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Acute Rheumatic Fever, Schemes and Mind Maps of Cardiology

A brief summary of acute rheumatic fever lecture (In Indonesian).

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2020/2021

Uploaded on 11/03/2021

natanael-abraham
natanael-abraham 🇮🇩

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Download Acute Rheumatic Fever and more Schemes and Mind Maps Cardiology in PDF only on Docsity! Demam Rheuma Akut Dokter Property [J Tags Demam Rheuma Akut Reaksi hipersensistivitas lambat / autoimun yang disebabkan oleh inflamasi jaringan ikat dan sistemik Post Infection Group-A-Beta Hemolyticus Streptococcus (Tonsilitis, NasoFaringitis, Otitis Media, dll) Prevalensi pada negara maju <1/100.000 penduduk, negara miskin >100 per 100.000 penduduk, Indonesia sekitar 30-80 per 100.000 penduduk (1997), umumnya terjadi pada anak-anak atau dewasa muda Etiologi : Streptokokus Beta Hemolitik Grup A — Streptococcus pyogenes Struktur antigen streptococcus 1. Karbohidrat spesifik e Pada dinding sel e Sebagai dasar klasifikasi Lancefield (A-U) — glikoprotein eo A:ramnosa -n- asetil glukosamin oe B:ramnosa glukosamin eo C:ramnosa -n- asetil galaktosamin o dst 2. Protein M — Mucoidal colonies — virulensi > — menghalangi fagositosis, bisa rusak krn enzim proteolitik 3. Protein T — surface protein, unrelated with virulency, degraded by heating and low pH (acidic) Klasifikasi Streptococcus e Lancefield — karbohidrat spesifik pd dinding sel ( gol A, B, C. D, ..., U) « Kemampuan hemosisis — Streptococcus a, B, y Demam Rheuma Akut © Streptococcus a hemolyticus — Hemolisis parsial, tampak kehijauan ° Streptococcus B hemolyticus — hemolisis total, tampak halo / bening eo Streptococcus y hemolyticus — non-hemolysis, tidak ada kehijauan/halo Patogenesis 1. Agen infeksius . GABHS (wabah faringitis DRA >, titer Anti Streptolysin O > pd DRA) 2. Lingkungan — konsisi psikososial miskin — kurang gizi, sanitasi buruk, dll 3. Host — HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) cross reaction, Molecular mimicry Faktor Predisposisi DRA 1. Host Usia : 5-15 tahun, puncak 8 tahun Genetik : HLA tertentu (HLA Kelas II : dr2 & dr4) Jenis kelamin : stenosis mitral pd perempuan, regurgitasi aorta pd laki-laki Etnis dan ras Status gizi : kurang/borderline 2. Lingkungan Patogenesis Pajanan Streptococcus A — infection — inflamasi = respon imun — Ig spesifik Streptokokus — antigen tubuh mirip antigen streptokokus — kolagen (pada jantung (katup mitral, miokard), sendi, otak) — terjadi cross reaction — reaksi autoimun — bisa menjadi PIR (komplikasi) Demam Rheuma Akut Environmental Precipitating event: infection factors, especially with a strain of group A overcrowding Streptococcus carrying specific virulence factors Repeated or ongoing infections Repeated group A possibly driving the valvular streptococcus infections inflammatory response Susceptible |_¥ | | | | Lie 1 | | | host -—————————————— | episode } ----------3 >| RHD Priming of immune response , of ARF t t s ¢ y “ Episodes of recurrent ARF - Molecular mimicry between Exaggerated T-cell group A streptococcus [>| mediated immune antigens and host tissues 1 response Genetically determined host factors Source: Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Losealzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www. accessmedicine. com Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Dx (kriteria Jones) : ¢ Kriteria Mayor (CaPo CES) © Carditis = inflamasi jantung, biasanya 3 minggu pertama, jika 1 dari 4 (+) — = katup jantung (murmur), = pericarditis (friction rub, pericard effusion, angina), = kardiomegali in CXR, = gagal jantung kongestif (CHF) Demam Rheuma Akut Normal aortic valve Area of infection on the aortic valve Cross section of the heart Normal aortic — Aortic valve valve stenosis Position of _ aortic valve in the heart Closed o Polyarthritis — nyeri sendi, = manifestasi paling umum, = tidak spesifik (Sering misdiagnose DRA), = nyeri bengkak merah panas (Inflamasi) di sendi, = sendi besar : lutut, siku, pergelangan tangan dan kaki Demam Rheuma Akut = KHAS: Polyarthritis migrans — pindah" = berbeda dari athralgia (tanpa kKemerahan bengkak dll) o Chorea Syndenham — pergerakan tubuh kaku yg tidak terkoordinasi (involunter), bisa menghilang 1-2 minggu, bisa persisten 3-4 minggu Demam Rheuma Akut ¢ Kriteria Minor o Demam (intermitten), malaise Demam Rheuma Akut 10 ° Atralgia PR interval memanjang Leukositosis, Makrositik anemia, Proteinuria, LED & CRP naik Peningkatan ASO titer > 300 todd unit Penurunan BB Kultur GABHS (+) e Penegakan : ° ° 2 mayor 1 mayor + 2 minor + bukti infeksi GABHS Diagnosis DRA DRA episode primer Diagnosis Kriteria diagnosis 2 gejala mayor atau 1 gejala mayor dan 2 minor, + bukti infeksi GAS DRA serangan ulang_pada 2 gejala mayor atau 1 gejala mayor dan 2 minor, + pasien tanpa PIR bukti infeksi GAS DRA serangan ulang_pada pasien dengan PIR Chorea Sydenham 2 gejala minor, + bukti infeksi GAS Tidak diperlukan adanya gejala mayor dan minor maupun bukti infeksi GAS. Demam Rheuma Akut 11 Original AHA AHA AHA WHO WHO Manifestations Jones eritera Modified Revised Update 1944 1956 1965(1984) 1988 1992 2008 Carditis Long PR* im & & im HS Arthritis Anthralgia LA oH oo oO a} oo Subcutaneous LAA— — —> —> i» nodules Chorea Erythena mrarginacun B Pre-existing REIRHD BS BS BS BS Feve wac.eser,ceet Ml w | | i) i) Epistaxis, abdominal pain, anemia, pulmonary findings Recent streptococoal fection 2 s ; Special ma Essential Major [I] Minor " consideration # PR=PR interval in the electrocardiogram: WBC = leukcoytosis: ESR = erythracyteseyimontation rate; CRP = C-reactive protein, Penunjang « Thorax, Echo, Kateter TX Ada 5, yaitu : Istirahat dan suportif, Antibiotika, Antiinflamasi, Terapi gagal jantung, dan Operatif 1. Istirahat dan aktivitas Demam Rheuma Akut Susceptible host ¢ Salisilat (6-9g/hari dibagi tiap 4 jam) e Benzathin Penicillin (mulai sulit): o Anak 600.000-900.000 U o Dewasa 1,2 juta U e Atau, oral penicillin : 4 x 250 mg/day selama 10 hari ¢ Eritromisin 4 x 250 mg/day selama 10 hari — KI dapat menyebabkan gejala GIT (mual muntah) sehingga bisa memepersulit terapi Demam Rheuma Akut 15 ¢ Kortikosteroid : Prednison 40-60mg/day ¢ Antikonvulsan untuk Chorea Penyakit Jantung Rheuma (PJR) Komplikasi DRA — kelainan katup jantung — mitral dan aorta — insufisiensi (umumnya regurgitasi / stenosis (umunya kronis) Klinis e Riwayat DRA ¢ Pemfis = kelainan katup — murmur e¢ Xray, EKG can Echo bisa terjadi gagal jantung, endokarditis bakterial kronis subakut, thromboembolism Tx = diuretik (loop spt furosemide), vasodilator (ACE inhibitor), dan inotropik Operasi katup Demam Rheuma Akut 16
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