending higher 116. Graded Ascent - ANS limits the daily altitude gain to allow partial acclimatization 117. Diffusion - ANS The flow of a gas or liquid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration 118. Gradient - ANS The difference in pressures from the high concentration to a lower concentration 119. Partial pressure - ANS Pressure of one particular gas in a gas mixture. 120. Altitude increases - ANS what happens when atmospheric pressure decreases 121. Liquid - ANS Gases in the body are dissolved in what? 122. No referral needed, Stop ascent until symptoms resolve then resume, o2 therapy, antiemetic, acetazolamide, prognosis good within 24hrs - ANS How to manage Acute Mountain Sickness 123. Immediate descent and evict, continuous o2, dexamethasone, antiemetic, furosemide (Lasix), consider hyperbaric therapy, possible rehab, prognosis good with correct care, without care brain herniation likely - ANS Management of High Altitude Cerebral edema 124. Immediate descent and evict, keep patient warm, O2 therapy, Dexamethasone, Procardia, consider hyperbaric therapy, possibly long term based pulmonary damage, good prognosis with apron. Care, death with no care - ANS Management of high altitude pulmonary edema 125. Gamow Bag - ANS portable pressure chambers used to treat causalities with altitude disorders P a g e 7 | 20 160. Rotator cuff impingement - ANS what does the NEERs test diagnose? 161. Supraspinatus injury - ANS what does the Jibe Test (Empty can test) diagnose 162. Bicipital Tendonitis - ANS what does the Speed Test diagnose? 163. Rotator Cuff injury - ANS what does the drop arm test diagnose? 164. Plantar flexion - ANS movement of the foot at the ankle joint away from head toward plantar or inferior surface/sole of the foot 165. Valgus/genu valgus - ANS Bent or twisted inward or medially 166. Virus/genu varoom - ANS Bent or twisted away from the midline 167. Stress fox - ANS a partial or complete bone fox that results from repeated tress to a bone 168. Metatarsals, tibia/fibula, femur, pelvis - ANS Bones commonly affected by stress fixes 169. Trochanteric bursitis - ANS inflammation of the bursa at the outside point of the hip. 170. Sprain - ANS Stretching or tearing of the ligaments. 171. ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL - ANS 4 ligaments of the knee 172. ACL - ANS Most common knee ligament to be injured 173. PCL - ANS Least common knee ligament to be injured 174. MCL is more common than LCL but LCL tears are more likely to cause knee instability - ANS what is more common to injure, LCL or MCL 175. Illiotibial Band Syndrome - ANS Syndrome where a thick fibrous connective tissue attaches at the top of both the iliac crest and the tensor fascia late muscle and runs down to the tibia 176. Noble Compression test - ANS what test is indicative of ITBS 177. Menisci - ANS C-shaped shock absorbers between the tibia and the femur 178. Traumatic injury and degeneration - ANS 2 most causes of meniscus tears P a g e 10 | 20 179. Tibia Stress Syndrome (Shin splints) - ANS Connective sheath attached to the muscles and bone of the lower leg become irritated, resulting in a razor sharp pain in the lower leg along the inside of the tibia or shin bone 180. Overload and biochemical inefficiencies - ANS 2 main reasons for shin splints 181. Peso planes - ANS low arch 182. Peso caves - ANS high arch 183. Sprained ankle - ANS a common injury experienced daily by more than 25000 people 184. Anterior talon-fibular, posterior talon-fibular, calcanei fibular - ANS 3 ligaments of the ankle 185. Inversion and eversion - ANS 2 types of ankle injuries 186. Syndesmotic Sprain - ANS High ankle sprain 187. If there is pain near a malleolus plus one of the following: bone tenderness at the medial and lateral edge of the distal or at the tip of either malleolus, patient could not bear weight for 4 steps, base of the 5th metatarsal, acicular - ANS Ottawa Ankle rules 188. Anterior Drawer - ANS what special test evaluates the ATFL 189. Plantar Fasciitis - ANS Inflammation of the plantar fascia 190. ACL/PCL - ANS what does the anterior and posterior evaluate for the knee 191. ACL - ANS what does the Lachlan’s evaluate? 192. MCL - ANS what does the valgus stress test evaluate 193. LCL - ANS what does the virus stress test evaluate 194. Medial or lateral meniscus - ANS What does the McMurray's test evaluate 195. Medial or lateral meniscus - ANS what does the alleys test evaluate 196. Peritoneal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic - ANS 3 abdominal cavity spaces 197. Stomach - ANS J-shaped muscular sac which accepts ingested materials for digestion P a g e 11 | 20 198. Small intestine - ANS long tube responsible for absorbing nutrients, approx. 90% of all nutrients 199. Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum - ANS the small intestine is divided into what 3 sections 200. Large intestine - ANS absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins; storage of fecal matter until defecation occurs 201. Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon - ANS 4 regions of the large intestine 202. Liver - ANS heaviest organ in the body; forms various blood clotting factors; forms bile, filters bacteria from the blood; metabolizes carbs, fat and protein 203. Pancreas - ANS consists of head, body, and tail; produces an secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar 204. Insulin - ANS Promotes glucose entry into most cells of the body 205. Glucagon - ANS Increases the release of glucose from the liver into the bloodstream 206. Gallbladder - ANS Pear shaped sac that stores bile formed by the liver 207. Spleen - ANS Highly vascularized organ; produces some RBCs; filters encapsulated bacteria from the blood 208. Kidneys - ANS excretes most end products of bodily metabolism through filtration of the blood and formation of urine 209. Epigastria, umbilical, suprapubic - ANS regions of the abdomen 210. Bi-manual palpation - ANS Technique of using both hands placed on top of each other 211. Hypo-active - ANS Quiet (bowel sounds) 212. Hyper-active - ANS Loud prolonged gurgles 213. Bruit (broke) - ANS Harsh blowing sound heard with auscultation that results from turbulent flow of blood through an artery 214. Diarrhea - ANS Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements 215. Acute diarrhea - ANS Most commonly caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections; consumption of unpurified water or improperly stored or prepared food; less than 2 weeks P a g e 12 | 20 247. Sciatica - ANS pain along the sciatic nerve and includes weakness, numbness, or tingling in the leg due to damage or impingement to the sciatic nerve 248. Ultrasound - ANS Penetrates muscles to cause deep muscle or tissue damage 249. Muscle strain - ANS Occurs when muscle or the tendon that attaches it to the bone is overstretched or torn 250. Muscle spasm - ANS A sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles 251. If a quick contraction, it is a spasm. If contraction is prolonged and painful, it is a cramp - ANS what’s the difference between a spasm and a cramp? 252. Blood Test checking the depletion of electrolytes - ANS what type of special test can you use for cramps? 253. Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation - ANS what are the ROM planes when checking the spine? 254. Pneumonia - ANS Acute inflammation of the long caused by a reaction to an invading microorganism or noxious substance; a leading cause of death in the U.S.; Bacterial common in young adults; viruses common in infants and young children 255. Immunizations - ANS what prevents the most common types of bacterial pneumonia 256. Fever, cough, and abnormal breath sounds - ANS Any patient with ______, __________, and __________ more likely has pneumonia 257. Chest x-rays, arterial blood gases, cultures, cubic - ANS what are special tests to rule out pneumonia 258. MO, bronchodilators, antibiotics, fluids, treat other symptoms as needed - ANS what are some treatments for pneumonia 259. Asthma - ANS Chronic inflammatory disorder of the tracheobronchial tree, characterized by mild to severe obstruction of airflow and mucous production 260. Atop (immediate hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen) and obesity - ANS Strong predisposing factors for development of asthma 261. Aspirin and NSAIDS - ANS drugs that can precipitate bronchospasm include what? P a g e 15 | 20 262. Wheezing - ANS Common symptom found in asthma 263. Quick relief or rescue and long term control - ANS 2 main categories that asthma therapy can be categorized into 264. Singular and inhaled corticosteroids; albuterol - ANS what is an example of long term therapy? Quick relief therapy? 265. Influenza (orthomyxovirus) - ANS highly contagious disease transmitted by the respiratory route primarily by droplet nuclei; possible findings of Reyes syndrome (fatty liver with encephalopathy) 266. Acute bronchitis - ANS an inflammation of the large airways of the lung; a viral infection of the tracheobronchial tree and often follows an URI and influenza 267. No antibiotics needed unless other symptoms warrant; treat symptoms; don't smoke - ANS Treatment of acute bronchitis 268. Tuberculosis - ANS a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria; usually attacks the lungs but can affect other areas of the body; accumulation of fluid in the lung lobe 269. X-rays; Tuberculin skin test - ANS what are some special test to diagnose tuberculosis 270. Latent Tuberculosis - ANS Patients usually have no symptoms but have a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test 271. No - ANS Can individuals with latent TB transmit organism to others 272. 10% - ANS What percent of active TB will develop from latent TB who were not treated? 273. Any patient with a fever, cough, and abnormal breath sounds should be evaluated for pneumonia; Any complaint for SOB has to be treated as an emergency; Getting vaccinations on time can be major in prevention; getting accurate patient history is vital in determining the cause of respiratory difficulties - ANS As a combat medic you should be aware of the following in terms of respiratory conditions? 274. Abnormal breath sounds: rhonchi, riles, wheezing; <_94% SPO2; use of accessory muscles - ANS what are signs of respiratory distress? 275. Immediately - ANS When should a patient with suspected pneumonia be evict? 276. Cold weather changes, URI, allergic components, exercise - ANS What are some factors that can trigger an asthma attack P a g e 16 | 20 277. Nares - ANS Bilateral anterior openings of the nose 278. Frontal, ethnocide, spheroidal, maxillary - ANS what are the 4 sinus cavities? 279. Septal Hematoma - ANS A collection of blood underneath the cartilage overlying the nasal septum; caused by any soft tissue injury to the area 280. MO; Drain hematoma - ANS treatment for septal hematoma 281. Allergic rhinitis - ANS Collection of symptoms affecting the eyes and nose, caused by exposure to airborne allergens in susceptible individuals 282. Adrenal suppression - ANS A consequence of exogenous corticosteroid use where the body suppresses it’s on production 283. Acute sinusitis - ANS Inflammation of the sinuses that occurs with a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection; often worse after changes in weather; no antibiotics warranted unless fever is present 284. Pathos ulcer - ANS Painful erosions in the oral mucosa usually inside the lip or cheek 285. Strep Pharyngitis - ANS Most common bacterial infection of the throat; CENTOR Criteria 286. Rheumatic Heart Disease - ANS The full course of antibiotics should be used to prevent what? 287. Infectious Mononucleosis - ANS Infection with the Epstein bar virus; fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, spleen enlargement; kissing disease; blood count and blood test can be done 288. Upper Respiratory Infection - ANS A viral infection of the soft tissues of the ears, eyes, sinuses, nose, pharynx, and occasionally the larynx; no antibiotics; treat symptoms; 289. Peritonsillar Abscess - ANS A collection of infected material in the area around the tonsils; needs aspiration by MO 290. External Ear - ANS what are the Auricle and EAC considered 291. Auricle - ANS shaped to collect sound waves and directs them to the external auditory meatus 292. Middle ear - ANS air filled cavity within the temporal bone of the skull containing three icicles; malleus, incus and stapes 293. Tympanic membrane - ANS Ear drum P a g e 17 | 20