Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems, Exams of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Download Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! A& P II continuous exam questions with 100% correct answers. What is the correct order a bolus of food will travel through the digestive tract? - Correct answer Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus - Correct answer Uncinate process Which of the following is not associated with the stomach? What is associated with the stomach? - Correct answer Lesser curvature, body, pyloric sphincter, fundus Which of the following is not associated with the accessory organs of digestion? - Correct answer Vermiform appendix What is associated with the accessory organs of digestion? - Correct answer Salivary glands, cystic duct, common bile duct, pancreas Which of the following is not a hormone used in digestion? - Correct answer Nuclease Which are hormone used in digestion? - Correct answer CCK, Secretin, Gastric inhibitory peptide, Gastrin The pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of food into the: - Correct answer Duodenum The portion of the peritoneum attached to the small intestine is the: - Correct answer Mesentery The lesser omentum is between the: - Correct answer Stomach and liver Which of the following is a protein-digesting enzyme? - Correct answer Trypsin Which of the following substances are secreted from parietal cells in the gastric pits? - Correct answer Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor Which one of the following is the component of the pancreatic juice that counters the acidity of the chime entering the duodenum? - Correct answer Sodium bicarbonate When considering the histology of the liver, which one of the following best describes a hepatic triad? - Correct answer A bile duct, portal vein, and hepatic artery Which one of these structures is the last and longest segment of the small intestine? - Correct answer Ileum Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine? - Correct answer Urea Which one of the following is not a function of the kidneys? - Correct answer Destroy red blood cells What are functions of the kidneys? - Correct answer Eliminate waste; Adjust the composition of body fluids; Help regulate blood pressure; Regulate the volume of body fluids The enzyme renin raises blood pressure by activating: - Correct answer Angiotensin II Select the correct order of urine flow from its source to the outside of the body - Correct answer Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra The first event in urine formation is: - Correct answer Glomerular filtration The purpose of the countercurrent mechanism is to: - Correct answer Concentrate the urine Erythropoietin produces red blood cells. - Correct answer True A force that drives materials out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is: - Correct answer Blood pressure A hormone that increases blood calcium levels is produced by: - Correct answer Parathyroid glands The main route for water loss is the: - Correct answer Urinary system Which one of the following interstitial fluids occupies the joint capsule space? - Correct answer Synovial fluid Which one of these hormones directly stimulates the release of aldosterone? - Correct answer Angiotensin II Which one of the following ions is usually found at substantially higher levels in blood plasma compared to interstitial fluid? - Correct answer Protein anions Which one of the following best describes a compound that partially dissociates in aqueous solution to produce a low concentration of anions and protons? - Correct answer Weak acid Hypernatremia is the term used to describe a high level of calcium ions in blood plasma? - Correct answer False Dentin and cementum can generate and repair themselves, enamel cannot. - Correct answer True Which ONE of the following does not participate in the process of deglutition? - Correct answer Palatine tonsils What participates in the process of deglutition? - Correct answer Larynx; Tongue; Soft palate; Pharynx The peritoneal cavity is completely closed in females - Correct answer False The ureter carries urine from the bladder to the outside - Correct answer False Under the effects of ADH, water is reabsorbed - Correct answer True The urethra transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. - Correct answer False The glycolysis yields 34 to 36 ATP per glucose - Correct answer False Erythrocytes and neurons cannot metabolize fats or amino acids to provide ATP, and therefore, specifically require glucose. - Correct answer True Glycogenolysis process is stimulated by the hormones cortisol and glucagon. - Correct answer False Glycogen is stored in the: - Correct answer Liver and muscles The lymphatic system functions to maintain fluid balance to defend the body against disease by producing and transporting lymphocytes and to digest ............. from the intestine. - Correct answer Fat The axillary lymph nodes are so called armpit lymph nodes. - Correct answer True Lymph from the head and neck drains into a thick ............ that runs on the surface of sternocleidomastoid. - Correct answer Jugular Trunk - Correct answer All; Cartilage, The cornea of the eye, The central nervous system, Hair Lymphatic vessels are located all over the body except ___ The parasternal lymph nodes are a string of nodes located medial to the sternum. - Correct answer False Most of the lymphatic vessels from the abdomen terminate by draining into the __ - Correct answer Thoracic duct Lymphatic vessels from the upper limb accompany both the deep and superficial veins from the hand, ascend the arm and forearm to terminate by draining into the ............. - Correct answer Subclavian veins Cubital lymph nodes interrupt the passage of some of the vessels at the __ - Correct answer Elbow Lymphatic vessels from the lower limb accompany both the deep and superficial veins from the __ - Correct answer Foot The lymphatic vessels of the lower limb drain into the __ - Correct answer Inguinal lymph nodes Popliteal lymph nodes interrupt the passage of some of the vessels at the ___ - Correct answer Knee The thymus is located in the anterior mediastinum, ..... to the sternum and .... to the trachea. - Correct answer Posterior, anterior The cortex is the internal portion of the thymus and consists of lymphoid tissue. - Correct answer False The medulla is mostly composed of connective tissue. - Correct answer True The thymus is a part of the neuro-endocrine system. - Correct answer True What are the key functions of the lymphatic system? - Correct answer Immunity, absorption of fats, and the maintenance of fluid balance Which statement most correctly describes the main function of lymph nodes? - Correct answer The removal of pathogens and foreign material from lymphatic fluid The tonsils are three masses of lymphatic tissue surrounding the entrance of the larynx. - Correct answer False In the white pulp, the lymphocytes and phagocytes monitor the blood for foreign antigens. - Correct answer True The right lymphatic duct is much shorter than the left thoracic duct. - Correct answer True - Correct answer Subcapsular sinus The number 35 in the illustration below represents: Which one of the following secretes several hormones including progesterone? - Correct answer Corpus luteum In addition to the secondary oocyte, which other structure is produced during meiosis I? - Correct answer First polar body Which of the following do not occur as part of secondary sexual changes in females? - Correct answer Body fat decreases, sebaceous gland secretions decrease What occurs as part of secondary sexual changes in females? - Correct answer Width of hips increases, pubic and armpit hair increases, width of shoulders increases Which one of the following is not part of the Graafian follicle? - Correct answer Primary oocyte What is part of the Graafian follicle? - Correct answer Follicular fluid, Antrum, Granulosa cells, Theca externa What is the anatomical term for the finger-like extensions on the distal part of each uterine tube that help guide an ovum towards the uterus? - Correct answer Fimbriae Together, the stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis make up which one of the following layers of the uterine wall? - Correct answer Endometrium Which one of the following layers of the vaginal wall stores glycogen and maintains the acidity within the vagina? - Correct answer Mucosa Which of the following ligaments hold the uterus in place? - Correct answer Broad ligament, round ligament, transverse cervical ligament Which of the following have pubic hair associated with them? - Correct answer Labia majora and mons pubis What is the anatomical term for the pigmented ring that surrounds the nipple? - Correct answer Areola What is the anatomical term for the incomplete mucous membrane that may occlude the vaginal orifice? - Correct answer Hymen The nerves that relay parasympathetic nerve impulses from the brain to the vagina during the excitement state of the female sexual response emerge from the vertebral column at which one of the following vertebral regions? - Correct answer Sacral Which one of the following hormones is not involved in the regulation of the female reproductive cycle? - Correct answer TSH Which hormones are involved in the regulation of the female reproductive cycle? - Correct answer FSH, Inhibin, Estrogen, LH What is the anatomical term for the layer of the endometrium that thickens and develops blood vessels to prepare for implantation? - Correct answer Stratum functionalis Which one of the following structures is released from the ovary upon ovulation? - Correct answer Secondary oocyte The blood levels of which one of the following hormones surge towards the end of the preovulatory phase, stimulating the rupturing of the mature follicle and thereby causing ovulation? - Correct answer LH Which one of the following best approximates the day on which ovulation occurs in a typical 28-day cycle? - Correct answer 14 Arrange the following stages of spermatogenesis in the correct order, starting with the division of the spermatogonia. Q. Differentiation, 2. Spermiation, 3. Mitosis, 4. Meiosis II, 5. Meiosis I, 6. Spermiogenesis - Correct answer 3, 1, 5, 4, 6, 2 What is the term used to describe each male spermatogenic cell? - Correct answer Spermatogonium Each mature spermatozoon contains 46 chromosomes. - Correct answer False Which of the following are secreted by the Sertoli cells? - Correct answer Inhibin and androgen-binding protein Pulses of which hormone stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland? - Correct answer Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Dihydrotestertone is secreted by the testes, prostate, and adrenal cortex. - Correct answer True Which of the following are secondary sex characteristics? - Correct answer Enlargement of thyroid cartilage, causing the voice to deepen, Increase in bone density What are secondary sex characteristics are features and traits that are associated with puberty and sexual development but have no functional reproductive role - Correct answer True Around which week of fetal growth does development of reproductive system begin? - Correct answer Week 4 During puberty, there is a decrease in skin thickness. - Correct answer False Which of the following glands secrete the greatest volume of seminal fluid? - Correct answer Seminal vesicles Which of the following is considered an abnormal number of spermatozoa per ejaculation? - Correct answer 10 million Number of spermatozoa per ejaculation can range from as low as 20 million to as high as 300 million per ml of semen volume. Less than 20 million dramatically decreases the likelihood of fertilization. - Correct answer True Which muscle when it contracts brings the scrotum closer to the body to absorb heat, and relaxes, to cool the scrotum down, thus regulating the temperature of the testes? - Correct answer Cremaster muscle If a woman does not orgasm, the plateau stage is extended and proceeds directly to the ____ stage. - Correct answer Resolution How many days, on average, does each female reproductive cycle last? - Correct answer 28 The two major parts of the female reproductive cycle are the ovarian cycle and the ___ cycle. - Correct answer Uterine or menstrual The female reproductive cycle is highly regulated by a complex system of hormones - Correct answer True Which of the following are the principle hormones regulating the female reproductive cycle? - Correct answer Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Estrogen, Progesterone, and Inhibin Which of the following structure produce human chorioinic gonadotropin during pregnancy? - Correct answer Placenta Human chorionic gonadotropin is produced after fertilization, initially by the developing embryo and later by a region of the placenta. - Correct answer True Which structure secretes progesterone during a normal female reproductive cycle? - Correct answer Corpus luteum The levels of which hormones dramatically decrease at the end of the previous ovarian cycle, promoting the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and the subsequent gradual release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland? - Correct answer Progesterone and estrogen What stage of development does the follicle reach by the end of the follicular phase? - Correct answer Mature (Graafian) follicle Granulosa cells on the follicular surface convert androgens into which hormone? - Correct answer Estrogen What is the term for the follicle after it has ruptured, expelling the secondary oocyte? - Correct answer Corpus hemorrhagicum Around day 14, the presence of luteinizing hormone promotes several changes to the wall of the follicle, causing the mature (Graafian) follicle to rupture, the expulsion of the secondary oocyte, and the formation of the corpus hemorrhagicum. - Correct answer True What stimulate the primary oocyte of a dominant follicle to complete its first meiotic division and the mature follicle to rupture? - Correct answer A Luteinizing-hormone surge How long does the luteal stage usually last in a 28-day-ovarian cycle? - Correct answer 14 days After ovulation, follicle-stimulating hormone transforms the corpus hemorrhagicum into a corpus luteum. - Correct answer False After ovulation, it is luteinizing hormone that transforms the corpus hemorrhagicum into a corpus luteum. - Correct answer True Which of the following hormones is produced by the corpus luteum and inhibits the development of new follicles in the ovaries? - Correct answer Progesterone These hormones have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland, inhibiting the release of FSH and LH, which inhibits the development of new follicles in the ovaries. - Correct answer Progesterone How long does the menstrual phase of a typical 28-day cycle last? - Correct answer 5 days The menstrual phase usually occurs from days ___ - Correct answer 1 - 5 The epithelial lining of which uterine layer is shed during the menstrual phase? - Correct answer Endometrium During the 5 days of the menstrual phase, the epithelial lining of the endometrium is shed and a combination of blood and epithelial cells and mucus is lost. - Correct answer True - Correct answer False The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are at their highest levels during the menstrual period. What phase of the ovarian cycle occurs at the same time as the preovulatory phase of the uterine cycle? - Correct answer Late follicular phase The increasing concentrations of which hormones mark the beginning of the preovulatory phase? - Correct answer Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone The growth of which layer of the endometrium is stimulated by increasing estrogen levels during the preovulatory phase? - Correct answer Stratum functionalis The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are at their lowest levels during the menstrual period. - Correct answer True The postovulatory phase of the uterine cycle occurs at the same time as which phase of the ovarian cycle? - Correct answer Luteal phase Which of the following occur during the postovulatory phase of the uterine cycle? - Correct answer The endometrium becomes thicker and the endometrium becomes more vascularized During the postovulatory phase, if fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels decline. - Correct answer True