ac machines ,single phase transformer, three phase transformer, generater, moter, Lecture notes of Electronics

Download ac machines ,single phase transformer, three phase transformer, generater, moter and more Lecture notes Electronics in PDF only on Docsity! gimgle phase Trans former Transformer + Ptis @ Slatic device which transpey the elect+ical powes from one ckk to another ckl without changing frequency but by changtrg Voltage & current levels. Primary winding Secondary winding . “Ac mput De input UP Tp . Fa Flue Linkage S Flue passing tnwugh the cot! Pe, Fue Passing inside of the coil — Supply As qiven to pemary and load 4s qiven +o Secondary “Both pumary & Secondary windings Ose kept In too sides of trans formes Coxe - me TWranstomney core 9S made fe good Maanethc roatevial (silicon steel) — ‘ hen supply. ts VEO, TE maintain the current Ond that CONE tE magnetize Ane trans former: Cove, Produces the. fla  > The {ho passes trough the Primary & Second,, patria © = According +o Foradays laus, whenever plux linkag eS changes an emt wilt be Induced fn cy Se Gateert in PC, flux is alternatively chonges . ~ Hun linkages changes van emb will be induced bole in prmavy & Secondary windings G&G er respectively . —> €i —Selb induced emt because ft ts due to Self flux linkage — 2 - mutuall induced ems ? plane produced by. penne coll —> When Load & commedted draw the cusrent | power; iNey tv v Hy Scondar HV . LY Primmare t : S¢conda eas ( Winding primary “4 Ske trond Step d ap cwn transferm r “ferme Maia ot fr er ioe curccent local transformer line ] 35] [ te Tle | load hous mky : Prime Wev[220y ; HOEKVaky "EV beagy ete GAepu , Mover ? P Step down transformer Tons fowret —> CREO Means the Mag: mates at heated yous locke & by vwlling thé Yecins will be oriented the edgrecton of meg: flux So that Yt wilt have high pesmeckilf ty : —> CRGO | flur density 1 G-1. 8TeSla] bl nt Sitcom (1-47) —> By adding silicon eddy custent looses Vses, Pesmeability tes | Resish vity Of Aq mat Tses —+> The silicon content will be 3-67: —? Move Content of silicon , mag material becomes brittle, —? Mainly eddy cusrvent losses will be seduced by laminating the Cove. Laminations — Due 4o laminations ate oh ctosshection Wses. ~7 The PIobSW must be insulated coith the Cove the insulating material used 1S pa Insulation, ec a ENO PS TRUE ED Tirterleave d Loinding : , e fi d ui di fo large trans jomocts Sorter leave n m4 J N {is uSed.le., p-to is Eept on both \eqs simillary So also —> Adventag of T.L.w 1s Leakage flux 15 teduced leakage flux of ppmeary links 1m lux So that beca use the P- ne So that it becomes seul \ mote induced enok Based on the contruction theve ave 2types of trans formers. 1) cove +ype D shell type slvinding surryounds the Cote Survounds the cove wot nding : Primary winding fs kept Both primary & on one limb [leq, Bett Secondary ave kept on on anolhes limb Central Vim b. _s Move leakage Flu bess leakage plu Mechanical protec on sNo mechanical protection for winding tox winding used for high vollagqes suitable For low voltages 3 Suitable Fos kbto currents suitable for high cunent: otranshey less ammount AAansYet mors, PO Per OF power hah tating, > Highvoltage , lou TANG Low voltage, 0S ¢ ‘Glemse ntavy theory of transhormer : Ideal TIE , Noload condition Ww with a. NO: Of The Jotal induced ernf in P dusns = 4 44 Lim €, = 444 dro XN mX Aw x N; 20 E, = 4.44 B uced ems 9 secon dae] with Similarity 4nd Nz tus: Eo = UU Pink N2 Er,= 44 bX Or KAKAXND 9 From ean O& cqn®@ E. _ € = 2 = &.4y Owl 4he above it can be, concluded thot the +r0m fo Poimargé& Induced emf Per turn 1 Same Secon dar 4" Transtormes soto st , Ey = 4.44 fm tN 7 C= 4.44 gd FN, >O eqn® eqn GL Ne a a. = gk called tyanslormex ~sakio: I) kot ( 1 Step up tramspormien > 1, No >A a ked for Step down Fransjormey CG, <6), en y —» Ih Volwage dsop ts neglected Cyevy & Cy eV Ge 2M, Ne =a vy Nj Trpat Volt - Amp = output vA P= Vicosd WI, = Ts Wo _ 7 wi” a, = Said transbormex as 400 turns prirnasy and \ooo Auens secondary pthe net onea. of cross Sechon of Wie. we. “itn GGGHs . an “Whe poi none wdq tS connected +o Svnt supply at S20V - Calculate : 1) the peak Value of flux density i) The Vol\taqe wnduced wn secondary vodg ; Given , Nie = oo Ns = \oo00 Vi = S20 £ = Spout A= Goum = Goxiolm wD No _ th vA Ni Vi = 1000 Yoo ¥620 =1300V = Ex i) Vi = Ey Cre dAyop . vet given) Ch = 4.qy Om PN ti = Wyy bm xa x fy 5Sio = Guy xX Bn, x GOKLOTXSOX yoo Bw = 0-975 whlw (oY Telsa 2) A acskve trans}ormes has SDo tuyns on he Primasy & sp turns on the Secondary vodg , the Primary 4s connected +0 Z000V, ISHE supply Rod \he full load primary cursent, Secon daxy curtent Secondary emt & man Fux tothe - core Neglectdwops. —__ Givens Ny, =s0 so pe =so | | 4 qr | , Vi = t000V feisHt N,=SUD Ni= 60 & _ Nb | N, © =_W y.oro0 soo Ey FU (oad pr mer 4 ovtint ¢. Kkva =vut) = Ve Tx -» undevy no load condition the current d-ravon brom the primary 16 To 4p produce the hlux —> when lead is Connected on Secondasy the Load draws the cusvvent Ta. this T, will produces He, flux in opposite divection that of g, tan be Verified by appling thumb rule > Due to this net flux g- do will bse then Eves Theis by Prinnasy custent %ses equatent 40 Ty. the Curvent @s Called To —> this TL poit produces the pax cqual & tn Opp divecHon to that: of ds. so that @ethe | Mer plux temains ¢ which 7s constant » —> That's the weason transhormes gs called Constant {lun device - Phasor diagram for resign’ ve , Load  Transformer with winding tesistance % : Cid rR Ee fy —pamary winding WsiSiance Ry -— Secon dart winding ae 6istance — > for easy calculelion & analysis par pose the Weistance Can be wel|eve d 40 cithery panel Side” oT Se condary side based on equivalent! power loss |  Secon dowry Be \eted 3 R ws the equivalent ssesistante of +0 pm mor — > Wheths the wesistante MO be Secon doy fe will produces Whe Same COPP pe may CoD et losses 204 Ty Ry —> Culosses by R= TT Re . d +o > Roy is the equivalent 4dlal sesistance wep hese led al Prrmouy +> Roo = e+e! a) 1 nn fe Ri oa, S| AWA [> qd tf ¢— ‘ - =) oo, ED | ; bidpp Geeta. Ty Transtormes: with Resistance & Reactance +» ao Zy= Rit TA Ti PR x qj) Primary welg impedance : 2-3 Secondary aa impedance: Ey = W-Tit, —> Vio= C402, . = Wty \o= G- A ~-Th72 P= yy +3) %y f= Wot Ta (Rat}x) 2 eae xX 1! WY NA Tmt wes dP : pb Ro Kol e~—_ tol q—t a TP | Approximate Voltage drop , & =Nb +Tp Fo », fo = Vo4To (85 44x09) - ; Based on this vector diagram cain be drawn —? Resistance dsop te In phase With the cussent .. — Reactance dvop Ps tay +b cusrent:  NA ae wee OB ON Vai e i ent Fesiat 2 &. i i > similoailyt by Behlereng equivalent *Fesistance & ' qeaclance ov the. Secondary Side Ca= Vp 4 Ti. (Ror +) X 02) — From the viqht angle AADB BD= TRorcos¢ - —> trom dhe Ale CNG ®8N = xorsing: = Approximate Voltage dsop. ~ ADTDL = Ty Ror Cos + TnxoaSing.. —> for legPer Appx vo lag dyop = TRelosg + Ta rox Sing | + leg PR 4UPF —lead pr Po Voltage vequldtion “= GW 6H cl ad Xx loo a 1d BOP K 100! ag Law| |e Vo : 1k Wage requlation = 1 gostosd.t Datos Sing Xl00 . Ve :  NN dokva, @4o0ol QO VONS , sole Tans : realstance OF O1n eg % ItMMNeL. A high Volbage cain cdiy y - » he low vow leakage seachanca Of; O29 0 Vaqe ae ac. & lealca e indi og pesfetance VS Or OS>2 . \ q 7 vd he equivalent ioe Yeactance 18 C.01.0: Find in j Wind, ae trpedance elleted ty 4. | Vesistance , seactance , MPs dance NN d ty the » high voltage si de low vol tage side S) Caleulale the. copper losses W », Requlation of youl Toad eonditfon fot 18 tag Wg powes factor = ny q 2 * 3 O035, O.012 AA 7 [—— Wan 7 yy ao av p {3 teint Sokyn ale k = Vo _ 220 Vi 400 i R Equivalent ond vesistance , Reactance & ° Tmpedance Hy side < fee. , Xo, Roi,'Zor Ror = Rit Ro = Rt & = Oy 4 01035 Kk ©.os)* - Roy = \4.tn  To da q ent ckt er fhe above Tle» Ahe equival - equivalent curvent: OA equivalent secondary, emt shipted *o Ej = K — yin Oo = egy ™ 4 Vo = Vo \ = Vy = equivalent voltage of secondary Sefqered +o puma - = equivalent Secondary cunent ied > teh Ro > wit thee equalions dhe Secondauy posemitis cam be Tromalated +o pane, Os belovs Me ee il os Pp  Pr | fo pee | =e ler the p asollel calculation sir~P. belous . ited do Lept ade @& shown a MA M1 Ty pe RMI gt 1 : 7 Vy Ro 3X6 | —> for Las ther cimplificalior . TN e Wk 3 Rv ,\ ~ dos malin brane be shut Ru is also  phasor ; diagram oFf Trans fer mer ( Complete phasor diagram) 2; NK \\ a | | : | Oa = | _ a \ 4 i ) . a? Seco Y Side: Primary side: See 1a € = Vy -TiRy-j Tx) Ea = V2 tToRa 4) Ro Te Cra TQ apPixy=Vi Ea = Vo + Ta (Rot) Xd Ni = €) + TiC Ri 44%) [fa =\o4 Tote Vi=€,4+2)z, > €, lags the By becouse of impedance drop (vesistdante & Beackance dvop) (ov) Vi leads &| > Wy lags Ey because of impedance dsop CT: %2) CT (R544x29). CO & leads V2 > TiR, voit be An phase with Ty €& Tx, will be PetPendiculay +p 2, | 7 1) must be inphase with T) & Tyr must | be las ots T° — while d sawing the Practical phas or diagrom EQ ave taken as efewence: Ene pith hoad = - bs) GO 7 3) Lond Z 4 R100 = (z)k ST 2 a) 1as _ Laie A = txic0 = ase = as watts A Loew A oF Load aya Whe ——> the Cru lossc® depends eon we Varnes Culosses [cussent yane& Anese lore Culosses aie S 5505 MayieS « ate catled Yannable losseSe —-»> Culosses Tron losses + 1) Hysterists loases + (Wh) AC , the divection ‘of, Curent due to this Curent en trans former — since the cussent 1s changes {ou ever halt cycle- yeveroal He Losses talces place Code. ~ Hysterisis looses depends upon tk ‘ ype of MPO4- material i | oq — > Helosces Can be sepsesented voit Loop . COHtke) —> Hlosses ate < volume of H.loop —< / . > The mag. material wl) be Selected Less hay steris® Coefyiclent « Y= 1 BrSn FV L- H coef ficcemE Bman — Man: flux density, Pu Frequimey, ; V= Volume of wae nw —_ © NS Ot 2) kddy cunrent hoses + : ide = K Bandit, a) diaickine Ss of Larninaiion kas Cemsta nt “5 eddy cuamment losses Can be weduced ep larninatin core. 5 Tron loses TBS © onstant losses . ‘Efficiency of Transformer + 7 Pt Can be define dias yalke of output pouren by Wnpat power a = ele-ceers ver | : aa, rere vent | ip Powe | i er | \ = UP Power x 100 E lp power + coppevLasses COC) ere a: . N = @ oT 4 — at ( p UD — hoc L - wo oo b= elie = “po antl! 4 Tp powet i “nN = é . \ VF Cos —Ti Roy - Wi ye — «OXI0D Viiicosp  —> Tip fs he gies we Manwmwn epyeteney * 4 { Vncosh- Ter HW} | Vy cosh, Condition . - lose? = wtput 2 TLP N= oath ——T1p 65e9 1 d< or? loss 2 he efficiency pee es coppe % lp eecs ave oo : 4-01 Losses | Cie the Cons jan ties load ad cham ed current LT S As to ¥ Max 4 Variable looses ° then | changes «to oblaen oar il Sis 1 4 é eae Ww $ d i a bove eppere eg diff the @ equate & ‘oO. i 2 : t j dy _ d[wuacws¢ Feo , dt, AT vtyeos# Jn 2(ViT,cos¢ -T Ro -wi]wcosd — WNwod. dT," Cvicosd — a7 Rois =0 CN, T, Cos db) >, WT, cosy -TRo “Wy Vity6od +2T% Rol aio! 9 TY Roy -loyj =O TRo} =WY Culoeses = Ton losses. \layiable leéSses = Constant losses, 3 This Me condilien fee MOU pple Tan | Roy  Ante vest “IN IS Shoat cireutted, & act connected on HV Side. pers Tn are purpose of} this test Ts to measure Ror, ( —_ The & tor, 02. algo +o measure Xo, ' X03 ctyculate qs Supprcient +o ..4aon losses Car Rods i Cu Lossed: { > 8 varying the Vawiac apply a Voltage Lo | the vated current. Small % of vo (tage dave the vated cussent be neglected _ The watimeler measures the copper losses. 6o Tesi Results *%, Nec, Isc, Wse —> HN Side [mélers are placed 09 Hy side, LV Shovt civcurted « —> Vse = Isc Zo} Zo = Nse Tse > We. 7 Wee = Tsc:Roy -> Ro =- Wse Tse as Xol = a1 = L263, R3,  —> lohy p eT Prob’ - ) obtain the equivalent uny- oc te st a So test tv is Sc erycuit parameters of th Q Aov| 4oov, SDH Single phase TIF . eon Tne followin 9 data. OC Test: Yoov, 0.19 ;710W — on LN Side- SC Test. ISV, 10, g5W —* ON HNSI de. Octest! v 4d Q00] 400 VW =200V 4 V2= 400 k=\N2_ 400 ~ 9. ase Ni “200 Vo=800V 3 To= 048 + Wo=T0W - —3 "Wes VoTyWOSd5 los Cosg, = sO. = 10 =0.5 QOOXD,1 200% 7  108 4 Wisc =8Sb < Oo P i Ww < iw) a) n MW 5 secondaty oide: Vs¢ = IS og Ro = Wse = 3S 08S: Te. 100 Ror = Ro - 085 2 o.2In C + Xo = Jagr th = b23 Xop = Xor = AOS as blaocest. Pe 4 Xo\ = Lor == =. I: n 8 = = o319n 2 ) The Beading obtained from oc & sc test 0° oe 5 SSChrow, sotte transformer are: Oc test \o = V2OV , To= Y2A , Wo =8OW spy ine Sc4 est Vee = %65V, Tec = 29.28) Nsc= 12010 WWside EVA x PF tWisc FW ie ee oe By Sa a a “Ehficency. = KvaxPF_ ip ee 4 = \VT cosh. MMCOSPr ViT\ cos + Wser 1 = WOXICKOB x00 - lOXIG XA 4120880 = ALS67e Regulation = TRoi cos +X Kol sind uM ‘ (29.39(0.2 3) (36-80) + (22290389 (0.6) J 4so0 x ie Py Oh Ww) Sh ficency at hat 4ull load condition . Hate load, kva= txio = skvp Full lead Cu losses: (Wse) = 12010 * ot Cu losses at half load (We) = (LY aio : (soe 200 Tyonlesses Lt (Wo) = 80 Sb ciency = kVAXxPE KAVA K PF + Weck Wt 3 ee = 5xX\0~x OR a 97.32" : SXIOKO.B +30480  Sepawation of dron losses + Wr = Wn+We Wh = YYBmak $V) — Whe Ff Wh =F: We = K Bmax ft P ——> We & $* We & BE? where A,B are constants —>faom oc test, the voattmeter gives “ron losses ie, hystevists & eddy Current losses Combirsing —> they can be sepavated as Follouos : WwW) Wh=OF > We= BT? ¥ OF = Wh+eWe Jo 9 Wi= CArenf Gor : ______s,, =.= P+ BF eqn of a Stline Yemrxtc. fd Prob. Th aw transbowmmer the cose loss 1s found +0 be 52 watts at YWOH# and 4o watts at Gout Measured at Same Maximum Flux density. Compute +the hystevisis. & eddy custent losees ot SOHE (separate. both eddy cussent € hysterisis losses. at 5S0Ht Frequency. What Gone — 52u 350 Wi at GoHt — qous—— @ Wn & We at SOHE —s 7 At UOHT —a Ww WH +LOe Poege ss =x WABST S22 nay BOYS) wo 3 = A+ 4OR ——& BOHR WT na BT m | ao n4éoR GO HA+60R = 195 ——9 @ Selve can @ & @ 4p obtain: B.B P=c.9 *> B= 0.0) Wh= RE 5 We = BH Wh = (0.9)(Sd) we = © orn (svy’ = Usw = 25 why Taling Of trans formes In kv Lva, mval - Raling of tlt is decided by temparalurve Cie, ronal lint 1) —* Temeayclure as decided by \os5scsS , u 4 oth ult losses ane -koc ty pes yA kVA my 4 Yory losse 5S = depends on ont} Culotses <- cde ponds on Curment  Pole bhial fp jetenoe [Yeetac is at ov posi i ors] = \\e Verniae 1s adjusted such that taled cussent (lie finay Wea pughs (He geepndasy « ith hoof 45 * path fur dhe seconrlesy current Cre, suditeh, Wa, i re 7 Ananeler, Yarre, bo AS a 7 z os: im Xv . ~ Dae dy Waal coment ta Secondasy 2, prrenaey Cunaenhe coi oles HAM Corre 6 into pictcse ‘ , yah yer ye, yee sty cwssent [FES GH, F] = Wy\e yatnany cromreril Ty 1S not plosotsy irrsougl Wve Woy YY Meakes larry lpsues 49 a-the to, Menannes cCulesses V0 2-T|s- Torn losses ff seyelividusal thf = wor ef z CUlbenen tA Arplivicdereel tlt = We 7 Wa the knowl. deye y 19M, LOLDSSES the aD pf —. elficieney can be coleulated Uiajder peee lice) candihon Ahis test Ts kept \' 8 Vrs, ao, that lernp poise CAN be € \° “ye vl ‘ loo 8taailaw ge VN) deter fr qove the Following VeSalts | poem -Lesdec buy back 4p back test - = oy = Iskeo at [full Ipad condition] \ leu Vx, | he c \hy« fermen of andividual tle at full nad ioe / \c rava| fo 1) .%, leading PP f Niven, LO, = iwon loeses = &kuo QSOKNA Wd5 - Colesases - Wkus  fox each Tle: wor = 2sku9 W2 - a1sk ol Nat full load [o.# leading pr ac RT ES tna De y=, Olt = 250 x10 K OF > x10! Tl Tt a ee ne : ees: po — 0 Cfp + loss aQsUxIo’ «0.8 +35 47-5 VYW= 83.3%. At 3)yth load condition Y= sy x2STK OS x100 = 36-4%, Bly x 250408 +(2Y(57-8)47°S Auto trams fever = 44 ;™ + F | a Vy —~ “ 7 ~ | Ni ay 3 7 = 4 | ce ( Po eae JT UA) 1 Step-up — > Is a TIF with only one winding Apast of voda AB- Primasy wg Ch Secondary wodq The Secendasy wd is common jes both . Pemany & Second any ; — > The operation & prociple 46 Same that of. Or di nouy Cco-vod g- TE  vr vate Ty OEASINATY ly hott, yrnniesy & Serna | AE : 4 tnolaled elechacal, mnodnedicaily ecto eA, a ttwouss . 5 c a6 in oulo.bronspomner the wid abe hectasas Coymected & meagncrically Coupler TL 1G ores cine wd 46 e 1 Seg 2% lene woeiatss CO ued 4 / Cheapest & oral In ize -. Ny ne of parnany AWG HS 1 2 , My — no oh Keegy dot fore tio +. q Srescugh section AC = 3, ho = 55 vIn, widinasy 2 V\\Wwe Cun yer)\ hous yr) Saving of; Coppes cornpated ualndi vq vif x. wis 4 the conduthor ts cepenss The useiqhtk & Volurne © | a, Of (0B LODO onbew, OF CWC “Ae - y (ev) proposlional {ry \e nie f, 7 lends 16 #& OO o} burs : 7 Mreo Of C5 Gee Ven 4% Coren seta ob copper coryluchor 7 Plt ei ight m\ cu, Conductor fn tec he AZ (Ny NZDT, \ eight py CU Conducting in see CB & No 42-11) Folal wetght of; Coy et (my -tlyd, + Mol d5-Ty Vy doe Lada: esdinary rly Total aaeiqht of coppea *« Niti4 hots Weight Oo) Copper 49 Asile wt Ldetqiat of Copper Ty oad ian vt Cry No) Ay Ad Nolty~ 44) Nyy Nols  w ‘ selina it “ sii ia diester et ty ws b g é d} oe Ne E i : / my 2 — : y R a a ~ | , » ® : 2 (F Be é pe. = a y OF a ae Bi =F ¥ 4 p a q : ' Ww Xu ‘a v . s 8 7 3 § \ € » ? On: - ¢ oY + 6 £0 4 be 4 eo oe ¢ ¢ a e - 7 i | 3 oO } ? v Fi | - ¢ ¢ gos ’ re Oo = Y é ~ fy & a to o ; od & ee { ¥ 5 r E y BY Be 8 —_ o 5 ~ 2 Oe c - fy ¢ : é 7 7 Ba Y 3 LE : | « ) 3 ut ~ {il r a. FY er 3 “x tr : E gg f tee $7 PTS Hb 2 Q s a c | r = | 8  —> The 3-¢ transformer Cowes phystcally placed 120 apart and they ave excited with 3-9 fumients Phasially displaced 180 apart. uy oO tnat Avans formes is said to be balanced, —>Theve One twos rypes of trvansbormers 1) Cove type a-d ‘trans former ef) Shell type a-f) trans former . ——, | 4 7 >I : y qt hid od a ° y o | ae ’ g ie — =a } —> B-Usindouwws, 3-limbs —>7 Uinding Surrounds the cote i . —> More \eakane £ re \eakoge Hun —s. Mo mechanical pectection fa Mote copper 4s tequized 7 Used +or nigh Vorage lous Cuxtent , love rating : nell type oud tzansposmer 4 —> U vaindows | Slimbs > Coie Sutrounds the ending  bcc tsen protection fo% winding rt —> \ess copess ‘ts TEquive? d ' e, high current, large vet Based on <lectrical connechons of primacy 6 Secondary the ne of a-F Arans gor mers: « ‘ connection > used fo ous voltage ; 3) ya (Stax- Delta) connection A) A-Y¥ (Delta-Stay) connection en Delta (V-W connechon Hon CT-T) connection: - be 2 f\ 6) Scott connec Y-¥(Stan-ow connecHhien) % ae oo > Belf ) fornan BE { ¢ Condarcy usd gs ate Connected tn Stag. * the transformation watto jie Vpha, 2 : oe Vb Vb Vey A 7 R o K/L “2. ‘ a ay : rae E STOOL : ‘4 y ‘4 N —> This connection is used for lasge rating. lous Voltages. because the \Ine voltage = phase Voltage - Where AS In star connection. line Voltage = 3 phase Voltage. : ~~ Less in sulaton TAXING | Advantages: —)D There is wo reutral Shifting you unbalanced | toad. > The -brans mation watio ts same fox Fine Vo Rages & phase Voltages . Eta = Epby _ re Gu” “ey. * ELSE Pb | 9 The Delta Connection will ‘provide he path Yes the B5d haymonic magnetising comvent So, plus distyibution. & induced ert are : Siniisotdat. Lyd a ! hie aad me Kd t , se 3 Dis advantages os ie * bey EO y : fa aa, : fe ) Since the ts no neutral ov trans forme 3 - 3 au Bose oo ap olson Cannot be qrounded Sno electrical peotert rd ee SS %) star delta conncChon i Sass B&B rel L | {yk | | 2 \\ . | _ a ee ee BI b' 1 ' ' [.R 3 BSA eed = hoe F pHa v\ Tel ¢ Pa ' : an Ne oe a * ze ) i. 1 a °) I od i, \ | 2 ree aN ' KE { ‘t Citar o Yu i { ' e¢ i ri ir toes It sf . Wew Combsty) ——3 qoov (lead cente2y eid 9° ew neo, used fox — Voltages, fe), step dovop | MAS» Ak Generating Station Luray) kighet | Nottases es Stepped up 0 Arans mit act lagher Voltages. bak ot wecreving end the Vvortoge : | has to be Step doum_ .. at RECON ge eve i = as : | Aryans mission Lene skan delta Transhommes.tS- used again at load centers the voltage has to be Still seduced vohese Y-M4aans bormers Oe Used . Advantages : t) On Secondary atde ‘A connection will provide, the path or +the ard hanmonic curent vs [ues dretratboutlion ‘1s Stnuéotdal-, Induced emf fs also. Sinusoidal ay ap eho, acdl dpich Tin 4 2) No neutsal ehigting apf | wth 4) Delta -star connection * [Ppp wih obty cy be cote rt = hy : f ft, = : bil | [. fy by I Sie, r ' ” be vefylotticu| ’ Spo | : £390 je: - | 2% by a 7 A 1 r gd oa O "py Mi a 2 Af & v \ 3 Y 4) tn % TOTO, _\ aa oe y yi > “BS 7 ae A 3 © Advontog es?  (mort coming) the Sewice is Genneet continued N At veduced capachty 44 the &e Faulty Tle ‘ig Ve parred ‘ 8) When 18 anticipated that tn fultrse lead LN Thevease ushich Can be Compensated by ON Adding 4 Tf to the V-V connection. a: — > whh open dea the tofal Valing qe not Sat to lard of AA connectron but Tt 1s Only SUI. & 5B% yohich can be proved — as belou . 12% Pa wf AE pr \ 7 \ Vi L ae » A-A kvp Sating = J8ViTL = WBVL CBT PH ' = 3, 4ph : 4 ‘ : . tee LARA i th forodieny . - fiten te Ee (eee oe. 7 - | GIITonNn Ts b “VEY ave aa Bisol og suit nade : kvA, Tating. =. VAIL = BVI ph: a V-V kv rating fase fe Bvidpq =D keV yalbeinc Sere A-b KVR rratthig! (i BV Ipp 1 ER OSH 207 V-V eve vatig. = (61.77) of OD EVA wos ng. For Gx t A-A y aling = aokvh _ as ot 7 ; V-N a a <a %20 = rue EVA en cd Note * 132 O-B6G, = B6:6 el 94 QO a It one Te ts ~emoved ue can expept Ieed Of. ids yating j.e-) 3OX2/2 = aokun but : by using: open ‘delta we can uige OOF : 11-32[90 = 86.6% of ‘the’ available “rating - Parsatte| operation oF teanspowmeve 4 \ ; Sy | : “1 Le 1 Loch Cesge 4. Ny co rater) 7 \| qT \- \ All & Voat ON ie \ 4 ' : \——+ [VW = eT \ ¥ | \ —_—————t — 1 { | . 1 | } cr \ G \% \ \ “|| Ye — Seconda 4 eide aq Tk tel 1a Neccessity to connecting TIF 2 po : : —> Ancteased copactty 5 BY operating trans forme? of systerr: tris is USE cin Wel we can,.1se. ul the, overall capactty \ when load demand exceeds the Capacity of & Single transtor mer:  Nak Se a mnenre Ra ET S Le Reltabi lity: Parallel © perakon pwvides & 7, enhances the Syste Reliability . 44 4 A, Tails othey +4 can still supply the power. 3) hoad Shaving « Parallel operation allows | you the betley lvad Shaving amon4 the tle nis ensures thal each ce operates i | at Tas optimal Copaclty . ‘ } 4) Teribility + s Additional 414. can be. nodded Ip G faralle| sto meet the 4 Coeastng oad demany. pol a) future ee Nex poucern a Jolt | Units: i Condition fox pavaltel opetati on ot \-o@ Tit: 9) 2 4) The Primary Voltages oF all transformers 2 must be Same as that of PHMosy Supply. i Secondary Voltages > all tlt must be Same ~ Pamary & Secondary voltage tating ¢ Should be same. 2») kya ralng may be di ‘Lpeseot, but voltage eats must be Same. a) Fre quency of All the lf must: be Same’ “a as that Of Supply Wrequency « uD” Pol arittes Of all tle nmoust be Same. 5)’ Thers tans borma tion satfo must be Same No. of turns acted not ' be equal. e) Rakic ef Secondaty tury to Primary +u2 0S: Showd be Same a ea perma eee  to have emt [fuyn +o be same. Ss point Dis notthe neutwsal because Wt neutral se muSt be Viva, the Voltage yrom cach pha qt must be Byyy-M v3 ,4o obtain the neutral = 0O.288V © 0O.249V . Neutsat N Should be above the pone Pg O-agsy = 0.249 ~ AV. Above the point D = 0.288 15 the 4rd of (85 = 4x0.866 = 0.288 —> The neutral divides the teaser ™ the ratio Of art te, 23a.» beloug | —> Theiy voHagqe dtaqwan can be dyauan as belo Yas an bh oy b Tom 2m ro rg — Trans\owne yatio of main Tle | = N2 =k Ny —7 Tra ns borne! Ratio et Tease’ The Dy Va Ny (Sn) | - oN = IP = 2m _ LISN2 2 LISk, Nu Tap changing techniques of Transformer : mh i Ay} dN ee Ny = I +~¥ AY ‘ Oo ue rr —— HY" \ EN — The tap changing Acchniques ate required 4 to Increase | decvease the voitage levels | 4 Tequired jor application yor ou: duxtng over | Volt aqe Same Of the dusns can be cutd on So that voltage can be reduced - —5 In othey words by Changing no: of 4uyns. transpormet fatio can be changed . So thal Voltage can be changed. a Ne tappings can be provided on AV side because D More no. of turns on uy Side so that Mmosee Hleaibility. > less curvent on HV Side 3) Hv fs Placed outside of the cote sothat, tappings can be provided Physically whereas LV fs Placed nearer +o the core. Practica tap changing TIE OSe belous « ot!  usé —> 4-2 —Siopv: | a-3 => 0.918 PV 5-4 9 p.as PV Y-S > 0,925 PV S-6 = oP" Probs- A ag step down TIE takes tsAmps -eohen connected 40 Gyoo’ main ‘sapely the turn aatio Pet phase is to Neglect losses - Find the secondaty Itne Voltage, line Curtent & output i the 4vansbpwner wold ate connected 1) stav-—-delta ii) Delta stay Lo ) Stat Delta Y-A THE (Step don Tle); ‘ “a eT igs i Tas? a er = VX s0 Cc Na 5 \ > 4 % : mo a (s ‘4 Ni 2 § | cCY VO5 \\ s *) . as *y \\ / ETN Tues toatio = 10 Estep doo N] . ‘oY, Secondary . = —> Pinos 4 wag is eept on Ske M : qv uoda on yotot. : iE Hi b i cted actos s the Supply Ue dan Semies ATH the © = Prinnayy wd 4s comme ae Secondary wag qc connect Supply . *! Se condarq as rotating the te i V util changes wohtch depends on the position —> T vottace acsoss Seconlg a Totes, : —> when stator cot) arte [intmory coll 220 Ey | CA ants (Secondary cot! axis] axe cotncide Nhen the primary flux links with acces ata) oe Th duced em§ @n Secondary “Wy ts mart roti: OS Shovon tn Hq Cry. ust Wo dA ahh gg Appl Ae PPR P HOY ont ruebs gsi lS g, Be Vee Mae . } a “Sie di | | a! pepe : 4 BARD 7 i i} ~ rh, pole i Ly : —> when cop Is “wolated AS Cox) Rotor molates Les, ee _, Secondary ‘otates by ao —C yh —_ _ — . : Soe aids etd “icAvaans Hots thalp. Whee (re an\ > : © \\ee aL J & ont Oke = Nis wto s\n : | tal oe ay [ Vi Cot aars2 — Huw passing by Prienacsy Is Not passing ; throug b the Secondary . “ Tnduced emf in Secondarsy JS Revo. > The Secondasy volated another ao  Col ants 4 Colawts 2 divechion - or ——> Tuo Coils axis are fn opposite ach t e “Taduced emf in Secon dary will be 19 OPP ‘Noto | i meee i AN =WM-U | a > Mutual induction (m) cos © (e- angle blee coil 2 ann? aris4i& 2J Application: —> ds te regulate (Er Maintain conétant voltage. fa) domestic appliances Vike houses & also -to marntain “the veceiving end o} the transmission line . “3 : —> Duting over voltages, TE opposes! oe) : ‘T qe Pr = Busing under’ Voltage -it aids ak hree winding Arransypoumer ¢ tr la >. 4. —d is Vy f ; i TY = d winding lt: means theirs ave 5 Latodings i OMe winding an pumary a uierdings on th. ‘ Secondavy . —+ The vati nq ‘the pomas | wd g i Seon Zs Winding eo ave different. C2) oe eed g tif can be oO sting le phase Cow 3-4 fh tt ts a Bg the ot wrod rng ts called texitian wotind ing « sorinelited in delta. whig, a tevitiasy Winding 1s A hasmeniG Castents Provide path fos the 3% So, that plex dfstai buti in duced emf is Sinusoidal on ts Sinusotdal the, OV iT Applications ; . This Gives the powers bo. +tu90 > seperate oad at die Vo ages & cunrents. . pri —* They Supply the power AD two sepa he Transmigsion lineSe. beet car TAD ET braba wen Ss } ; —> The ard wd can be used tp Supply the powet | Ao aur lary equi prnents Vike lighting purposes Relowg's Cevodactve clements) © ee The ard wodg con also supply +p the Capack tq” | te Improve. the overall PF. because Most of the | loads ave mn ductive natuse operated “agg that Can be Compensated by leading PF wrhe | Copactior. | 7 | a  oly Phase Tnduction motors —> 3-¢ dnduction Motors ate Vewy populers - moce than 0% of the loads will be dower by Induction motors due te the {olloustng advarslages 1) Raqad fn conSteuchon 2) easy of Speed control ® Compact sige 4) Cheaper S) Geod chhicency : Corttruetion Of Dnduction motos: Based-on *otos Construction Two ty pespt PP OT — The main pasts of induction motos Y) Statev 2) totor — E4uiecelcage » Slip ti ng xotos © —? Based on totoy constsuction, toe 4tupes OF Thdn motor. )) SqUitwel cage dnducton motvs. 2) Aipring dnducton motor Statoy constructs on: —> States ts hollow cy\indrtcal W'BhODE tone, | Periphery ts Slotled to accomodate the & tarty, Winding ; —> 6btator cose ts made With Colled Rolled non " Oiented Steel wtth af. stlfcon. Cie, Calley Sfliton stee\) & laminated +o veduce the ae Ed tes current losses. — woth called wolling *he mechanical Strength ty With the addn of- Stlicon resistivity of the Magnetic materials. NEES» esa current losses ses 0 ris | ry kos “Types of Slots + — ; 5 ) pen Slots. STL —_ 2) Semi closed Slot Co 3) Closed slot 4° — In Induction motors Semi Closed Slotts arve Used Statoy winding + A 3- b.a- pole, 18 Slot ‘eduction motos —? Slots pes pole. S ~ Wo Pe pole (S) = aq Slot angle, X= Pxieo 6 = XX IBO 20 1g I Slots Pes pole Pet Phase = ‘1g 7 mane FTO  ke Sha ( —Y The x otot cote is made with Silicon stee{ & laminated +o teduce edly curssent losses . — The outes periphery 45 Slotted to qccomo date totus Winding, ~ Rotos winding is made with coppes 1n the Jorn oF ass (copped bas). — The PRotoy Lod 4 18 SC.0n both sides uA th endings Ba ele Inewatng rhokesiat Nas 40 ibe kept +o insulate LsiInding & cove becouse uodg & corerane the Condiucting matenals