Medical Case Studies for Various Conditions, Exams of Nursing

Download Medical Case Studies for Various Conditions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! AANP Practice Questions with Answers 2024. A 65-year-old woman presents for a follow-up examination after a new patient visit. She has not seen a healthcare provider for several years. She is a smoker and her hypertension is now adequately controlled with medication. Her mother died at age 40 from a heart attack. The fasting lipid profile shows cholesterol = 240 mg/dL, HDL = 30, and LDL = 200. In addition to starting Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes, the nurse practitioner should start the patient on: 1.bile acid sequestrant. 2. a statin drug. 3. a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. 4. low-dose aspirin. \ n ✔A statin drug The most commonly prescribed medication for mild systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is: 1. azathioprine (AZA). 2. belimumab (Benlysta). 3. ibuprofen (Advil). 4. cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). \ n ✔ibuprofen (advil) The most common sign of cervical cancer is: 1. postcoital bleeding. 2. strong odor from vaginal discharge. 3. itching in the vaginal area. 4. molluscum contagiosum. \ n ✔postcoital bleeding The nurse practitioner prescribes amitriptyline (Elavil) for a patient with neuropathic pain secondary to diabetes mellitus. On follow-up, the patient complains of urine retention and dry mouth. The practitioner would: 1. discontinue amitriptyline and begin ibuprofen (Motrin). 2. refer to physical therapy. 3. start methocarbamol (Robaxin). 4. discontinue amitriptyline and begin gabapentin (Neurontin). \ n ✔discontinue amitriptyline and begin gabapentin (neurontin) A 17-year-old male with rheumatoid arthritis is being treated with an NSAID and omeprazole (Prilosec). The patient complains of headache, abdominal pain, and gas. These symptoms are most likely: 1. associated with the omeprazole. 2. related to the underlying condition. 3. the result of the NSAID. 4. caused by viral gastroenteritis. \ n ✔associated with the omeprazole The medication of choice for the initial treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is: 1. acetaminophen. 2. prednisone. 3. aspirin. 4. ibuprofen. \ n ✔ibuprofen A 12-year-old with sickle cell anemia has recently experienced a sickle cell crisis and presents for a follow-up examination after a recent hospitalization. It is most important to continue monitoring growth, development, and: 1. white blood cell levels. 2. fecal occult blood test. 3. hemoglobin levels. 4. urine dipsticks. \ n ✔hemoglobin levels A 90-year-old female is brought to the clinic by her neighbor. She states that everything is fine, but the nurse practitioner notes that she has poor hygiene and bruises on her trunk. The neighbor is concerned that the patient often has no money to buy food, despite income from social security and a coal miner's pension. The nurse practitioner suspects abuse. Which of the following is the nurse practitioner obligated to do next? 1. Report the case to the proper authorities. 2. Tell the neighbor to check on the woman daily and report back. 3. Document the data and report the information to risk management. 4. Call the patient's family and inquire about the concerns. \ n ✔report the case to proper authorities In most cases, the first manifestation of Alzheimer's disease is: 1. impaired judgment. 2. decrease in short-term memory. 3. disorientation in time and place. 4. decrease in long-term memory. \ n ✔decrease in short-term memory The optimal treatment for latent tuberculosis is: 1. rifampin (Rifadin) for 5 months. 2. isoniazid (Nydrazid) for 9 months. 3. pyrazinamide for 6 months. 4. ethambutol for 6 months. \ n ✔osioniazid (nydrazid) for 9 months symptoms of dehydration; diet of clear liquids, advancing to bananas, rice cereal, Jell-O, and soup. A mother presents her 12-month-old child with concern because the child does not yet say "mama" or "dada." The mother reports that in the first months of life, the child loved listening to music and being talked to. The past medical history is negative for ear infections. The nurse practitioner should: 1. evaluate for hearing loss. 2. refer to speech therapy. 3. re-evaluate in 3 months. 4. check for cerumen impaction. \ n ✔evaluate for hearing loss The most common side effect of the oral ribavirin used in the treatment of hepatitis C is: 1. hemolytic anemia. 2. weight loss. 3. depression. 4. hypothyroidism. \ n ✔hemolytic anemia An 86-year-old patient presents with pinguecula, a yellow triangular degenerative tissue thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva. This condition is: 1. cured by eye drops. 2. a genetic process. 3. a malignant growth. 4. a solar-induced lesion \ n ✔a solar-induced lesion During a well-child examination of an 18-month-old, premature tooth decay and inflamed gums, particularly of the maxillary incisors, are noted. The approach to this problem includes: 1. referring the child to a dentist, assessing for bottle feeding and fluoride in local water. 2. teaching the mother to brush the child's teeth, encouraging vitamin supplements. 3. recommending fluoride mouthwash and toothpaste, suggesting celery sticks for snacks. 4. providing fluoride treatment, teaching dental hygiene, and eating foods high in calcium. \ n ✔referring the child to a dentist, assessing for bottle feeding and fluoride in local water Which of the following is typically observed in the GI system upon stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system? 1. No overall effect 2. Increased sphincter tone 3. Increased peristalsis 4. Decreased secretions \ n ✔increased peristalsis Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by which of the following? 1. Decreased production of exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2. Autoimmune beta-cell destruction 3. Relative deficiency of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 4. Decreased reabsorption of sodium-glucose transporters \ n ✔decreased reabsorption of sodium-glucose transporters In pulmonary function testing, forced vital capacity represents the: 1. maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after maximum inspiration. 2. total volume of air that is exhaled after normal inspiration. 3. total volume of air that the lungs can hold, minus the expiratory reserve volume. 4. volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second. \ n ✔maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after maximum inspiration An adult male presents as first patient of the day after awaking about 5:00 AM with indigestion and chest pressure. On checking his pulse, he found no change from previous measurements. He states that, while waiting for the nurse practitioner to arrive, he began to feel a little clammy. A 12-lead EKG records the following patterns. On the basis of these EKG readings, the diagnosis is: 1. anterior-septal acute myocardial infarction. 2. lateral acute myocardial infarction. 3. inferior acute myocardial infarction. 4. anterior acute myocardial infarction. \ n ✔inferior acute myocardial infarction During the past 24 hours, a 62-year-old has experienced abdominal pain that radiates to the back. The patient also reports several episodes of nausea and vomiting, a low- grade temperature, and a history of excessive drinking. Physical examination reveals a distended abdomen. Laboratory serum values indicate elevated alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and serum lipase. The most likely diagnosis is: 1. alcoholic liver disease. 2. acute mesenteric ischemia. 3. viral hepatitis. 4. acute pancreatitis. \ n ✔acute pancreatitis An otherwise healthy adult female presents complaining of vaginal burning and itching during urination. She has a social history of two sexual partners. She denies fever or vaginal discharge, but has noted a lesion on one labium. The nurse practitioner should order all of the following EXCEPT: 1. wet mount and potassium hydroxide. 2. dark-field microscopy of fluid from the lesion. 3. nucleic acid amplification testing for gonorrhea. 4. serology for Haemophilus ducreyi. \ n ✔dark-field microscopy of fluid from lesion A 3-year-old female has been diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. She attends preschool daily at a local church day care program. The day before her diagnosis, she ate lunch with her mother at a local restaurant. For which contact(s) would chemoprophylaxis with rifampin be recommended? 1. Preschool contacts in the past 7 days 2. A friend of the patient's sister who visited after school yesterday 3. The checkout employee at the grocery store yesterday 4. Diners at the restaurant during lunch the day the patient ate there \ n ✔preschool contacts in past 7 days Congenital dysplasia of the hip: 1. more commonly affects both hips. 2. occurs more commonly in females. 3. is correctable at any age. 4. typically self-corrects by 12 weeks of age. \ n ✔more commonly affects both hips Anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium (Atrovent) and tiotropium (Spiriva) are used in COPD primarily to: 1. induce bronchodilation. 2. decrease airway inflammation. 3. expand the lung fields. 4. treat hypoxemia. \ n ✔induce bronchodilation The clinical presentation of placenta previa that develops during the third trimester includes: 1. intermittent dark-red spotting. 2. occult bleeding with abdominal or back pain. 3. sudden onset of painless and profuse bleeding. 4. painless occult bleeding that becomes visible upon onset of labor. \ n ✔sudden onset of painless and profuse bleeding A 27-year-old male patient, who works as a janitor, presents with a 6-month history of an intermittent rash on his hands. History reveals itching and occasional burning. Examination reveals irregularly-distributed scaly maculopapular erythematous patches extending from the dorsum of the hand several inches up the forearms, and dry palms with no nail involvement. The most likely diagnosis is: 1. contact dermatitis. 4. Blood tests for anemia and eosinophilia \ n ✔examination of transparent tape sample from perianal skin Which of the following microorganisms are most frequently associated with acute bacterial rhino-sinusitis? 1. Staphylococcus aureus and Mycoplasma pneumonia 2. Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae 4. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa \ n ✔strep pneumo and haemophilus influenzae A child is being treated with methylphenidate (Ritalin) for attention-deficit disorder. The following are all side effects of Ritalin EXCEPT: 1. muscle cramps 2. mild irritability. 3. increased heart rate. 4. slight increase in growth velocity. \ n ✔slight increase in growth velocity A geriatric female presents for her annual examination. She has been on antihypertensive medications for over 20 years, with good control. Laboratory values are within normal ranges. The nurse practitioner is concerned about the patient's cardiac health risks, due her to weight and her waist circumference. According to the AHA guidelines, which of the following goals is expected for this patient? 1. Physical activity for 60 minutes daily, for a minimum of 6 days a week 2. Physical activity for 30 minutes daily, 7 days a week 3. Physical activity for 30 minutes daily, for a minimum of 5 days a week 4. Physical activity for 60 minutes daily, 7 days a week \ n ✔physical activity for 30 minutes daily, for a minimum of 5 days a week The management of COPD in the elderly is best guided by: 1. spirometry. 2. arterial blood gases. 3. radiologic imaging. 4. symptomatology. \ n ✔symptomatology A young, athletic adult presents with shoulder pain and inability to raise the arm above the shoulder. The most likely diagnosis is: 1. frozen shoulder syndrome. 2. cervical radiculopathy. 3. rotator cuff tear. 4. polymyositis. \ n ✔rotator cuff tear A 50-year-old male presents with bruises and abrasions on the left leg and forearm, claiming to have had a number of minor accidents at home and at work. The patient reports general feelings of depression, forgetfulness, and, despite the fact that he is regularly employed, a mounting collection of unpaid and overdue bills. In taking the patient's history, a significant pattern of parental alcohol abuse, stroke, TIA, and MI emerges. During questioning to elicit a more thorough diagnosis, the patient becomes hostile and leaves the clinic without further treatment. The most likely explanation for this behavior is: 1. Alzheimer's disease. 2. chronic alcoholism. 3. cancer. 4. carotid artery stenosis. \ n ✔chronic alcoholism A 28-year-old patient presents with profuse yellow vaginal discharge, odor, and local irritation. She reports completing a 7-day course of oral metronidazole (Flagyl), 500 mg b.i.d. 4 weeks ago. She has had multiple recurrences over the last 18 months. Microscopic examination reveals presence of clue cells. What is the most appropriate treatment intervention? 1. Oral metronidazole (Flagyl), 500 mg b.i.d., plus metronidazole vaginal gel (MetroGel), for 5 days 2. Treat both patient and partner(s) with oral metronidazole (Flagyl), 500 mg b.i.d., for 7 days 3. Metronidazole vaginal gel (MetroGel) twice weekly for 4 to 6 months 4. Treat patient with metronidazole vaginal gel (MetroGel) b.i.d. and partner(s) with tetracycline, 250 mg q.i.d., for 7 days \ n ✔Treat both patient and partner(s) with oral metronidazole (Flagyl), 500 mg b.i.d., for 7 days An adult female who recently returned from a business trip to Japan presents for a recheck appointment. The only remarkable laboratory result is for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), at 0.3 microunits/mL (normal = 0.4-6 microunits/mL). The patient reports that her neck hurts; examination reveals thyroid tenderness. Which of the following laboratory tests should the nurse practitioner order now? 1. Triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4) 2. Triiodothyronine (T3) only 3. Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake assay 4. Triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) \ n ✔Triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4) In treating a pregnant female with migraine headaches, which of the following drugs is in Category X? 1. Ergotamine tartrate (Ergomar) 2. Sumitriptan succinate (Imitrex) 3. Frovatriptan (Frova) 4. Amitriptyline (Elavil) \ n ✔ergotamine tartate (ergomar) A nurse practitioner is evaluating an infant for possible colic. Which of the following could indicate the need for a more extensive evaluation? 1. 3-oz (85 g) weight gain over the past 2 weeks 2. Stool negative for occult blood 3. Moist mucus membranes and flat fontanels 4. Onset at 4 weeks of age \ n ✔3-oz (85 g) weight gain over the past 2 weeks Which of the following is a hallmark of lumbar spinal stenosis? 1. Incontinence of bowel and/or bladder 2. Point tenderness of the lumbar spine 3. Leg, buttock or back pain precipitated by walking. 4. Bilateral leg pain with sitting. \ n ✔leg, buttock or back pain precipitated by walking A 70-year-old patient presents to the clinic complaining of dyspnea, palpitations, and fatigue. The patient reports a 2-week history of blackened stools, which the patient attributes to drinking berry juice. Assessment reveals vital signs of BP = 110/60, P = 100, R = 24; Hgb = 4.5 g/dL; Hct = 16%. What is the most appropriate immediate intervention? 1. Order serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin. 2. Refer to a gastroenterologist. 3. Send to the emergency room. 4. Order a complete blood count (CBC) with differential. \ n ✔Send to emergency room The symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy are often overlooked because the older male: 1. understands that surgery is the only cure for this condition. 2. considers urinary problems to be a normal part of aging. 3. is fearful of the side effects of additional medication. 4. is concerned that he will no longer be able to obtain an erection. \ n ✔considers urinary problems to be normal part of aging Upon admission to a nursing home, an 85-year-old patient receives a negative result on the purified protein derivative (PPD) test. To determine TB status in the frail elderly, a second PPD should be performed in: 1. 72 hours. 2. 1 week. 3. 3 months. 1. esophagitis. 2. esophageal spasm. 3. helicobacter pylori. 4. gastroesophageal reflux disease. \ n ✔GERD A late adolescent patient presents with complaints of acute-onset unilateral right eye pain, visual changes, seeing halos around lights, abdominal pain, and intermittent nausea. Physical findings include an erythematous right eye without discharge, a cloudy cornea, and a moderately dilated right pupil that is nonreactive to light. The nurse practitioner should immediately: 1. apply steroid drops to the right eye. 2. apply mydriatic drops to the eye. 3. refer to the emergency department. 4. make an appointment for him to see an ophthalmologist. \ n ✔refer to emergency department In a 6-year-old child, which of the following is the preferred drug for stage 1 Lyme disease? 1. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) 2. Azithromycin (Zithromax) 3. Doxycycline (Doryx) 4. Cefuroxime (Ceftin) \ n ✔cefuroxime (ceftin) An 86-year-old patient is experiencing radiculopathy-associated lower back pain that has not improved over the past 4 weeks. The medical history includes a lumbar discectomy. The best type of imaging study for evaluating this patient would be a/an: 1. MRI. 2. spinal X-ray. 3. myelography. 4. nuclear bone scan. \ n ✔MRI A 30-month-old with a history of frequent ear infections was seen in September after a symptom-free summer. Examination revealed bilateral bulging eardrums. After two separate courses of antibiotics, fluid is noted in both ears. The parent reports speech difficulties. The most likely diagnosis is: 1. otitis media with effusion. 2. myringitis. 3. recurrent acute otitis. 4. Esutachian tube dysfunction. \ n ✔otiti media with effusion A 19-year-old patient who has used oral contraceptives for 3 years plans to discontinue the pill at the end of her current cycle to become pregnant. Which of the following daily supplements would receive the highest priority? 1. Calcium carbonate 2. Folic acid 3. Ferrous sulfate 4. Multivitamin \ n ✔folic acid A frail elderly widow presents to the senior clinic with a 3- to 4-day history of confusion that became worse the evening before but currently seems a little better, although her speech is rambling and difficult to follow. During the examination, the patient is anxious and agitated. She is on cardiac medications, an antidepressant, and insulin. The most likely diagnosis is: 1. mild stroke. 2. polypharmacy. 3. electrolyte imbalance. 4. agitated depression. \ n ✔polypharmacy A 46-year-old female presents with a complaint of amenorrhea for 3 months. The first- line diagnostic workup is: 1. urine pregnancy test. 2. progesterone challenge. 3. serum prolactin level. 4. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). \ n ✔urine pregnancy test