A summarized reviewer of Science, Technology and Society Lectures, Lecture notes of Technology

Download A summarized reviewer of Science, Technology and Society Lectures and more Lecture notes Technology in PDF only on Docsity! CHAPTER 1: Science and Technology in Ancient Civilizations Science - scientia, knowledge - cumulative inquiry into nature using scientific method - asks questions “why things behave the way they behave” and find answers to these questions Technology - the application of science Science Technology Meaning Methodological way of gaining knowledge through observation and experiments Practical application of the scientific knowledge What is it? Process of exploring new knowledge Use of laws of science to create new products Effect Useful Useful or harmful Change May or may not be changed Changes continuously Stresses on Discovery Invention Deals with Study of structure and behavior of natural and physical worlds, create premises Putting premises to practice Method of evolution Analysis, deduction, and theory development Analysis and synthesis of design Use To make predictions Simplify work and fulfill people’s needs ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS I. Early Civilization - Nomads (people) - food, shelter, clothing - no permanent home, stays on the move to look for food - lived in area with resources - tribe of hunter-gatherers First Technology: stone - for hunting - preparing food - making shelter - weapon Ancient Mesopotamia: Foundation of human civilization Meso = middle Potam = river II. Sumerian Civilization (4500 BCE) lasted for 2,000 years - first people in Mesopotamia - created civilization through: ▪ architecture, language, agriculture, governance - First True City: City of Uruk ▪ no building stones ▪ limited lumber ▪ made of sun-baked bricks (mud/clay+reeds) - Ziggurats ▪ where king lives ▪ temple at the top for high priests serving their gods and goddesses - The Great Ziggurat of Ur ▪ Mountain of God ▪ 170 ft ▪ 12 years excavation ▪ temple to Nanna, moon of god - Agriculture: wheat, barley, grapes, onions, sheep, goat, cows - Irrigation System: Leeves ▪ dug wide canals from rivers to farms ▪ brought water to farm ▪ controlled flooding - Cuneiform ▪ first writing system ▪ carved in mud/clay using reed stylus - Sumerian Number System: sexagesimal system (base 60) - Sailboats ▪ made of reeds, carry trading products - Wheel ▪ used for transporting agricultural products - Plow ▪ dig soil faster, mass production of food - Medicine ▪ diseases were punishment from god ▪ priest: has power to fight disease and illness ▪ exorcist: drive away spirits by charms and spells III. Babylonian Civilization - emerged near Tigris and Euphrates rivers - great builders, engineers, and architects - Hanging Gardens of Babylon ▪ structure of layers upon layers of gardens ▪ 75 ft high, 8,200 gallons of water each day ▪ no physical evidence of existence ▪ no exact location ▪ considered a myth - Weapons ▪ Bronze age ▪ alloy of copper and tin IV. Egyptian Civilization - located in North Africa - 3,200 BCE began the creation of Egypt, King Narmer - Pyramid ▪ rays of syn ▪ help king’s soul ascend to join gods, sun god: Ra - Sphinx ▪ mythical creature head: human body: lion wings: falcon ▪ emblem of Egypt (stamps, coins, docs) - Temples ▪ homes of gods and goddesses ▪ made of stone, walls with scenes, brightly painted - Mummification ▪ they believed in life after death ▪ possible if the corpse remained intact ▪ body decay = soil decay - Process ▪ wash body ▪ remove internal organs (cut left side abdomen) intestines, stomach, liver, lungs ▪ placed in jars Hapi: lungs Imsety: liver Duamutef: stomach Qebehseneuf: intestines ▪ brain removed through nose, thrown away heart, untouched ▪ inside, rinsed with wine and spices ▪ moisture eliminated ▪ salt (natron) for 70 days to preserve the body ▪ body is wrapped in linen cloth and placed in sarcophagus - Hieroglyphics ▪ pictures of living creatures and symbols of daily living objects - Medicine and Physician ▪ healing herbs ▪ physical injuries ▪ eye-operation ▪ anatomy (from embalming head) ▪ practiced dentistry extracted teeth drained abscesses made false teeth - Irrigation System ▪ canals and ditches ▪ shaduf: boom and basin irrigation strategy - Mathematics ▪ addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fraction, decimals, basic ideas of geometry - Calendar ▪ 12 months = 30 days each ▪ 1 year = 360 days - Horses - Artesian Well - cause water to rise to a point where hydrostatic equilibrium has been reached Modern Ages - Mining and Metallurgy ▪ developed mineral resources - Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Tull - Printing press by Johannes Gutenberg - Astronomy ▪ Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentric Theory ▪ Tycho Brahe data collection of astronomical bodies ▪ Giordano Bruno no thing as absolute rest in universe ▪ Johannes Kepler laws of planetary motion planetary model ▪ Galileo Galilei "father of observational astronomy" "father of modern physics" "father of the scientific method” "father of modern science ▪ Sir Isaac Newton - Laws of Motions ▪ Christiaan Huygens - Elastic Collision Theory ▪ Robert Boyle - “father of chemistry” ▪ Antoine Lavoisier ▪ John Dalton ▪ Evangelista Torricelli - invented barometer ▪ Blaise Pascal - vacuum exists in nature ▪ Rene Descartes - Cartesian Coordinate system - other discoveries and inventions ▪ Watt’s steam engine by James Watt ▪ Puffing Devil by Trevithick ▪ First railway steam locomotive ▪ Telegraph ▪ Steam turbine by Sir Charles Parsons ▪ electric currents by Alessandro Volta ▪ electricity and magnetism ▪ use of coal gas ▪ filament bulbs by Thomas Edison ▪ combustion engine ▪ gas engine by Etienne Lenoir ▪ first gasoline automobile by Daimler and Benz CHAPTER 3: Intellectual Revolutions in the History of Science Paradigm - a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena Shift - to exchange for or replace by another Paradigm Shift - an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way Copernican Revolution - Claudius Ptolemy Geocentric Theory: Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe - Nicolaus Copernicus Mathematician and Astronomer Heliocentric Theory: sun was stationary and earth revolve around it 1. circular and uniform motion of heavenly bodies 2. sun is near the center 3. planets revolve around the sun and stars are fixed in space 4. 3 motions: daily rotation, annual revolution, annual tilting of its axis Newtonian Revolution - contrasting Aristotle - Sir Isaac Newton Mathematician, Astronomer, Philosopher 1. Law of Universal Gravitation - governs the path of heavenly bodies 2. Laws of Motion - Inertia, Acceleration, Interaction - Classical Mechanics: describe and understand motion 3. Infinitesimal Calculus - developed along Gottfried Leibniz - Theory of Color Einsteinian Revolution - Albert Einstein 1. General and Special Theory of Relativity - asserting that time and space are relative in his special theory of relativity - interweaves gravity with space and time. 2. Photoelectric Effect - electromagnetic radiation or light hits an object 3. Brownian Motion - temperature is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of molecules (Robert Brown) 4. Mass-Energy Equivalence 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐2 - describes the relationship of mass and energy Chemical Revolution - Robert Boyle - Father of Chemistry, Theological Writer 1. Boyle’s Air Pump 2. Boyle’s Law (P1V1 = P2V2) - Antoine-Laurent Lavosier - Father of Modern Chemistry Darwinian Revolution - Charles Darwin 1. Natural Selection - survival of the fittest, extinction 2. Evolutionary Biology - diversity of organism and how they change over time - Theory of Evolution Freudian Revolution - Sigmund Freud - Father of Psychoanalysis - Psychoanalytic Theory o different behaviors based on diff. parts of the body o conscious, subconscious, unconscious id – instinct (want) superego – reality (morals) ego – morality (balance morality) dreams: unconscious wants Oedipus Complex - a child’s feelings or desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy and anger toward same-sex parent - Oedipal: boy to mother Electra: girl to father Psychosexual Stages 1. Oral Stage (0-1 yrs old) - pleasure from oral activities 2. Anal Stage (2-3 yrs old) - potty training 3. Phallic Stage (3-7 yrs old) - Oedipus Complex 4. Latent Stage (7-puberty) - interaction with same sex 5. Genital Stage (beyond puberty) - attracted to opposite peers