Gender Differences and Personality Disorders: Causes, Treatments, and Prevalence, Exams of Nursing

Download Gender Differences and Personality Disorders: Causes, Treatments, and Prevalence and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ADULT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MIDTERM EXAMINATION Question 1 Mrs. B received a very poor rating by her supervisor, who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her coworkers. When she got home, her kids ran up to greet her, all talking at once. Mrs. B responded by yelling, “Leave me alone! Can’t you see I’m tired?” According to psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of the defense mechanism known as displacement. projection. repression. rationalization. Question 2 In Erik Erikson’s theory of lifespan development, an individual reaches the mature stage when he or she is about ___ years old. 55 65 75 85 Question 3 A 4-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the Freudian theory of psychosexual development, all three are fixated at the _____stage. oral anal phallic Genital Question 4 Gender differences observed in the prevalence of many personality disorders may be due to tolerance of behavior in a culture. P a g e 1 | 57 differences in help-seeking behavior. gender bias on the part of the diagnosing clinician. all of the above. Question 5 Someone you know has been having a lot of difficulty because of irrational fears. Knowing that you are studying abnormal psychology, this person asks if you know of an effective and wellestablished treatment. You advise her that ____, based on the mid-20th century work of Joseph Wolpe, is a successful anxiety reduction procedure. systematic desensitization person centered therapy exorcism aversive conditioning Question 6 In the 19th century, John Grey, a well-known American psychiatrist, believed that mental illness was due to psychological factors. physical causes. social/environmental influences. unknown influences. Question 7 Helen has been in therapy with Dr. Block for dependent personality disorder for the past three years. When she first came to therapy, she was in an abusive marriage and complained that her adult children treated her poorly and that people in her life “walked all over her.” Helen has attended therapy religiously, been a “model” patient, and generally done everything that Dr. Block has suggested. At this time in her life, she is divorced, more assertive with her children, and generally feeling better about herself. Her current therapy sessions are often centered on everyday decisions for which she anxiously seeks Dr. Block’s advice. The most appropriate next therapy step is immediate termination. P a g e 2 | 57 Question 1 One conclusion that can be drawn from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure (Greenough, et al.,1990; Wallace, et al., 1992) is that early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will absolutely determine whether or not the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life. early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder. early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and influences vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life. early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of psychopathology. Question 2 Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that each psychological disorder is caused by a deficit in a specific neurotransmitter. chemical imbalances of the brain are the cause of psychopathology. simple cause/effect conclusions stating that an individual neurotransmitter abnormality causes a disorder are incomplete. neurotransmitters have very little to do with psychopathology for most individuals but may be the single cause of disorders for others. Question 3 Recent research has associated the ______ with autism. This is also the part of the brain that controls motor coordination. reticular activating system (RAS) medulla pons cerebellum P a g e 5 | 57 Question 4 Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is prepared learning. learned helplessness. observational learning. reciprocal determinism. Question 5 John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, the model that would probably best explain this situation and the cause of his depression is . diathesis-stress biological reciprocal gene-environment interpersonal Question 6 In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003), animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments.Their findings suggest that the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life. the impact of the environment on the brain is significant but uniform throughout the lifespan. environments that are beneficial to the aged may be harmful to the young. the environment has little effect on the brain throughout the lifespan. P a g e 6 | 57 Question 7 According to Eric Erikson, people only experience major change in adulthood. are fully developed by age 50. experience eight typical developmental crises across time. experience no developmental changes after adolescence. Question 8 The ability to plan, think, reason, and create is located in the part of the brain called the _____. thalamus midbrain cerebral cortex brain stem Question 9 The neurotransmitter associated with both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease is _____. GABA norepinephrine dopamine serotonin Question 10 Studies regarding rat learning and brain structure by Greenough, et al. (1990) and Wallace, et al. (1992) suggest that early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain. psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences. P a g e 7 | 57 taxonomy nomenclature nosology etiology Question 3 Identifying which general class of problems to which a presenting problem belongs is known as a(n) ________ strategy. idiographic nomothetic classification categorical Question 4 A procedure used to assess brain functioning much like a PET scan, but less accurate and using a different tracer substance, is ___________. SQUID SPECT TCM JCT Question 5 Determining mood and affect is an important part of the mental status exam. Although both of these terms refer to feeling states of the individual, it would be correct to say that affect is more than mood. immediate severe problematic stable P a g e 10 | 57 Question 6 According to the textbook, assessment of psychophysiological response to emotional stimuli is important in treating all of the following EXCEPT _____________. sexual dysfunctions posttraumatic stress disorder hypertension cancer Question 7 Most of the “psychological tests” in popular magazines are . reliable valid for entertainment only informative and educational Question 8 As an assessment measure, the MMPI is considered unique because it is empirically based. theory based. based on the biological model. based on the humanistic approach. Question 9 If the short version of a test yields the same results as a longer version, then you could conclude that the brief version had validity. concurrent divergent predictive excessive Question 10 P a g e 11 | 57 Observing appearance and behavior during a mental status exam is simply done to give the appearance that the clinician is paying attention. rarely yields useful information. can yield clues regarding the presence of certain disorders. may just confuse the diagnostic process. Question 11 Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence? Monozygotic twins, one raised in a wealthy family living in a modern city and the other raised in poverty in a developing nation Adopted children from different biological families raised in the same home Biological siblings raised in the same house Biological siblings, each adopted immediately after birth, one raised in Chicago and the other raised in New York City Question 12 While conducting a family study, a researcher determines that the siblings and parents of the person with a disorder are much more likely than the general public to have the disorder, although cousins, uncles, and grandparents are only moderately more likely to have the disorder than the general public. This is an example of a disorder with no genetic component. a single gene influence. a genetic component. strong environmental and very weak genetic components. Question 13 A phenotype is defined as an individual's hidden characteristics. P a g e 12 | 57 Question 2 Research suggests that generalized anxiety disorder is five-times more likely to develop in adults if they smoked after age 20. never smoked. smoked as a teen. chewed tobacco as a teen. Question 3 According to your textbook, new techniques have made it possible to treat some phobias effectively in one . day week month year Question 4 You are told about a child who has shown behavior consistent with "separation anxiety." In order to determine if the child actually has a disorder or whether the behavior is normal, you would first need to know the child's age. whether the child is a boy or a girl. if other family members have anxiety disorders. how long the child has shown this behavior. Question 5 A teenage girl had recently been having panic attacks while shopping at the mall. She was sitting in her room feeling very depressed. To cheer her up, a friend suggested that they both go to an exercise class. Shortly after the warm-up started, however, she had another panic attack. What is the best explanation for this occurrence? She was angry with the friend for insisting that she go out. P a g e 15 | 57 The medication that had been prescribed for her was only treating the depression, not the anxiety. The physical sensations experienced during exercise had become an internal cue for panic to occur. The exercise class was an unconditioned stimulus that resulted in a panic attack. Question 6 Studies suggest that parents can protect their child from anxiety if they never let them experience adversity. teach independence by ignoring the child’s needs. let children explore the world and deal with the unexpected. cope for the child as much as possible. Question 7 Evidence now suggests that agoraphobic avoidance behavior is one component of exaggerated obsessive-compulsive disorder. major phobias. severe, unexpected panic attacks. mild generalized anxiety disorder. Question 8 Which of the following is an accurate statement about anxiety? An inherited tendency can make us tense or uptight. A single gene makes us vulnerable to anxiety. Panic disorder does not "run in families." Stress is a direct cause of panic disorder. Question 9 Which of the following brain areas is NOT closely associated with anxiety? Hippocampus P a g e 16 | 57 ADULT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MIDTERM EXAMINATION Question 1 Mrs. B received a very poor rating by her supervisor, who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her coworkers. When she got home, her kids ran up to greet her, all talking at once. Mrs. B responded by yelling, “Leave me alone! Can’t you see I’m tired?” According to psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of the defense mechanism known as displacement. projection. repression. rationalization. Question 2 In Erik Erikson’s theory of lifespan development, an individual reaches the mature stage when he or she is about ___ years old. 55 65 75 85 Question 3 A 4-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the Freudian theory of psychosexual development, all three are fixated at the _____stage. oral anal phallic Genital Question 4 Gender differences observed in the prevalence of many personality disorders may be due to tolerance of behavior in a culture. P a g e 1 | 57 differences in help-seeking behavior. gender bias on the part of the diagnosing clinician. all of the above. Question 5 Someone you know has been having a lot of difficulty because of irrational fears. Knowing that you are studying abnormal psychology, this person asks if you know of an effective and wellestablished treatment. You advise her that ____, based on the mid-20th century work of Joseph Wolpe, is a successful anxiety reduction procedure. systematic desensitization person centered therapy exorcism aversive conditioning Question 6 In the 19th century, John Grey, a well-known American psychiatrist, believed that mental illness was due to psychological factors. physical causes. social/environmental influences. unknown influences. Question 7 Helen has been in therapy with Dr. Block for dependent personality disorder for the past three years. When she first came to therapy, she was in an abusive marriage and complained that her adult children treated her poorly and that people in her life “walked all over her.” Helen has attended therapy religiously, been a “model” patient, and generally done everything that Dr. Block has suggested. At this time in her life, she is divorced, more assertive with her children, and generally feeling better about herself. Her current therapy sessions are often centered on everyday decisions for which she anxiously seeks Dr. Block’s advice. The most appropriate next therapy step is immediate termination. P a g e 2 | 57 Question 1 One conclusion that can be drawn from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure (Greenough, et al.,1990; Wallace, et al., 1992) is that early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will absolutely determine whether or not the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life. early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder. early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and influences vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life. early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of psychopathology. Question 2 Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that each psychological disorder is caused by a deficit in a specific neurotransmitter. chemical imbalances of the brain are the cause of psychopathology. simple cause/effect conclusions stating that an individual neurotransmitter abnormality causes a disorder are incomplete. neurotransmitters have very little to do with psychopathology for most individuals but may be the single cause of disorders for others. Question 3 Recent research has associated the ______ with autism. This is also the part of the brain that controls motor coordination. reticular activating system (RAS) medulla pons cerebellum P a g e 5 | 57 Question 4 Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is prepared learning. learned helplessness. observational learning. reciprocal determinism. Question 5 John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, the model that would probably best explain this situation and the cause of his depression is . diathesis-stress biological reciprocal gene-environment interpersonal Question 6 In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003), animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments.Their findings suggest that the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life. the impact of the environment on the brain is significant but uniform throughout the lifespan. environments that are beneficial to the aged may be harmful to the young. the environment has little effect on the brain throughout the lifespan. P a g e 6 | 57 Question 7 According to Eric Erikson, people only experience major change in adulthood. are fully developed by age 50. experience eight typical developmental crises across time. experience no developmental changes after adolescence. Question 8 The ability to plan, think, reason, and create is located in the part of the brain called the _____. thalamus midbrain cerebral cortex brain stem Question 9 The neurotransmitter associated with both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease is _____. GABA norepinephrine dopamine serotonin Question 10 Studies regarding rat learning and brain structure by Greenough, et al. (1990) and Wallace, et al. (1992) suggest that early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain. psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences. P a g e 7 | 57 taxonomy nomenclature nosology etiology Question 3 Identifying which general class of problems to which a presenting problem belongs is known as a(n) ________ strategy. idiographic nomothetic classification categorical Question 4 A procedure used to assess brain functioning much like a PET scan, but less accurate and using a different tracer substance, is ___________. SQUID SPECT TCM JCT Question 5 Determining mood and affect is an important part of the mental status exam. Although both of these terms refer to feeling states of the individual, it would be correct to say that affect is more than mood. immediate severe problematic stable P a g e 10 | 57 Question 6 According to the textbook, assessment of psychophysiological response to emotional stimuli is important in treating all of the following EXCEPT _____________. sexual dysfunctions posttraumatic stress disorder hypertension cancer Question 7 Most of the “psychological tests” in popular magazines are . reliable valid for entertainment only informative and educational Question 8 As an assessment measure, the MMPI is considered unique because it is empirically based. theory based. based on the biological model. based on the humanistic approach. Question 9 If the short version of a test yields the same results as a longer version, then you could conclude that the brief version had validity. concurrent divergent predictive excessive Question 10 P a g e 11 | 57 Observing appearance and behavior during a mental status exam is simply done to give the appearance that the clinician is paying attention. rarely yields useful information. can yield clues regarding the presence of certain disorders. may just confuse the diagnostic process. Question 11 Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence? Monozygotic twins, one raised in a wealthy family living in a modern city and the other raised in poverty in a developing nation Adopted children from different biological families raised in the same home Biological siblings raised in the same house Biological siblings, each adopted immediately after birth, one raised in Chicago and the other raised in New York City Question 12 While conducting a family study, a researcher determines that the siblings and parents of the person with a disorder are much more likely than the general public to have the disorder, although cousins, uncles, and grandparents are only moderately more likely to have the disorder than the general public. This is an example of a disorder with no genetic component. a single gene influence. a genetic component. strong environmental and very weak genetic components. Question 13 A phenotype is defined as an individual's hidden characteristics. P a g e 12 | 57 Question 2 Research suggests that generalized anxiety disorder is five-times more likely to develop in adults if they smoked after age 20. never smoked. smoked as a teen. chewed tobacco as a teen. Question 3 According to your textbook, new techniques have made it possible to treat some phobias effectively in one . day week month year Question 4 You are told about a child who has shown behavior consistent with "separation anxiety." In order to determine if the child actually has a disorder or whether the behavior is normal, you would first need to know the child's age. whether the child is a boy or a girl. if other family members have anxiety disorders. how long the child has shown this behavior. Question 5 A teenage girl had recently been having panic attacks while shopping at the mall. She was sitting in her room feeling very depressed. To cheer her up, a friend suggested that they both go to an exercise class. Shortly after the warm-up started, however, she had another panic attack. What is the best explanation for this occurrence? She was angry with the friend for insisting that she go out. P a g e 15 | 57 The medication that had been prescribed for her was only treating the depression, not the anxiety. The physical sensations experienced during exercise had become an internal cue for panic to occur. The exercise class was an unconditioned stimulus that resulted in a panic attack. Question 6 Studies suggest that parents can protect their child from anxiety if they never let them experience adversity. teach independence by ignoring the child’s needs. let children explore the world and deal with the unexpected. cope for the child as much as possible. Question 7 Evidence now suggests that agoraphobic avoidance behavior is one component of exaggerated obsessive-compulsive disorder. major phobias. severe, unexpected panic attacks. mild generalized anxiety disorder. Question 8 Which of the following is an accurate statement about anxiety? An inherited tendency can make us tense or uptight. A single gene makes us vulnerable to anxiety. Panic disorder does not "run in families." Stress is a direct cause of panic disorder. Question 9 Which of the following brain areas is NOT closely associated with anxiety? Hippocampus P a g e 16 | 57 Amygdala Prefrontal cortex Hypothalamus Question 10 A relative of yours who suffers from panic disorder asks you what treatment would have the longest-lasting benefits. Since you have just read about the double-blind NIMH research study evaluating psychological treatments with and without medication, you tell your relative to first try the drug imipramine. psychological treatment along with medication. psychological treatment that includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). any available treatment since patients in all treatment conditions achieved the same long- lasting gains. Question 11 An individual who suffers from panic disorder might become anxious about climbing stairs, exercising, or being in hot rooms because these activities produce sensations similar to those accompanying a panic attack. In psychological terms, the exercise and hot rooms have become conditioned stimuli unconditioned stimuli conditioned responses unconditioned responses Question 12 Physiologically, PTSD appears to be related to damage to the hippocampus, which disrupts sleep. the amygdala, which disrupts learning and memory. the hippocampus, which disrupts learning and memory. the amygdala, which disrupts sleep. P a g e 17 | 57 Question11 Obesityisthemajorfactorin . the beneficial effects of the medication may be short-term. Question 8 As of 2008, the percentage of the adult population of the United States with a body mass index in the obese range was about __________. 34% Question 9 Sleep disorders are appropriately diagnosed based on the quality and quantity of sleep as well as daytime sequelae (how theindividual feels when awake). Question 10 The most serious medical consequence of bulimia nervosa is potential . electrolyte imbalance Type 2 diabetes Question 12 In studies of Internet-based eating disorder prevention programs (Winzelberg et al., 2000), such a s the "student bodies program," P a g e 20 | 57 the participants showed no beneficial effects. WRONG ANSWER participants reported improvement in body image and decreased drive for thinness. not a single participant has developed symptoms of an eating disorder. the drop-out rate has been extremely high. Question 13 The percentage of the general population that reports some symptoms of insomnia during any given year is approximately . 33% Question 14 An individual who wakes up feeling that there are other people in the room but is unable to move or say anything may be experiencing sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations associated with narcolepsy. Question 15 The strongest contributions to etiology of eating disorders seem to be . CHAPTER 1 Question 1 1 / 1 pts Henry is viewed by many as a workaholic and not very social. He is at his desk every morning at 7:30 a.m. and takes few breaks (although these breaks are always at the same time every day). Henry is known to be a perfectionist. The problem is that he does not seem to get much P a g e 21 | 57 accomplished, since he spends so much time making sure that everything is perfect before moving on to the next task. Henry appears to suffer from ____ personality disorder. avoidant Correct! obsessive-compulsive schizoid antisocial Question 2 1 / 1 pts One of the major problems with treating people with personality disorders is Correct! they rarely identify themselves as needing treatment. research suggests that the disorders are almost entirely based in biology and therefore difficult to treat interpersonally.. personality disorders are so rare that there is very little research on their treatment. they are extremely unpredictable and difficult to manage in therapy sessions. Question 3 1 / 1 pts Which of the following prevention strategies looks promising for children who are at risk for later antisocial personality disorder? Correct! A training program for parents of toddlers (ages 1½ to 2½ years) A program for families with a high degree of family dysfunction A program for families where at least one parent has a history of antisocial personality disorder P a g e 22 | 57 ironically reduced interest in treating mental patients. You Answered changed the field of psychological research largely into a biological science. created the first humane treatment facilities for mentally ill patients. Question 10 1 / 1 pts If a psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset, it means that the symptoms developed Correct! suddenly. atypically. gradually. following a period of recovery. Question 11 1 / 1 pts A woman demonstrating a high degree of Western “stereotypical female” traits might well be diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder. Which of the following would probably occur if a man demonstrated very stereotypical masculine traits? He would be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. He would be diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder. He would be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. Correct! He probably would not be diagnosed with any personality disorder. P a g e 25 | 57 Question12 1 /1 pts Whichofthefollowingistrue: There is clear consensus on the definition of mental health disease. There is no clear consensus on the definition of disease but there is a clear definition of mental health disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) never changes its definitions. Correct! The DSM is based on prototypes or symptoms and examples of the phenomenon in question. Question 13 1 / 1 pts When working with a patient diagnosed with dependent personality disorder, the therapist must be particularly careful that the patient does not take over the agenda of the sessions. become inconsistent in attending sessions. manipulate the therapist by being overly dramatic. Correct! become overly dependent on the therapist. Question 14 1 / 1 pts Which well-known behavioral scientist was the author of The Behavior of Organisms (1938) and Walden Two (1948)? John Watson P a g e 26 | 57 Ivan Pavlov Correct! B.F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike Question 15 1 / 1 pts Research regarding psychological treatment for borderline personality disorder suggests that _____ appears helpful in improving mood and reducing suicidal and self-injurious behaviors. Correct! dialectical behavior therapy cognitive therapy operant conditioning nothing Question 1 1 / 1 pts Ben just got robbed. He tells his friends “wouldn’t you know it, bad things ALWAYS happen to me.” Ben’s friends often tease him that he is a pessimist. Ben has a negative attitude and will likely outlive his more positive friends. has a negative attitude and will likely suffer from poorer health and not live as long as his more positive friends. will have difficulty concentrating. will not be able to make more friends. P a g e 27 | 57 If one monozygotic twin has a particular psychological disorder, the other twin is more likely to have the disorder than the rest o f the population. Question 8 1 / 1 pts In the Stroop color naming paradigm, a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word "wound" more quickly than a neutral word. in about the same time it takes to name the color of a neutral word. more slowly than a neutral word. with a great deal of difficulty or not at all. Question 9 1 / 1 pts The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the _________________. diathesis-stress model reciprocal gene-environment model genetic model psycho-social model Question 10 1 / 1 pts Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is 5 years old. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to biological differences. P a g e 30 | 57 Question11 1 /1 pts According to the diathesis-stressmodel, developmental differences. psychological differences sociocultural differences mental disorders will always develop given a certain level of stress. once a diathesis for a particular disorder is inherited, the disorder will eventually develop. an individual's inherited tendencies are not affected by stressful life events he or she encounters. it is possible to inherit a diathesis and never develop a disorder. Question 12 1 / 1 pts Depression and schizophrenia seem to appear in all cultures but tend to be characterized by different symptoms within individual cultures. For example, depression in Western culture is generally characterized b y feelings of guilt and inadequacy, whereas in developing countries it is characterized by physical distress such as fatigue or illness.This is most likely due to genetic differences between individuals living in different cultures. differences in treatment provided in different cultures. reasons that our current methods of study are incapable of understanding. the fact that social and cultural factors influence psychopathology. Question 13 1 / 1 pts People who have many social contacts and live their lives continually interacting with others P a g e 31 | 57 Question15 1 /1 pts Learnedhelplessness: develop more infections and have poorer overall health. have not been found to differ on any health outcome. often suffer from psychological disorders such as dependency. live longer and healthier lives. Question 14 1 / 1 pts One important contribution of the work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling or observational learning i s that much of our learned behavior depends upon our interactions with those around us. our learned behavior has much more to do with thetypes of consequences (reinforcements andpunishment s) of our actions than our interactions with those around us. it is impossible to learn behavioral patterns without observing those around us. learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behavior acquired throug h classical or operant conditioning. is genetic. occurs when an animal encounters (usually negative) conditions over which the animal has no control. occurs only when animals receive an electric shock. all of the above are correct. Question 1 1 / 1 pts Clifton had been experiencing a number of psychological issues, so he decided to go to P a g e 32 | 57 Question8 1 /1 pts Dr. Jiminez is using Exner’s Comprehensive System toadministerand score the Rorschach inkblot test.T his dimensional nosological prototypical idiographic Question 7 1 / 1 pts Comparing assessment scores to those of individuals who are demographically similar to you reflects what concept of clinical assessments? Reliability Validity Correct! Standardization All of the above are correct specifies all of the following EXCEPT how the cards with the inkblots should be presented. exactly what the psychologist administering the test should say. the way in which the test taker's responses should be recorded. Correct! the amount of time allowed for each inkblot card to be presented. P a g e 35 | 57 Question9 1 /1 pts In a mental status exam, it is importantto determineif the individual's sensorium is clear and if he/sheis "ori entedtimes three."This refers to Correct! Question10 1 /1 pts The dimensional approachto diagnosis is characterizedby person, place, and time. day, month, and year of birth. ability to follow directions. spatial orientation. Correct! quantification of patients' experiences using scalesmeasuring several areas such as anxiety ordepression. lists of symptoms that patients must experience forthe diagnosis to be assigned. essential elements that all patients must report forthe diagnosis to be assigned but allowance forspecific n onessential variations as well. a theoretical explanation for the underlying cause of the disorder that is assumed to be shared by allpatient s experiencing similar symptoms. Question 11 1 / 1 pts The implication of the fact that genetic linkage studies frequently fail to replicate when subsequent researchers repeat the study in different families is that the human genome is not well mapped. researchers need to be more careful with their methods. P a g e 36 | 57 Question12 1 /1 pts A phenotypeis defined as an individual's the environment is a more powerful influence on most forms of complex psychopathology than genetics. Correct! it is doubtful that there are single gene causes for complex disorders. hidden characteristics. Correct! observable characteristics. genetic influences. unique genetic makeup. Question 13 1 / 1 pts Your friend has trouble making commitments in relationships. You believe that this is because her parents had a bitter divorce when she was young. Your belief that a child who lives through a bitter parental divorce will have trouble making commitments in relationships as an adult would be cons idered a(n) . Correct! hypothesis independent variable empirical conclusion applied theory P a g e 37 | 57 Question20 0 /1 pts Oneadvantageofthecasestudy methodisthatitcan: Question 19 1 / 1 pts Statistical significance determines whether an observed difference between a treatment and control group is likely due to _____________. random assignment external validity Correct! chance confounds measure causation. study a rare phenomena in-depth. You Answered none of the above are correct. Question 1 1 / 1 pts A friend stated that when she went to a clinic, she had to spend several 30- to 60second sessions shaking her headfrom side to side, spinning in a chair, tensing all her muscles, hyperventilating, or breathing through a narrow straw. She is surprised that you correctly guessed that she is receiving treatment for specific phobia. social phobia. Correct! panic disorder. posttraumatic stress disorder. P a g e 40 | 57 Question 2 1 / 1 pts What happens when people with OCD attempt to neutralize or suppress disturbing, intrusive thoughts? The obsessive thoughts disappear. Correct! The frequency of the obsessive thoughts increases. Other kinds of obsessive thinking start to occur. This strategy has no effect on the obsessive thoughts. Question 3 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is an accurate statement about factors affecting treatment for PTSD? Psychoanalytic therapists help patients to relive emotional trauma through a process called free association. Correct! Victims of PTSD often repress the emotional part of their memories of the traumatic event. Re-exposure to the trauma should be accomplished quickly to assure the best therapeutic response. Medications effective for other anxiety disorders are ineffective with PTSD. Question 4 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is NOT a somatic sensation that accompanies Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia? P a g e 41 | 57 Stomach ache Heart pounding Excessive sweating Correct! All of the above answers are correct Question 5 1 / 1 pts Normal, ordinary people who have occasional intrusive thoughts with bizarre, sexual, or aggressive conte nt would not be considered to have OCD unless they find the thoughts unacceptable or even dangerous an d also use alcohol or other drugs to reduce anxiety. develop insomnia and nightmares as well as dissociation symptoms and, on occasion, psychosis. Correct! become horrified by such thoughts and consider them signs of some alien, intrusive, evil force. suffer from either posttraumatic stress disorder or social phobia. Question 6 1 / 1 pts According to Gray and McNaughton (1996), the fight-or-flight system is partially activated by deficiencie s in theneurotransmitter in the brain. Correct! serotonin dopamine acetylcholine norepinephrin e P a g e 42 | 57 Question14 1 /1 pts Which of the following brain areas is NOT closely associatedwith anxiety? 10.3% Question 12 1 / 1 pts Obsessive-compulsive disorder is often accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT _______. severe generalized anxiety major depression Correct! visual hallucinations panic attacks Question 13 1 / 1 pts Physiological assessments of panic attacks recorded in the laboratory indicate an increase in all of the foll owing EXCEPT ______________. heartbeat finger temperature muscle tension Correct! stomach contractions Hippocampus P a g e 45 | 57 Amygdala Prefrontal cortex Correct! Hypothalamus Question 15 1 / 1 pts The setting for posttraumatic stress disorder to occur follows an experience accompanied by a triad of feelings, including all of the following EXCEPT . horror Correct! paranoia helplessness Fear Question 1 1 / 1 pts Since Jane has been diagnosed with illness anxiety disorder, we can expect her to see her physician often and feel completely reassured that there is nothing wrong with her health. rarely but continue to believe that she is quite ill. almost never because she does not trust physicians. Correct! often but continue to be anxious about her health anyway. P a g e 46 | 57 Question4 1 /1 pts In regard to diagnosinga patient'ssymptoms asa conversion disorder, it is Question 2 1 / 1 pts In dissociative identity disorder, the transition from one personality to another is called a . transformation substitution Correct! switch alteration Question 3 1 / 1 pts While driving alone in her car, Sarah suddenly looks around and, for a moment, she can't remember where she is, how she arrived at this point on the road, or even wh y she is driving her car. Sarah is experiencing_______________. derealization Correct! depersonalization the early stages of what will eventually become a severe psychotic disorder symptoms of a mood disorder quite apparent when a patient is malingering (faking), but it is difficult to determine whether symptoms are due to real physical disorders or a conversion disorder. quite apparent when a symptom is due to a real physical disorder, but it is impossible to determine the difference between a conversion disorder and patient malingering (faking). P a g e 47 | 57 Question 10 1 / 1 pts Tom was in a coma after an automobile accident which killed his wife. His physical health improved and there is no medical reason why he should not be able to move his arms and legs. Tom may be suffering from: Correct! conversion disorder hypochondriasis obsessive/compulsive disorder body dysmorphic disorder Question 11 1 / 1 pts Your friend Jorge is always complaining that he doesn’t feel well. He thinks his symptoms are serious, has a high-level of anxiety about his symptoms, and often Googles his symptoms. What must be ruled out before Jorge can be diagnosed for Somatic Symptom Disorder: medical attention to ensure that he does not have an underlying injury. medical attention to ensure that he does not have an underlying illness. discussion with his doctor about recent and previous substance abuse. Correct! all of the above are correct. Question 12 1 / 1 pts A distinctive dissociative state that is not found in Western cultures is . P a g e 50 | 57 Correct! amok exorcism trance voodoo Question 13 1 / 1 pts In treating conversion disorder, which of the following statements is true? Correct! Clients responded well to cognitive-behavioral therapy. Clients responded well to hypnosis. Clients responded well when hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy were combined. Like somatic symptom disorder, clients do not respond well to any treatment. Question 14 1 / 1 pts A person who fakes symptoms for a goal is called a___________,whileapersonwhofakesadiseasefornoclear goal has a____________disorder: Correct! malingerer; factitious conversion disorder patient; malingering fictitious disorder patient; conversion P a g e 51 | 57 hypochondriac; factitious Question 15 0 / 1 pts Studies examining the incidence of DID in non-clinical populations (the population at large or a universitypopulation) suggest that approximately_____________percent of the general population suffe r from DID. .001 You Answered .01 to .05 1.5 Question 1 1 / 1 pts All of the following statements about lithium therapy are true EXCEPT for those patients who respond to lithium, approximately 70% will relapse. for anyone with recurrent manic episodes, maintenance on lithium is recommended to prevent relapse. Correct! once a person is symptom-free for 6 months, he/she may stop taking lithium. people stop taking lithium to regain the euphoric feeling that mania produces. Question 2 1 / 1 pts “Depressive neuroses” were more formalized and named Mood Disorders beginning in the: P a g e 52 | 57 Bipolar disorders occur equally across the sexes. Dysthymia occurs equally across the sexes. Question 8 1 / 1 pts According to recent research on the development of depression, dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outloo k) andhopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively) constitute a vulnerability to depression. biological Correct! cognitive behavioral sociological Question 9 1 / 1 pts In studies of bipolar patients who experience rapid cycling, ithas been found that from 60% to 90% are _________. Correct! female male elderly adolescents Question 10 1 / 1 pts Interpersonal psychotherapy deals with all of the following interpersonal problems EXCEPT P a g e 55 | 57 Correct! environmental interactions. acquiring new relationships. identification and correction of deficits in social skills. interpersonal role disputes. Question 11 1 / 1 pts Negative cognitive styles are associated with a vulnerability to subsequent depression Correct! in people in general. in people who have already been depressed. only in people who are currently depressed. only in women. Question 12 1 / 1 pts Being depressed the risk of death in elderly patients who have had a stroke or heart attack. has no effect Correct! doubles triples reduces P a g e 56 | 57 Question14 1 /1 pts The physical symptoms ofa major depressive disorder include Question15 1 /1 pts Unipolar mania Question 13 1 / 1 pts Jane is diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. You can expect that she will experience full manic episodes. Correct! hypomanic episodes. both manic and hypomanic episodes. neither manic nor hypomanic episodes. Correct! changes in appetite or weight. decreased ability to concentrate. increased energy. decreased self- esteem does not exist. Correct! is rare. is fairly common. is a part of bipolar disorder. P a g e 57 | 57