Neuroanatomy and Neurological Disorders: A Study Guide, Exams of Nursing

Download Neuroanatomy and Neurological Disorders: A Study Guide and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ABRET Board Exam Questions With Complete Solutions The basic unit for measuring current flow is atomic weight Coulomb Volt Ampere - ✓✓✓D. Ampere The basic unit of resistance Ohm Coulomb Ampere Volt - ✓✓✓A. Ohm Which of the following is not a valid expression of Ohm's law? R=EI or (R=VI) E=IR or (V=IR) I= E/R or (I=V/R) R= E/I or (R= V/I) - ✓✓✓A. R=EI or (R=VI) Which of the following is not a unit for measuring alternating frequencies Cycles per second Volts Hertz Kilocycles - ✓✓✓B. Volts Which of the following describes the action of a capacitor? opposes changes in current flow Converts alternating current to direct current Creates a direct current resistance Stores energy - ✓✓✓D. Stores energy A circuit that allows some frequencies to pass through it, while others are blocked is a... Resistor Transistor Filter Reactor - ✓✓✓C. Filter A combination of electronic components designed to increase the power, voltage, or current of a signal Amplifier Line filter Master gain control 1 Sensitivity - ✓✓✓A. Amplifier A small fluctuating output recorded by the EEG instrument even when there is no input signal is called... output voltage Linear Distortion 60Hz interferance Noise - ✓✓✓D. Noise The EEG amplifier is designed so that when input 1 is more negative than input 2 the deflection will be... downward upward absent sinusoidal - ✓✓✓B. Upward Common mode rejection is... The ability of an amplifier to cancel out ECG artifact The characteristics of an amplifier that rejects external interference is dependent on the sampling rate Controlled by the 60- cycle notch filter - ✓✓✓B. The characteristics of an amplifier that rejects external interference Which of the following is most attenuated by a low frequency filter of 1 Hz 0.5 Hz 5.0 Hz 10.0 Hz 0.1 Hz - ✓✓✓D. 0.1 Hz Time constant is defined as the time required... for the deflection to fall (decay) to 47% of the peak deflection for the deflection to fall (decay) 57% of the peak deflection for the deflection to fall (decay) 67% of the peak deflection for the deflection to fall (decay) to 67% of the peak deflection - ✓✓✓D. for the deflection to fall (decay) to 67% of the peak deflection An EEG record has 3/sec spike & wave discharges. Both the spike and the slow wave have voltages of 100uV. If this discharge is recorded with a LFF of 5Hz and a sensitivity of 10uV/mm, what would be the deflection of the spike and the wave? spike 10mm & wave 6mm spike 6mm & wave 10mm spike 10mm & wave 10mm spike 6mm & wave 6mm - ✓✓✓a. spike 10mm & wave 6mm A high frequency setting of 35 Hz would attenuate 50 Hz muscle activity by approximately what percentage 2 type of tumor - ✓✓✓A. representation of the motor and sensory cortex of the brain The diencephalon is composed of hypothalamus and thalamus basal ganglia and pons thalamus and medulla midbrain and pons - ✓✓✓A. hypothalamus and thalamus The midbrain, pons, and medulla comprise the red nucleus reticular activating system brainstem limbic system - ✓✓✓C. brainstem The trigeminal nerve Permits eye movement aids in swallowing is the major sensory nerve of the face permits tongue movement - ✓✓✓C. is the major sensory nerve of the face The foramen of Munro is the Opening between the lateral ventricle and third ventricle of the brain Opening at the base of the skull Opening between the ventricles of the heart Opening between the third ventricle and fourth ventricle of the brain - ✓✓✓A. Opening between the lateral ventricle and third ventricle of the brain Which of the following conditions is characterized by rigidity, tremors, and festination? Huntington's Chorea Alzheimers Disease Friedreich's Ataxia Parkinson's Disease - ✓✓✓D. Parkinson's Disease A patient complaining of right hemiplegia will have Difficulty moving all extremities Non purposeful movements of the right side of the body No vision in the right eye Difficulty moving the right side of their body - ✓✓✓D. Difficulty moving the right side of their body A patient with sensory aphasia will have difficulty Comprehending the meaning of words or phrases Forming words normally Reading and writing Smelling and tasting - ✓✓✓A. Comprehending the meaning of words or phrases 5 Wada testing is done to determine: balance hearing vision speech dominance - ✓✓✓d. speech dominance Fasciculation refers to: abnormal sensation quick repetitive speech involuntary twitching of muscles fibers lacking fine motor skills - ✓✓✓c. involuntary twitching of muscles fibers 6-7 Hz theta activity is typically seen in a normal adult in which of the following? In the occipital regions In the centro-temporal regions during photic stimulation At the onset of drowsy In low voltage, paroxysmal bursts over the frontal regions - ✓✓✓C. At the onset of drowsy Symmetry of sleep spindles, when present, is important in the evaluation of: the physiological maturation of an infant seizures which occur during sleep REM sleep Spindle coma - ✓✓✓a. the physiological maturation of an infant Which of the following is not a characteristic of a full term infant? Trace Alternant Isolated frontal sharp transients Persistent focal alpha frequency activity beta-delta complexes in quiet sleep - ✓✓✓C. Persistent focal alpha frequency activity Interictal discharges in patients with complex partial seizures are most likely to be recorded in the EEG: during the waking record during photic stimulation during stage-1 sleep during REM sleep - ✓✓✓c. during stage-1 sleep The use of nasopharyngeal or T1/T2 electrodes are most helpful in recording Complex partial seizures Absence seizures Partial motor seizures Tonic-Clonic seizures - ✓✓✓A. Complex partial seizures The EEG of an aphasic patient who's CT scan reveals a subderal hematoma is most likely to show 6 Right temporal spike and wave focus Attenuation of background in the left hemisphere Left hemispheric PLEDs Generalized polyspikes - ✓✓✓B. Attenuation of background in the left hemisphere A diagnosis of an astrocytoma in the left frontal lobe is most likely to produce which of the following EEG findings: generalized polymorphic delta activity focal delta activity in the right hemisphere left frontal focal spike activity left frontal burst suppression - ✓✓✓c. left frontal focal spike activity This type of EEG activity most often appears in association with rapidly growing tumors such as glioblastoma multiform and cerebral metastatic lesions polymorphic delta activity Beta asymmetry Spike and wave Epileptiform discharges - ✓✓✓A. polymorphic delta activity Which of the following EEG patterns carries a poor prognosis and is often the result of a respiratory or cardiac arrest nonreactive continuous alpha hypsarrhythmia FIRDA Continuous Spindles - ✓✓✓A. nonreactive continuous alpha Which of the following is related to an alpha coma pattern? Reactivity to external stimuli Usually indicates a food prognosis Is only present when the patient is alert and oriented An atypical distribution of alpha - ✓✓✓D. An atypical distribution of alpha The triad of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations are seen in Apoplexy Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Temporal lobe epilepsy - ✓✓✓C. Narcolepsy Benzodiazepines at thearaputic levels can cause Marked diffuse slowing Frontal central beta Epileptiform activity Focal frontal slowing - ✓✓✓B. Frontal central beta The drug Dilantin will have little effect on the EEG at therapeutic levels however when approaching toxic levels the drug can cause what EEG change? 7 7.5 uV 17.5 uV 25 uV - ✓✓✓D. 25 uV A longer time constant results in _____: more slow frequencies recorded more slow frequencies attenuated the time base, epoch, analysis time, equivalent paper speed is extended the amplifier Lismore responsive to fast frequencies - ✓✓✓a. more slow frequencies recorded A short time constant results in: increase in fast frequencies decrease in fast frequencies increase in slow activity decrease in slow activity - ✓✓✓d. decrease in slow activity Rapid, involuntary, jerky arrhythmic movements of muscle groups, that can be generalized, symmetric, asymmetric or unilateral describes what disorder? Myelopathy Guillain-Barre Syndrome Chorea Leukoencephalopathy - ✓✓✓C. Chorea An autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism also called hepatolenticular degeneration, with symptoms of behavioral changes, ataxia, dysarthria and abnormal movements as well as hepatic dysfunction West Syndrome Wilsons Disease Addisons Disease Vasculitis - ✓✓✓B. Wilsons Disease A biphasic horizontal, vertical, diagonal or rotational ocular oscillation in which at least one phase is slow homonymous hemianopsia Nystagmus Opthalmoplegia Ocular Myopathy - ✓✓✓B. Nystagmus Spinocerebellar degeneration Fredricks Ataxia Pagets Disease Wilsons Disease West Syndrome - ✓✓✓A. Fredricks Ataxia Syringomyelia 10 weakness associated with receiving an injection Sacral radiculopathy Abnormal cavity or cyst in the spinal cord Horner's Syndrome - ✓✓✓C. Abnormal cavity or cyst in the spinal cord Sign of intercranial pressure Increased mean arterial pressure Homonymous hemianopsia Papilledema West Syndrome - ✓✓✓C. Papilledema Lambda can be elicited by: contralateral fist clenching Scanning a complex image Stage 1 sleep Clapping - ✓✓✓B. Scanning a complex image The onset of stage 2 sleep is indicated by the appearance of sleep spindles POSTS V-waves high amplitude delta - ✓✓✓A. sleep spindles Which of the following filters would most effectively reduce bitemporal 40 Hz muscle artifact? HFF= 35 Hz HFF= 70 Hz HFF= 50 Hz LFF= 5 Hz - ✓✓✓A. HFF= 35 Hz Which of the following filters would most effectively filter out slow waves resulting from sweat artifact? HFF= 70 Hz HFF= 15 Hz LFF= 1 Hz LFF= 5 Hz - ✓✓✓D. LFF= 5 Hz In a chain linked bipolar montage, what is the most valuable localizing feature? Highest voltage discharge Phase reversal Blocking of the pens Suppression - ✓✓✓B. Phase reversal What is the most likely EEG finding during a psychogenic nenepileptic seizure? Normal sleep activity Focal slowing 11 Epileptiform discharges Normal awake rhythms - ✓✓✓D. Normal awake rhythms Hypocapnia causes Blood vessels to dilate Too much oxygen to be carried to the brain Blood pressure to rise Blood vessels to constrict - ✓✓✓D. Blood vessels to constrict After application of electrodes, the impedance of every lectrode should be measured. Impedances: should be between 3000 and 5000k ohms, and equal of subdermal electrodes will be lower due to limited surface area are measured by using 10-30 Hz direct current above 5000 ohms should be reduced by adding electrolyte or replacing the electrode - ✓✓✓D. above 5000 ohms should be reduced by adding electrolyte or replacing the electrode A surface negative wicket type rhythm found in the central regions is known as Lambda rhythm Mu rhythm Alpha rhythm Beta rhythm - ✓✓✓B. Mu rhythm When sleep spindles are preceded by sharp slow waves that can be elicited by sound they are called: POSTS K-complexes Vertex waves REM sleep patterns - ✓✓✓B. K-complexes Hyperventilation would be considered abnormal in the following conditions when the build up is frontally predominant returns to baseline within 30 to 60 seconds consists of focal delta is of high amplitude up to 150 - ✓✓✓C. consists of focal delta Mu rhythm is highest amplitude in the _______ electrodes. frontal central parietal occipital - ✓✓✓B. central Slow waves of youth attenuate with eye opening 12 HV Buildup Hypnogic Hypersynchrony Trace Alternant Quiet Sleep - ✓✓✓B. Hypnogic Hypersynchrony Characterized by slow rolling eye movements attenuation of alpha and increased theta in the posterior head regions Normal awake eeg Stage 1 sleep Stage 2 sleep Abnormal generalized theta - ✓✓✓B. Stage 1 sleep Balanced impedances allow you to Eliminate artifact rejection Optimize horizontal resolution Minimize common mode rejection Maximize common mode rejection - ✓✓✓D. Maximize common mode rejection A single attenuated channel of EEG may be the result of Inter electrode spacing 60 cycle interference Low input impedance Inter electrode spacing is too close - ✓✓✓D. Inter electrode spacing is too close EEG is most useful in Acoustic Neuroma Migraine Encephalopathy Cardiac Arrhythmia - ✓✓✓C. Encephalopathy Which of the following measures the opposition to current flow when a known voltage is applied? A/D converter Differential Amplifier Fast Fourier Impedance Meter - ✓✓✓D. Impedance Meter Balanced electrode impedances are important to Lessen 60 Hz interference increase patient safety ABRET guidelines Make filters more effective - ✓✓✓A. Lessen 60 Hz interference An inflammation of the brain usually caused by direct infection - ✓✓✓Encephalitis 15 Sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to inadequate blood flow - ✓✓✓Stroke Which of the following is not related to measuring electrode resistance Opposition to direct current flow Measurement while the electrode is unattached to the scalp measurement with an ohmmeter Opposition to alternating current flow - ✓✓✓D. Opposition to alternating current flow Which infection is most likely to to produce headaches, fever, coma, and death Meningitis Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Creutzfeldt- Jacob disease - ✓✓✓A. Meningitis The term "xanthochromic" is usually used in reference to Cerebral spinal fluid Dysmorphic features Ventricular size Nerve conduction time - ✓✓✓A. Cerebral spinal fluid Which of the following would not be considered a normal EEG pattern for a full term infant? Trace Alternant Isolated frontal sharp waves Persistent focal alpha frequency activity Beta-Delta complexes in quiet sleep - ✓✓✓C. Persistent focal alpha frequency activity while recording in the ICU there is high voltage delta in the frontal leads what is the appropriate change? Change in LF to 5 Hz Change in HF to 35 Hz Increase sensitivity to 5 uV/mm Decrease sensitivity to 10uV/mm - ✓✓✓D. Decrease sensitivity to 10uV/mm Gestational age plus chronological age - ✓✓✓Conceptional age Periods of higher voltage activity followed by lower voltage activity - ✓✓✓Continuity Electrocerebral silence is defined as no activity over 2 uV 20 uV 2 mm 20mm - ✓✓✓A. 2 uV 16 Appear 35-36 weeks CA and describe as sharp waves localized to the frontal regions, can be unilateral or bilateral - ✓✓✓Frontal sharp transients 0.8-1.5 Hz activity superimposed with 8-10 Hz activity - ✓✓✓Delta brushes Number of weeks since birth - ✓✓✓Chronological age Abnormal tremor consisting of involuntary jerking movements, especially the hands, frequently occurring with hepatic encephalopathy or other metabolic problems - ✓✓✓Asterixis Is a pictorial representation of the anatomical divisions of the primary motor cortex and the primary soma sensory cortex - ✓✓✓Homunculus If the legend shows the 200 uV is 20 mm what is your recording sensitivity? 20 uV/mm 1 uV/mm 100 uV/mm 10 uV/mm - ✓✓✓D. 10 uV/mm The homunclulus is a Representation of the motor and sensory cortex of the brain Gyrus found in the temporal lobe Lateral loss of vision in one eye Type of tumor - ✓✓✓A. Representation of the motor and sensory cortex of the brain Newborn period up to the age of 4 weeks - ✓✓✓Neonatal period Between birth and 44-46 week conceptional age - ✓✓✓Neonate 17