A&P CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE, Exams of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Download A&P CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! AH1SA 1 A&P CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE 1. Define the terms anatomy and the term physiology. ANATOMY – THE STUDY OF BODY PARTS’ STRUCTURE (MORPHOLOGY). PHYSIOLOGY – THE STUDY OF BODY PARTS’ FUNCTIONS. – WHAT THE PARTS DO & HOW THEY DO IT. 2. On what does a body part's function depend? Give an example. FUNCTION DEPENDS ON THE WAY THE PART IS CONSTRUCTED. EX. – THE HAND. LONG, JOINTED FINGERS MAKE IT EASIER TO GRASP OBJECTS. 3. List and define the 10 characteristics of human life and give an example of each. (1) MOVEMENT – MOTION OF BODY PARTS AND/OR MOVEMENT FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. EX. – HEARTBEAT. WALKING. (2) RESPONSIVENESS – ABILITY TO SENSE CHANGES TO INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND RESPOND TO THE CHANGE. EX. – DRINKING H2O WHEN DEHYDRATED. (3) GROWTH – CHANGE IN BODY SIZE. EX. - INCREASE IN HEIGHT. (4) REPRODUCTION – MAKING NEW HUMANS OR NEW CELLS. EX. - CREATING BABIES. - A WOUND HEALING. (5) RESPIRATION – THE PROCESS OF: (a) GETTING OXYGEN; (b) USING OXYGEN TO RELEASE ENERGY FROM FOOD; & (c) REMOVING GASEOUS WASTE – CO2. EX. – BREATHING. (6) DIGESTION – CHEMICALLY & MECHANICALLY BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SIMPLER FORMS CELLS CAN ABSORB & USE. EX. – CHEWING FOOD. DIGESTING FOOD IN STOMACH. (7) ABSORPTION – PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES. EX. – DIGESTED FOOD DIFFUSING OUT OF THE INTESTINAL SPACE AND INTO THE BLOOD. (8) CIRCULATION – MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES WITHIN THE BODY IN FLUIDS. EX. – DISSOLVED OXYGEN TRAVELING IN BLOOD FROM LUNGS TO BODY’S CELLS. (9) ASSIMILATION – CHEMICALLY CHANGING ABSORBED SUBSTANCES. EX. - CELLS USE AMINO ACIDS FROM HAMBURGER PROTEIN TO MAKE SOME HORMONES. (10) EXCRETION – REMOVING BODY WASTE. EX. – EXHALING CARBON DIOXIDE. 4. Define metabolism. AH1SA 2 METABOLISM – THE BODY’S PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES. EX. - SWEATING TO LOSE EXCESS HEAT (A PHYSICAL CHANGE). - DIGESTING STARCH INTO SIMPLE SUGARS (CHEM. CHANGE). 5. Define homeostasis. MAINTAINING A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. 6. Define (from the glossary) negative feedback, and give an example. A MECHANISM: (a)WHICH IS ACTIVATED BY SOME HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE AND (b) WHICH CORRECTS THAT IMBALANCE. 7. List the 7 organization levels of the human body. Give the basic units of structure for each level. LEVEL STRUCTURAL UNIT (1) Chemical level. Atoms and molecules. (2) Organelle level. Molecules. (3) Cellular level. Organelles. (4) Tissue level. Cells. (5) Organ level. Tissues. (6) Organ system Organs. (7) Organism. Organ systems. 8. Define these terms: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. CELL – SMALLEST LIVING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF AN ORGANISM. TISSUE – GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS THAT PERFORMS A SPECIALIZED FUNCTION. ORGAN - A STRUCTURE COMPOSED OF A GROUP OF TISSUES WITH A SPECIALIZED FUNCTION. ORGAN SYSTEM – A GROUP OF ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A FUNCTION TOO COMPLEX FOR ANY ONE ORGAN TO PERFORM ALONE. ORGANISM – AN INDIVIDUAL LIVING THING. 9. What are the axial and appendicular portions of the human body? AXIAL - HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK. APPENDICULAR – UPPER LIMBS (ARMS & HANDS) AND LOWER LIMBS (LEGS & FEET). 10. List the two major body cavities and the smaller cavities into which each is divided. List the major organs in each of the smaller cavities. I. DORSAL CAVITY A. CRANIAL CAVITY - BRAIN B. SPINAL CAVITY – SPINAL CORD II. VENTRAL CAVITY A. THORACIC CAVITY 1. RIGHT PLEURAL CAVITY – RIGHT LUNG 2. LEFT PLEURAL CAVITY – LEFT LUNG. 3. MEDIASTINUM – HEART, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, ESOPHAGUS, & THYMUS. ----------------DIAPHRAGM------------------ AH1SA 5 • MAJOR ORGAN(S): ovaries & testes. • MAIN FUNCTION(S): Reproduction & development. Ex. - The creation of new humans. - The way hormones control our development into adults. 14. The nervous and endocrine systems both detect environmental changes and enable the body to respond. How do they differ in the way they perform these functions? THE NERVOUS SYSTEM’S WORK IS RAPID AND ITS EFFECTS ARE BRIEF. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HORMONES ACT MORE SLOWLY BUT THEIR EFFECTS LAST MUCH LONGER. 15. Describe the anatomical position. Standing with head, palms, and feet facing forward. 16. List the 5 pairs of directional terms. Explain what each means. Use each term in sentence to describe the location of one body part to another. SUPERIOR – ABOVE ANOTHER BODY PART. The stomach is superior to the intestines. INFERIOR – BELOW ANOTHER BODY PART. The ribs are inferior to the jaw. ANTERIOR – FRONT OR IN FRONT OF. The nose is anterior to the shoulder blades. POSTERIOR – BACK OR IN BACK OF. The spine is posterior to belly button. MEDIAL – TOWARD THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY . The heart is medial to the lungs. LATERAL – TOWARD THE SIDE OF THE BODY. The lungs are lateral to the heart. PROXIMAL – CLOSER TO THE BODY TRUNK OR CLOSER TO A POINT OF ATTACHMENT. The elbow lies on the proximal end of the arm compared to the hand. DISTAL - FARTHER FROM THE BODY TRUNK OR A POINT OF ATTACHMENT. The hand lies on the distal end of the arm when compared to the elbow. DEEP – FARTHER FROM THE BODY SURFACE. The bone of the upper arm is deep to the skin and muscles of the upper arm. SUPERFICIAL – CLOSER TO SURFACE. The skin of the arm is superficial to the bones of the arm. 17. List the three major body planes and describe how they divide the body (upper/lower, left/right, and anterior/posterior sections). 1. SAGITTAL SECTION. DIVIDES THE BODY INTO LEFT AND RIGHT PARTS. (Like walking into a giant saw blade.) - MIDSAGITTAL SECTION. EQUAL LEFT & RIGHT PARTS. 2. TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL SECTION. DIVIDES BODY INTO UPPER AND LOWER PARTS. AH1SA 6 3. CORONAL OR FRONTAL SECTION. DIVIDES BODY INTO FRONT & BACK SECTIONS. 18. Know what is studied in the following scientific fields: “THE STUDY OF….” CARDIOLOGY – HEART & HEART DISEASES. CYTOLOGY – CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS. ENDOCRINOLOGY – HORMONE GLANDS AND THEIR DISEASES. GASTROENTEROLOGY – STOMACH & INTESTINES AND THEIR DISEASES. GERIATRICS – OLDER PEOPLE AND THEIR MEDICAL PROBLEMS. GYNECOLOGY – FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM & ITS DISEASES. HEMATOLOGY – BLOOD & BLOOD DISEASES. IMMUNOLOGY – BODY’S RESISTANCE TO DISEASES. NEONATOLOGY – NEWBORNS AND THEIR DISEASES/DISORDERS. ONCOLOGY – CANCER. ORTHOPEDICS – MUSCULAR & SKELETAL SYSTEMS & THEIR DISEASES. PATHOLOGY – STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL CHANGES CAUSED BY DISEASES. PEDIATRICS – CHILDREN AND THEIR DISEASES. PHARMACOLOGY – DRUGS & THEIR USE IN TREATING DISEASES. TOXICOLOGY – POISONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BODY PARTS. UROLOGY – DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM (BUT NOT THE KIDNEYS) AND THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. END OF CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE