Educational Strategies and Assessments: A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of English Literature

Download Educational Strategies and Assessments: A Comprehensive Guide and more Exams English Literature in PDF only on Docsity! ABCTE PTK Exam Study Guide The highest level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as: assess, create, compare, solve, judge, recommend, rate, relate, criticize, evaluate, summarize, appraise. - Evaluate The second highest level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as design, compose, invent, hypothesize, develop, construct, produce, plan, create, organize. - Synthesis A middle level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as compare, analyze, classify, distinguish, categorize, differentiate, infer, survey, select, prioritize. - Analysis A middle level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as organize, generalize, prepare, produce, choose, apply, solve, draw, show, paint. - Application a lower level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as match, restate, paraphrase, give examples, express, illustrate, explain, defend, distinguish, summarize, interpret, interrelate. - comprehension The lowest level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as select, list, name, define, describe, memorize, label, identify, recite, state, recognize. - knowledge Curricular standards communicate what? - what, when, and how to teach what lesson plans are designed to meet or achieve - standards the most important educational document - the lesson plan what does curriculum contain? - objectives, sample lessons, assessments, procedures, materials/equipment needed, activities, samples of student work what the student is supposed to learn - objective methods of determining effectiveness of the lessons - assessments What was the purpose of No Child Left Behind and the Every Student Succeeds Act? - to create a standardized curriculum for each subject area what is curriculum? - what the students are supposed to learn as a result of a specific educational sequence of events anchor papers - the reference for all other work; what is expected by students Who can help translate curriculum? - administrators and content specialists order the steps of instruction: re-design, teach, repeat, review, give assessment, write assessment, identify time limit of unit, evaluate instruction, review for assessment - 1. identify time limit of unit 2. write assessment 3. teach 4. review for assessment 5. give assessment 6. evaluate instruction 7. re-design 8. repeat Objectives should be specific enough that they can be used as ____________ questions. - Exam Lesson Objectives: what the students will ___________________ by the end of the lesson. - accomplish Agenda Items: what the class will ___________ to meet the lesson objectives. - do Pacing of material is dependant upon 3 things - 1. nature of students 2. nature of material 3. goals of the teacher periodic measuring devices that indicate student growth and also verify successful lessons - assessments should you schedule assessments based on the calendar date or the progress of the class? - based on progress of the class Who do you need to know before you begin planning lessons? - your students who can help you get to know your students? - prior teachers, counselors, administrators, other colleagues How much repetition is enough? - as much as possible until mastery is acheived What should inform your instruction? - assessments Name three important things to consider when choosing a seating arrangement. - 1. visibility of students 2. movement by the teacher 3. space for isolation 4. students should always be in front of the teacher 5. utilize a second teacher's desk in the room 6. considers the distance between students 5. Outline 6. Concept Map/Web/Cluster 7. Timeline 8. Portfolio 9. Flow Chart 10. Flashcards What is a KWL chart? - a graphic organizer that allows students to iterate what they Know, what they Want to know, and what they have Learned about a concept. completed as 3 columns. Recall questions are best used for which age group? - elementary students Which type of questions are theoretical questions with hypothetical answers? Usually contain more than one answer - open-ended questions probing questions promote... - thoughtful inquiry deeper thinking by the student Which type of questions can provide an assessment of knowledge attainment? - guiding questions How long does it take for new learning to be understood and transferred into long-term memory? - 5 seconds Do the quality of answers increase or decrease with increased wait time? - increase An instructional response that asks the student to re-word their thinking so that the teacher can collect more info or provide clarity. - Clarifying a type of instructional response that restates or summarizes a student answer using different wording. - paraphrasing an instructional response that uses a neutral tone, promotes the flow of the lesson, continues thinking, and offers a non-committal response to the students. - Non-Judgmental an instructional response that imparts advice to the students - Advisory the manner in which students conduct themselves - student deportment What is a piggyback response? - where an answer builds upon the previous answer What is the SQ3R/SQ4R instructional strategy useful for? - useful in getting students to interact with reading passages. What are the elements of SQ3R/SQ4R? - 1. survey 2. Questions 3. Reading/Relate 4. Recite 5. Review How are students grouped when they are differentiated? - they are grouped by academic need What is scaffolding? - breaking learning into parts What is think-pair-share? - an instructional strategy for small groups where students: 1. think- individually come to an answer 2. pair- work in pairs to combine responses into a new one 3. share- present new, combined reponses what is the RAFT instructional technique? - 1. Role 2. Audience 3. Format 4. Topic what is a portfolio? - a collection of student work that demonstrates their level of achievement can be used as assessment technique What are tiered assignments? - differentiation based on academic ability and preferred modality of learning What things do an effective lesson closure contain? - 1. summary of objectives 2. connections between prior and future lessons What can a well-constructed lesson minimize? - Disruptions Every lesson has 3 things... - 1. a beginning 2. a middle 3. an end applying behavior, knowledge, and skills acquired during a learning event the ability to effectively use acquired content knowledge and skills - learning transfer What is a teacher-centered lesson plan? - one where the teacher does most of the work students are passive learners Example= lecture what is a student-centered lesson? - one where the student does most of the work (accomplishing a task) students are motivated, active learners students are allowed to talk and answer questions Which is more effective for transfer of learning- a teacher-centered lesson or a student- centered lesson? - student-centered What is meta-cognition? - awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. a successful teacher views discipline as a ___________________ and a ________________________. - process; product what is practical knowledge? - learning from others what is professional knowledge? - learning on the job knowing __________ to teach is just as important as knowing ____________ to teach. - how; what New teachers can learn a lot from __________________ teachers. - successful what is the difference between a lockdown and a shelter-in-place? - a lockdown is when students and staff are locked in their rooms a shelter-in-place is when students and staff are locked inside the school; more secure The ability to effect a meaningful, positive change with lasting effects is called what? - significance Deliberate instruction includes intentional lessons. They also... - 1. are well-planned 2. have a clearly-stated objective 3. show an understanding of the audience The Whole Child Approach to Education strives to train up students who are... - 1. stewards of the world 2. citizens of the world Name some skills that "global learners" possess. - 1. communication skills 2. cultural competency 3. problem-solving skills a teaching strategy in which students generate many ideas without concern about quality - brainstorming federal program in which money is given to districts that have a high number of disadvantaged students - Title I the place in the lesson where the teacher makes sure that students have mastered the learning before moving to the next step in the lesson - checking for mastery the place in the lesson where the teacher checks to make sure that students understand before moving on in the teaching process. - checking for understanding the mood of the classroom including teacher-student interactions, student-student interactions, and the belief system in the classroom - classroom climate the process of managing student behavior in the classroom - classroom control the classroom climate as well as the teacher's ability to manage behavior and the tasks of the class - classroom management the part of the lesson in which the teacher summarizes the learning - closure teaching that includes modeling, observation of student behaviors and immediate feedback - coaching the mental operations of thinking - cognition thought and reasoning usually divided into two categories- knowledge or factual, and processes - cognitive development objectives that measure knowledge and/or processes demonstrated by the student - cognitive objectives the collective feelings or emotions of a group - cohesiveness a test to measure the ability of students to meet a given set of objectives, usually state or national objectives - competency test a graphic representation of relationships between and among a given set of criteria - concept map a learner-centered approach based on the idea that students construct knowledge for themselves based on what they already know and by interaction with new information - constructivism questioning in which the number of possible answers is very limited, usually to one possible answer - convergent questioning a teaching strategy in which students work together in groups toward a common goal - cooperative learning required curriculum for all students - core thinking that leads to new ideas or ways of looking at things - creative thinking a standardized test designed to measure a student's level of mastery of a given set of standards, goals, or objectives - criterion-referenced test occurs when all elements of society are valued and the language and traditions of the groups are maintained - cultural pluralism learning that moves from general concepts to specific concepts - deductive learning reasoning that moves from general ideas to a specific conclusion - deductive reasoning Maslow used this term to describe the basic needs of survival, safety, belonging, and self- esteem - deficiency needs a test designed to identify areas of strength and weakness in a student - diagnostic test the control of student behavior in the classroom - discipline a teaching technique that follows the following processes: 1. identify the problem 2. develop a hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. arrive at a conclusion - discovery learning practice that is repeated over time, usually at pre-set intervals - distributed practice thinking that leads to a conclusion or product that is unique to the individual - divergent thinking a disorder in which the individual has difficulty learning to read, write, and spell - dyslexia the ability to understand the feelings and actions of other - empathy questions that require judgment to be made - empirical questions The amount of time students are actively engaged in learning activities is known as _______ - engaged time the intentional design and delivery of information by the teacher to the students. Processes: 1. teacher models/demonstrates skills 2. substantial time for practice and opportunity to apply the skills 3. opportunity for feedback - explicit instruction motivation that is triggered by rewards outside the individual - extrinsic motivation Free Appropriate Public Education that is guaranteed by federal law to special education students - FAPE assessment that takes place throughout the lesson - formative assessment the gathering of data, during the time the program is being developed, to guide the development process - formative evaluation structural organizers that visually help students to organize and see relationships in the learning - graphic organizers a method of grouping in which students of varying abilities, interests, achievement levels, and backgrounds are grouped together - heterogeneous grouping a method of grouping in which students with the same abilities, interests, achievement levels, and backgrounds are grouped together - homogeneous grouping an act that provides special education and services for children with disabilities - IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act the phase of instruction that occurs after skills and strategies have been explicitly taught and practiced under teacher direction or supervision. Involves the application of newly taught skills in familiar formats or tasks and reinforces skill acquisition - independent practice a teaching strategy in which the student learns through discovery - indirect teaching making a general conclusion based on several examples - inductive reasoning asking questions to obtain information - inquiry the learning, idea, or processes becomes a part of the learner so that it is second nature - internalization When speaking with parents, what should you be prepared with in regards to improving student progress? - possible interventions Uninformed parents are not able to ______________ their kids. - help What are some key things to remember when speaking with parents? - 1. communicate as a professional 2. maintain a professional appearance 3. avoid educational lingo 4. consider your non-verbal language What should dictate your conversation with parents when their students are struggling? - the data at hand parents will always want to know what? - how they compare to the rest of the class In what manner should you conduct parent conferences? - construct behavioral commentary in an uplifting manner and have a plan to correct poor progress What is PBIS? - Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports what is assessment? - 1. information-gathering 2. documenting knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs 3. determining whether or not objectives have been met 4. a measure of how well the student is learning and how well the teacher is teaching 5. student, teacher, parent, and institutional accountability 6. a method to analyze and improve teaching and learning 7. a means to motivate students What are the 6 purposes of assessment? - 1. identify strengths and weaknesses of individual students 2. inform parents of their child's progress 3. show students their progress toward mastery 4. to promote a cyclical concept of continual learning (assessment>instruction>assessment...) 5. to evaluate the effectiveness of the instructional implementation 6. to present personalized student data What are some examples of summative tests/assessments? - SAT, AP tests, high-stakes exams Summative tests must be formulated in response to what content? - curricular objectives when should a teacher create summative assessments in the instructional process? - before teaching the unit What are some examples of formative assessments? - practice tests, classwork, self- reflection activities, anecdotal records What is an attribute of effective student feedback? - it connects individual students with the exact area that needs improvement and also with proficient areas what are some examples of ipsative assessments? - musical competitions, athletic events What is an Ipsative Assessment? - An assessment that involves the comparison of scores over time. must be done with the same concepts, material, skills, or processes what is a diagnostic test? - a test which looks back on prior student learning and provides data that connects to new learning provides baseline data that is utilized before teaching the curriculum What are some examples of performance assessments? - speeches, debates, hands-on problem solving, original compositions, essays, illustrations what is a performance assessment? - an exhibition of skills (not a pen and paper test) What are some examples of criterion-referenced assessments? - statewide exams, driving test, citizenship test; any exam where you are considered proficient or not what are some examples of norm-referenced assessments? - IQ test, president's fitness test, cohort-referenced assessments What is a criterion-referenced assessment? - A student is measured based on his / her own mastery of a skill rather than comparing the student to others what is a norm-referenced assessment? - An assessment that compares a child's skills to other students who took the test what is the definition of a valid assessment? - a valid assessment is one that measures what it is intended to measure What is reliability in regards to assessment? - the ability of the assessment to replicate the same results what is the definition of bias in relation to assessments? - bias is some characteristics that is present that unfairly affects a student's score what are the three types of bias that can be present in assessments? - 1. fairness 2. prejudice 3. stereotyping What are some ways to improve fairness in assessments? - 1. do not include any non- essential vocabulary 2. do not present unlikely situations 3. test items should be equally familiar 4. test items should not be too lengthy what is an objective question? - there is only ONE correct answer what is a subjective question? - there is more than one correct answer What two things does a multiple choice question contain? - 1. a stem (a question) 2. distractors (several answer choices) what are the most difficult types of questions on assessments? - essay questions because they are subjective and students need to study more in order to be successful what is a reluctant learner? - one who is unmotivated or unengaged what type of assessment can be used to display student growth over time? - portfolio What type of feedback will help students improve their learning and prepare for mastery? - feedback that is specific and descriptive What is a raw score? - Actual score before manipulation. what is the range of a data set? - The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the set. what can you determine about a class's performance if the range is high? what if it is low? - if it is high, then achievement is highly varied if it is low, then the class performed at about the same level What does it mean if a student scores in the 25th percentile at a score of 39? - This means 25% of scores were at or below a score of 39 Describe the first quartile of a data set. - 25% of scores are below this point; 75% are above this point the bottom 1/4 of the data set left-hand side of a curve 2. Subtract the mean from each individual score and square the result 3. Add all the squared results together 4. divide this sum by the population size (or minus 1) When calculating standard deviation, after step 4, you would take the square root of the result. What does a negatively skewed graph tell us about the mean and median? - The median is greater than the mean. What does a positively skewed graph tell us about the mean and median? - The median is less than the mean. What does a normal curve tell us about the mean and median? - the median is equal to the mean Behavioral objectives must consist of two main components. What are these components? - 1. they must be measurable 2. they contain an action verb What is the best way to close a lesson? - assess the effectiveness of the lesson through group work so the teacher can monitor and adjust before students work individually Have the students identify the important topics and conclusions in group discussions What does a teacher need to do in order to help students develop a concrete understanding of a rule relationship? - show them HOW and WHY the rule works When is the appropriate time to use a Venn diagram? - when comparing/contrasting TWO items When is the appropriate time to utilize a web cluster graphic organizer? - when you want students to identify the details of one specific topic When is a cause and effect chart most useful? - when showing the relationship between EVENTS When should you use a flow chart? - to show a process with multiple steps/options What is the appropriate use for an outline? - to organize a LINEAR discussion or argument What are t-charts useful for? - examining TWO sides of the same topic (ex. Pro and Con) What drives the lesson, the activity or the objective? - the objective Students need to be taught what about graphic organizers before they can be used? - how to use them What is the best routine to foster learning in a middle-school aged class? - 1. provide a warm-up activity 2. review yesterday's homework 3. introduce new material 4. provide guided practice of the new material 5. assign new homework What should a teacher do in order to make homework a useful teaching tool? - review the work done in order to correct mistakes/misconceptions before introducing new content Students should be provided time to do what before they work independently on homework? - they need time to practice what they have learned and be provided feedback What is the best way to aid retention of learning? - get the students actively involved in thier learning If more than half of your students performs poorly on a quiz, what should you do? - 1. tell the students that the quiz will not count 2. re-teach the objectives 3. give the students a DIFFERENT quiz Should homework be a source of learning new material? - no. Homework should be a review of the concepts covered in class. Homework should not take hours to complete and the content should match the amount of time it requires to complete When are flashcards useful? - when learning new vocabulary words What is the best way to assess prior knowledge when beginning a lesson? - 1. doing so in a way that you can correct any misinformation 2. doing so in a way that is open-ended and attention-grabbing When working in small groups, what should the teacher do in order to make these groups effective? - 1. hold individual students accountable by giving each a role 2. group by ability, not by social connection Should a teacher share the lesson objectives with their students? - yes. 1. helps the students to be on the same page as the teacher 2. helps the students to strive for the same learning goals 3. helps students to focus on the goal for the day How should complex information be taught? - in small steps with practice in between each step When starting a new unit, what types of questions should a teacher ask? - ones that have verifiable answers in order for students to build a store of information to pull from at a later time In the beginning of a teaching unit, what "W" questions should a teacher use? - what and where- they have verifiable answers Towards the end of a teaching unit, what "W" questions can a teacher begin to use? - How and why- those that involve more complex thinking What is an effective cognitive strategy for teaching students how to correctly spell words? (non-specific) - one that uses a specific routine that gets results What is the purpose of a self-checking worksheet for students? - it provides immediate feedback for the students on whether or not their answers are correct Disruptive students benefit from what kind of expectations? - those that are clear and consistently enforced Encouragement and sympathy do not correct bad behavior _________________. - Effectively If a student is unsure about their answer to a question, how should the teacher prompt them to show whether or not they are competent in the topic? - ask the student to explain WHY their answer is correct. Be sure to give them time to think and explain. A student who turns in homework with blatant errors is either asking for help or acting out. In either instance, what should be the course of action? - notify the parents and encourage them to ensure homework is done at home What are the key elements in classroom management? - procedures When you want students to understand what is expected from their independent work, how should a teacher go about explaining/showing this? - 1. perform the task together as a class 2. display student work What kind of praise can be considered ingenuine? - constant praise What should be the process for dealing with a student whose parents are obviously helping them with their homework? - discuss with the parent various strategies they can use to help their student benefit from the assignments if you continue to comment on habitually disruptive student behavior, you are actually doing what? - reinforcing the bad behavior student parents and admin should be involved to help the student realize their actions are deterimental when you are needing to reinforce class rules, how should a teacher do this? - 1. show them how disruptive their behavior is (act it out if needed) 2. have a discussion about why the rule is important how should a teacher handle an instance where you suspect cheating is occurring? - 1. make a broad statement about your expectations for test-taking, homework, etc. 2. don't call out specific students what is an appropriate way to incentivize good behavior? - 1. award individual points toward a group goal if behavior problems involve individual students, who should benefit from rewards? - the rest of the class When a student is misbehaving, is asking them to explain WHY they are misbehaving an appropriate response to managing the situation? - no; the student has already ignored the teacher's expectations When a student is not paying attention to the lesson, but not disrupting other students, what is the correct course of action? - proximity; this indicates you have noticed the behavior how can a teacher tell when classroom rules are working? - when students recognize their violations and correct their behavior on their own what is the key to good classroom discipline in regards to attention and consequences? - immediate attention, not immediate consequences a teacher should avoid reprimands that.... - 1. ask questions of the student 2. are too vague 3. impy different standards of behavior for girls and boys What is a token economy? - type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens (stickers, tickets, privileges) What is negative reinforcement? - attaching an undesirable consequence to an undesirable behavior what is partial reinforcement? - only sometimes reinforcing a behavior What is operant conditioning? - a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher B.F. Skinner What is classical conditioning? - a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Pavlov How should a teacher grade cooperative group assignments? - 1. assign each student a role/contribution and grade accordingly 2. do not grade the group as a whole as some may have put in more work than others 3. do not have students rate each other 4. provide a detailed written evaluation accompanied by a grade In order to know whether the learning objectives of the unit have been met, the objectives must be _________________________. - measured/measurable Students learn best when... - they are actively involved the teacher should not be more involved than the students the combination of speed and accuracy - fluency the process of building a general model from specific content - induction/inductive thinking the process of determining specifics from a general model - deduction/deductive thinking how much practice will help students to acquire a skill? - frequent initial practice the process of extending what has been learned; applying what has been learned to identical/similar cases or uses - generalization the process of figuring out a concrete solution to any problem (usually the most effective answer) ONE answer - convergent thinking the process of thinking that explores multiple possible solutions in order to generate creative ideas MULTIPLE answers - divergent thinking a teaching model that encourages students to see old ideas in new ways - synectics asking students a series of questions designed to guide them toward understanding of a concept - socratic approach _____________ learning always influences new learning. - prior what are the 4 stages of learning? - 1) acquisition- demonstrate to introduce new skills 2) fluency- provide opportunities to practice 3) generalization- provide opportunities to review 4) Adaptation- practice skills in a new setting When is an appropriate time to introduce the organizational structure of content? - only after students have been given specific information about the topic this helps students to make sense of the organizational structure organizational structure helps students to... - connect and remember what is a rule relationship? - principles, laws, correlations what are the four major steps to planning a lesson? - 1. determine the goals 2. write measurable objectives 3. task analysis is completed to guide the lesson plan 4. determine necessary prerequisite knowledge what is the best way to promote student comprehension? - 1. divide major objectives into small learning units 2. write objectives and assessments of each unit why do students benefit from rule relationships? - rule relationships organize and categorize individual units of knowledge the purpose of training students is to... - prepare students to apply what they have learned what are not ideal in gauging student mastery of a process? - a written test most people do not transfer what they have learned unless... - they are required or encouraged to do so telling students what they will be covering in class helps to focus what? - student attention how can a teacher create connections between prior concepts and new learning? - by starting with what they already know and showing how they connect effective, meaningful direct teaching is what kind of instruction? - explicit instruction