AAMI Pathology for Embalmers: Midterm Exam Questions and Answers for 2024, Exams of Health sciences

Download AAMI Pathology for Embalmers: Midterm Exam Questions and Answers for 2024 and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! AAMI Pathology for Embalmers - LU1Midterm Exam Questions with Correct Answers 2024 Test Stomatitis - Correct Answers Inflammation of the mouth (oral or buccal cavity) which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, roof and floor of the mouth Etiologies (causes) of Stomatitis - Correct Answers 1. Mechanical trauma - chewing or peeling 2. Extreme temperature - drinking beverages that are too hot; eating hot pizza can burn the roof of the mouth 3. Chemical injury - exposure to heavy metals such as mercury 4. Infections from pathogens: common cold; gonorrhea, measles, leukemia, AIDS etc. Candida albicans - Correct Answers Fungus that causes THRUSH Herpes Simplex I - Correct Answers Viral infection seen with cold sores and fever blisters Treponema pallidum - Correct Answers The causative agent of syphilis, can lead to inflammatory lesions, referred to as mucous patches, in mouth during the secondary stage of the disease. Chelates - Correct Answers Inflammation of the lips Etiologies (causes) of Chelates - Correct Answers 1. Mechanical injury such as chewing or peeling of lips 2. Thermal injury: drinking hot coffee, eating hot pizza 3. Chemical irritation 4. Infection: cold sores, canker sores, herpes Glossaries - Correct Answers Inflammation of Lounge Etiologies (causes) of Glossaries - Correct Answers 1. Mechanical injury 2. Thermal injury 3. Chemical irritation 4. Vitamin deficiency - lack of Vitamin B12 Gingivitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of gums 2. Characterized by swelling, redness, watery exudate and bleeding Etiologies (causes) of Gingivitis - Correct Answers 1. Poor hygiene - buildup of bacterial plaque 2. Food impaction (Maybe an early sign of systematic disorder with lowered resistance, egg. herpes simplex, diabetes) Tonsillitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of the tonsils 2. Common form of infection usually caused by streptococcal organisms 3. Frequently accompanies inflammation of other parts of upper respiratory tract 4. Tonsils become swollen, narrowing the opening of the throat and causing great pain and default in swallowing 5. Their surface may be covered with pus the availability of antibiotics has decreased the need for tonsillectomy Pharyngitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of the pharynx or throat 2. It may: be a primary infection such as strep throat or ditherier 3. It may be a complication of rhinitis (inflammation of the nose); sinusitis (inflammation of the Para nasal sinuses); or influenza 4. May extend to the larynx Esophagitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of esophagus 2. Reflux ___________ - the most common type 3. We know it as heartburn. 4. It results from a regurgitation (backflow) of stomach acid through the cardiac sphincter (circular muscle that regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach) which causes a chemical irritation of the mucosa lining of the esophagus Varies of Esophagus - Correct Answers 1. Dilated and tortuous veins 2. Are _________ veins of the esophagus or esophageal ___________. 3. Due to obstruction of the hepatic venous return as a result of cirrhosis of liver 4. Are a complication of cirrhosis 5. The most serious danger is that of hemorrhage - especially in those who have clotting disorders Stenosis or Stricture of Esophagus - Correct Answers 1. An abnormal narrowing of an opening or 5. CONSTIPATION is the MOST COMMON cause 6. Pressure from pelvic tumor Hernia - Correct Answers 1. Refers to a protrusion of an organ through the walls of the body cavity in which it is contained 2. Four types (Inguinal, Femoral, Hiatal, and Umbilical) Inguinal Hernia - Correct Answers Caused by a weakening of the abdominal muscles in the groin area Femoral Hernia - Correct Answers Occurs in the area of the femoral triangle Hiatal Hernia - Correct Answers Part of the stomach pushes up through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm Umbilical Hernia - Correct Answers Occur in infants due to imperfect closure of the abdominal wall in the area where the umbilical cord was attached Hepatitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of the liver (the organ that produces bile) 2. Most common form of the disease is caused by a virus 3. One sign that is frequently associated with liver disease is jaundice (icterus). Viral Hepatitis A - Correct Answers 1. Also called Infectious 2. Transmitted through contaminated food and water supplies; enteric ally: fecal-oral route 3. Least serious than other forms of hepatitis and can develop as an isolated case or in an epidemic incubation period is 2 to 6 weeks from exposure to the development of symptoms, which include anorexia, nausea and mild fever 4. No permanent liver damage 5. Good prognosis Viral Hepatitis B - Correct Answers 1. Serum Hepatitis 2. Transmitted through contaminated body fluids, such as blood (serum transfusions) or semen 3. Also transmitted through use of contaminated needles or syringes used by drug addicts 4. Is a concern to health care workers and embalmers as it can be contracted inadvertently through puncture wounds from needles, scalpel blades and other instruments 5. Symptoms are similar to those of Hepatitis A, but develop more slowly 6. Incubation period is long lasting from 2 to 6 months 7. More serious than Hepatitis A 8. Results in chronic hepatitis 9. Can result in permanent liver damage 10. Vaccine called HEPATAVAX B is now available- works well Hepatitis C - Correct Answers 1. Leading viral cause of chronic liver disease and Cirrhosis 2. Most common reason for liver transplants initial symptoms are nonspecific and similar to those of hepatitis A or B, but the disease persists for months or even years 3. About 20% of infected persons develop cirrhosis, and a number of these can lead to end-stage liver disease 4. The virus is transmitted through blood transfusions, although transmission has been traced to intravenous drug use 5. Studies also show a risk associated with sexual contact with someone with hepatitis and with having more than one sex partner in a year 6. Treatments for hepatitis C include interferon injections and oral ribavirin 7. Treatment for end-stage cirrhosis may include liver transplant Cirrhosis - Correct Answers 1. Is a long term degeneration of the functioning cells of the liver 2. Liver cells die and are replaced by fibrous tissue and scarring 3. Often associated with chronic alcoholism 4. May result from damage done by drugs and previous viral or bacterial infections. 5. Circulation through the liver is impaired. As a result, high pressure builds in the vessels of the abdomen and in other areas. 6. Esophageal veins swell, forming esophageal varies. 7. Abdominal organs, like the spleen, pancreas and stomach also swells. 8. Hemorrhage of blood vessels in the stomach or intestines may causes vomiting of blood, called hematemesis. 9. Characterized by ascites, an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (also develops as a result of liver failure). Ascites - Correct Answers An accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity Jaundice or Icterus - Correct Answers 1. Yellow discoloration of skin and tissues and whites of eyes 2. Caused by a build-up of bile pigments in the bloodstream 3. Results from complications of cirrhosis 4. May also occur from an obstruction that causes bile to back up such as a gallstone Chloe cystitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of the gall bladder (the organ that stores bile) 2. Caused by the presence of gallstones in the biliary system Cholelithiasis - Correct Answers 1. Formation or presence of gallstones also known as biliary calculi 2. Stones consist of cholesterol, bilirubin and calcium in excess 3. Can be single or multiple, large or small Gallstones - Correct Answers Also known as BILIARY CALCULI Cholangitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of the gall ducts 2. Caused by blockages by gallstones in the bile ducts Pancreatitis - Correct Answers 1. Inflammation of the pancreas 2. May be acute or chronic 3. Associated with gallstone blockages, where bile cannot enter the duodenum and is forced into the pancreatic duct, causing irritation of the pancreatic tissues 4. Several factors cause this, but the most common is excessive alcohol consumption. 5. Inflammation of the pancreatic duct caused by the presence of gallstones is another possible cause 6. Many cases are idiopathic (unknown origin) Carcinoma of Stomach - Correct Answers 1. More common in men than women 2. Occurs more frequently in higher latitudes (Iceland, Finland) 3. Also frequent in countries where smoked fish is Incarcerated hernia - Correct Answers An irreducible hernia without any disturbance in blood flow Strangulated hernia - Correct Answers Is a hernia in which the blood supply is cut off resulting in gangrene and peritonitis Paralysis - Correct Answers Lack of blood or nerve supply to a part of the intestine can ___________ it, resulting in decreased peristalsis, which serves to move the contents along. Adhesions - Correct Answers 1. Bands of scar tissue that bind together two anatomic surfaces that are normally separate from each other. 2. Most commonly found in abdominal area after abdominal surgery. A complication of healing. Pressure - Correct Answers __________of some object such as tumor in the lumen of the intestines or on the outside pressing against an organ Volvulus - Correct Answers 1. Involves the twisting of the intestine around itself. 2. Usually seen in the elderly. Intussusception - Correct Answers Is the telescoping of the intestines. One part of the intestines is pushed into the part ahead of it. Postmortem Conditions from Digestive Diseases - Correct Answers 1. Ascites of Abdominal Cavity 2. Dehydration 3. Emaciation 4. Rapid Decomposition 5. Rapid Coagulation of Blood 6. Jaundice 7. Edema 8. Hemorrhage 9. Purge from mouth and nose 10. Abdominal Distension 11. Infectious Disease Problems of Dehydration - Correct Answers Will call for larger volumes of milder solutions Problems of Emaciation - Correct Answers 1. The extreme loss of weight due to malnutrition and repeated hemorrhage, particularly in the case when malignancy is involved. 2. A long and careful arterial injection with humectants will be required to restore some of the lost moisture. 3. Post embalming hypodermic tissue builder may be necessary to fill out the features Problems of Rapid Coagulation of Blood - Correct Answers Pre-injection and co- injection chemicals are often required for their anti-coagulant abilities Problems of Jaundice - Correct Answers 1. Often accompanies diseases of the liver and gall bladder. 2. This will call for special jaundice fluid to be used for arterial injection, with extra care being given to removing the yellow discoloration without promoting the development of a deeper green discoloration. Problems of Edema - Correct Answers 1. Will predispose to a higher secondary dilution of arterial and cavity chemicals. 2. Need to closely evaluate the amount, strength and type of embalming’s chemicals to be used. 3. ____________ in the tissues predisposes to rapid decomposition Problems of Hemorrhage - Correct Answers Can short circuit the flow of embalming fluid throughout the body Problems of Purge from Mouth and Nose - Correct Answers It may be necessary to puncture or incise the intestines to relieve the pressure and apply massage cream to the lips and face to prevent dehydration as a result of acid purge flowing over the tissues from these areas Problems of Abdominal Distension - Correct Answers May result from both edema and collection of gases in the digestive tract which may put pressure on the major vessels, impairing both arterial distribution of embalming solutions and venous drainage of bloody fluids Problems of Infectious Disease - Correct Answers With their high bacterial activity may indicate a need for a stronger germicidal chemical.