Advanced Pathophysiology Advanced Pathophysiology, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Advanced Pathophysiology Advanced Pathophysiology and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! Advanced Pathophysiology decreased ability to secrete concentrated urine and glucose reabsorption - What normal age related changes might one see on A UA? erthropoietin - produced in the fetal liver and adult kidney, produced in the kidney Streptococcus - acute glomerulonephritis may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin cx for which bacteria? Urethra ascending to the bladder - How does bacteria gain access to female urinary tract? swelling around the eye (periorbital edema) - What is the 1st indication of nephrotic syndrome in children? hypospadias - congenital condition in which the urethral meatus is located on the ventral side or under the surface of the penis distention - What is the first exam findings of a small intestine obstruction? fewer than 3 BM per weeks - When is it constipation? parathyroid hormone - What substance stimulates renal hydroxylation in the process of producing vitamin D? pyloric stenosis - Caused by gastrin from mother, most common cause of intestinal obstruction in infancy; muscle fiber thickening 0.9mmd/L - If glucose is + on the UA, what is the expected minimum serum glucose? Inhibits Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the kidney tubules, inhibits secretion of renin and aldosterone, vasodilates the afferent arterioles - What effect does natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates? 250-300ml - How much urine does the bladder hold until it senses fullness? 25% - What is the average percent of cardiac output the kidneys receive? post pituitary gland - What secretes the ADH? increases water permeability - What does ADH do? inhibits Na+ and H2O absorption by the kidneys - What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone? Urea - this is the end product of protein metabolism and major constituents of urine nephrons - functional unit of the kidney (tubular); each kidney contains 1.2 million of these compensatory hypertrophy - partially counteracts the negative consequence of unilateral obstruction Regulation of BP - What is renin capable of when it is released? reduction in size and decrease in renal blood flow and nephrons - What renal change is found in older adults? wipe front to back - What self care measure is important to include when teaching women about prevention of UTI's? UA confirmation of WBC casts - What is the differentiating sign between pyelonephritis and cystitis? dialysis - CKD assoc. with anemia is indicative for what treatment? confusion - What clinical manifestations generally occur with UTI in geriatric population? TP53 - Bladder cancer is associated with the gene mutation of which gene? muscle - Creatinine is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released from what type of tissue? glucose and insulin - treats hyperkalemia when assoc. with acute renal failure; K+ can be driven , back into the cells by administering these, it moves it back into intracellular fluid hematochezia - bright red stools from rapid bleeding in the upper GI Dumping syndrome - rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme from the surgically created residual stomach into the sm. intestines 10-20 min after eating lower esophagus, stomach, duodenum - What 3 places can peptic ulcers occur? acute pancreatitis - mild disease and resolves spontaneously; obstruction to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction (gallstones); can result from drugs or viral infections intussusception - telescoping of a proximal segment of intestines into a distal segment causing obstruction; most common cause of SBO in children; ileum telescopes into the cecum alcohol cirrhosis - caused by toxic effects of alcohol metabolism on the liver, immunologic alterations, oxidative stress from lipid peroxidation and malnutrition; most prevalent of cirrhosis; fat accumulates in the liver cells bleeding from esophageal varices - the most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding neural or muscular disorder that interfere with voluntary swallowing or peristalsis - What is the cause of functional dysphagia? osmotic diarrhea - a non absorbable substance in the intestines draw H2O into the lumen by osmosis and increases stool weight/volume; producing lrg volumes of diarrhea, poorly absorbed ions such as magnesium, sulfate, and phosphate they cannot make it in their intestines without bacteria flora; - Why are babies vitamin K deficient? Places them at risk for hemorrhage GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - What provides the best estimate of the level of function of the renal tissue? Hypothyroidism - Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to what? membranous glomerular lesion - thickening of the glomerular capillary wall with immune response is what kind of lesion? decreased platelet level - What lab value is indicative of portal HTN-induce splenomegaly? metabolic acidosis - if an obstruction is at the pylorous or high in the small intestines, it develops d/t excessive loss of hydrogen ions that normally would be reabsorbed from the gastric juice and vomiting; This can cause what? intrahepatic portal HTN - liver fibrosis leads to cirrhosis with increase resistance to portal blood flow by constricting and decrease the compliance of hepatic sinusoids cleft lip - caused by incomplete fusion of the nasomedial and intermaxillary processes beginning during the 4th week of embryonic development a period of rapid fetal growth cleft palate - failure of the primary palatal shelves or processes to fuse during the 3rd month of gestation can be unilateral or bilateral Meconium ileus - intestinal obstruction in neonates cause by meconium formed in utero that is abnormally sticky; fills the entire intestines before birth; dark greenish, odorless mass of desquamated cells, mucous, free fatty acids, pancreatic phospholipases, and bile that accumulate in the bowel of a fetus increased bilirubin in the bloodstream - What is physiological jaundice in a newborn caused by? Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease) - autoimmune disease that damages that sm. intestinal villous epithelium when there is indigestion of gluten; causes malabsorption in the duodenum and jejenum including with vitamins smaller fluid reserve, faster metabolism, rapid peristalsis - Why is prolonged diarrhea more severe in children vs. adults? tubular reabsorption - movement of fluids and solutes from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma stimulates secretions of aldosterone and ADH - What happens to angiotension II activity with progressive nephron injury? nephritic syndrome (RBC escaping through the glomerular membrane) - What does smoky brown colored urine indicate? nitric oxide - this increases vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles Atropine - this blocks the mAChR receptor M2 in the heart, which is normally stimulated by the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system parietal cells - these secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and gastroferrin Hirschsprug's disease - functional obstruction of the colon; most common cause of colon obstruction in infants; exact cause is unknown; failure of the neural crest cells to migrate into the GI tract absence of ganglion cells Kwashiorkar - edematous malnutrition and usually occurs in infants or children from 1 to 4 yrs of age who have been weaned from breast milk to a high starch, protein deficient diet; death rate is higher than others Marasmus - can occur at any age, but it is common in children younger than 1 yr old; starvation is attributable to lack of protein and carbs and in neglected children parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system - innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplies by which nerves? perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries - What is the glomerular filtration rate directly related to? sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system - What are blood vessels of the kidney innervated by? urodilation - this causes vasodilation, increases renal blood flow, and diuretic effects glomeruli, most proximal tubules, and some segments of the distal tubule - what is housed by the cortex? kidney stones, pregnancy, vesicouretal reflux - What is pyelonephritis normally cause by? plasma urea, proteinuria, cystene C - What lab values are abnormal with glomerular disorder? Prostaglandins - vasoconstriction caused by sympathetic nerves and angiotension II; this prevents harmful/vaso constriction and renal ischemia Intestinal malrotation - most common cogenital anomaly of the sm. intestines; sm intestines lacks a normal posterior fixation; include duodenal, jejunal, or biliary atresia, pancreatic malformation, and heart defects