Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) and Salmonella: Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Clinical Signs, Quizzes of Veterinary medicine

Download Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) and Salmonella: Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Clinical Signs and more Quizzes Veterinary medicine in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 How many genotype strains of BVDV are there? Phenotypically, are theses strains cytopathic or non? which is more common? DEFINITION 1 Two: type 1 (BVDV1) and type 2 (BVDV2)! Not good cross- protxnboth can be either cyto or non-cyto (no diff in virulence!)non-cytopathic strains are more common(BVDV is a pestisvirus) TERM 2 Phenotype: do the non-cytopathic or cytopathic strains cause disease? DEFINITION 2 both! No difference in virulence!(phenotype: classified by behavior in culture, ie cytopathic or non-cytopathic) TERM 3 when do the genotype and phenotype of BVDV matter? DEFINITION 3 BVDV dz in normal adult cow is INDEPENDENT of strain/geno and phenotypeBUT: geno and pheno are important for specific BVD assoc syndromes and vaccinating TERM 4 CS of BVDV? if persistently infected, what type of strain do they have? DEFINITION 4 URD, diarrhea! subclinical, repro infxn, DM, cataracts, etcPI-- >have NON-cyto strain and shed a huge amount(PI cattle aren't very common) TERM 5 if fetus gets cytopathic BVD in utero, what is the outcome? DEFINITION 5 abortedstill-birth TERM 6 what genotype strain of BVDV is assoc w acute hemorrhagic syndrome? What animals does this affect? DEFINITION 6 BVDV 2affects immunocompetent animals (NOT PI)eat moldy hay-->bone marrow necrosis, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding from small wounds like bug bite or injection*also have blood diarrhea*GOOD supportive care; if not, may bleed out and die TERM 7 How does mucosal disease develop? what are the CS? DEFINITION 7 cow PI w/ non-cyto strain-->exposed to cyto strain similar to the non-cyto one or non-cyto mutates to cyto strain-->either way, i/a of 2 strains leads to mucosal dzCS: explosive diarrhea, ulceration of entire GI tract (+ mouth)HIGH MORTALITY: 95% (bovine ebola) PM: will find blunted fimbria and hemorrhage in GI tract TERM 8 how will a normal adult cow most likely be affected by BVDV infxn? DEFINITION 8 URD and diarrhea. Probably won't die.If pregnant: may have abortion or still birth.If calf lives, it is PI with non-cyto virus and may grow up TERM 9 what threat do PI cattle pose? DEFINITION 9 shed continuously and serve as source of virus in environment so cattle housed w them have incr incidence of dz*eliminate PI animals!!! (esp from breeding herds) TERM 10 what syndrome do the majority of cattle infected w BVDV present with? DEFINITION 10 subclinical syndrome- exposed to virus-->seroconvert + no signs(are imm-supp for 3 wks and if exposed to another pathogen, signs will appear) TERM 21 what is the gold standard for diagnosing salmonella? DEFINITION 21 culture the feces 5 times or culture GI LN's*can do serology but will be POS even if only exposed and not infected*can also do PCR w feces or blood TERM 22 how is salmonellosis treated? DEFINITION 22 fluids, NSAIDs (IV banamine), abts are controversial bc gut flora is best defense and abts alter it*calves w septicemic form: do always give abts TERM 23 how long does salmonella remain viable in avian feces? bovine feces? DEFINITION 23 28 months; 30 months(viable in pond water and pasture soil for 115-120 days) TERM 24 what kind of serovar is S. dublin? DEFINITION 24 host adapted. not usu found in environ. shed by carrier animals TERM 25 preventing salmonella? DEFINITION 25 hygiene! bird and rodent proof housing!bacterin vax aren't of much use TERM 26 What are the host defenses against salmonella? Gastric factors? Intestinal factors? Other? DEFINITION 26 Gastric factors: acidity, rate of gastric emptyingIntestinal factors: intestinal motility, normal intestinal flora, mucus, secretory ab'sOther: health/nutritional state, lactoferrin, gut reticuloendoth cells, lysozyme, genetic resistance TERM 27 what are the clinical signs of salmonella? DEFINITION 27 CS:1. herd problem w high incidence of fever, diarrhea, deaths (esp in calves)- dz within herd continues over long period of time (mo to yrs)2. diarrhea w streaks of blood, fibrin, mucosal casts3. fever, leukopenia4. persistent diarrhea+weight loss (if other concur. dz-->recover slow)5. abortion6. high calf mortality (any age)7. septicemia w/o diarrhea TERM 28 DDX for salmonellosis? DEFINITION 28 coccidiosis (but feces is usu more bloody)BVDVMCFJohne's DzViral enteritis- corona, rotavirusArsenic toxMetritis/mastitis TERM 29 what are the reservoirs for MCF (gammaherpesvirinae)? DEFINITION 29 sheep and gnu (aka wildebeest aka antelope) TERM 30 when do MCF cases tend to appear? DEFINITION 30 at time of lambing or calving (of WILDEBEEST)- secretions from neonate are primary source of virus in env*suscep animals-->dead end hosts! don't spread virus (unlike other vesicular diseases) TERM 31 what is the case fatality rate of MCF? DEFINITION 31 50-70%(4-13% of cattle are seropos but don't exhibit dz) TERM 32 what are the clinical signs of MCF? DEFINITION 32 *variable! incubation period varies as well (18-100 days)1. lymphoproliferative dz leading to hyperplasia + perivascular accum of mononuclear cells2. inflamm and necrosis of serosal and mucosal surfaces and vessels (may lead to sloughing of skin due to decr bld supply)3. prolonged high fever4. salivation, purulent nasal discharge, ocular signs5. GI ulcers6. Skin necrosis7. lameness TERM 33 how is MCF diagnosed? DEFINITION 33 CS of severe infxn-->characteristic!histopath lesions. Looks like FMD.virus isolation-->doesn't help clinicallyPCR- isolate MCF virus DNASerology- pos titers indicate infxn (but many cattle die before seroconverting) TERM 34 Treatment of MCF? Prevention? DEFINITION 34 Tx: supportive-->fluids, abts, topical eye, corticosteroids- does not cure it!Prev: no vacc. Separate carrier species (gnus/wildebeests) from other ruminants!! TERM 35 is winter dysentery more likely to cause dz or death? DEFINITION 35 Dz! (High morbidity, low mortality)- it's a bovine 24-hr flu