Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review Latest Updated Guide 2024 Top Rated Exam Guide For, Exams of Nursing

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P a g e 1 | 11 Why are nitrate-free periods every 24 hours necessary for the patient on nitroglycerin therapy? - ANS; To inhibit the development of tolerance What does a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone indicate? - ANS; Hyperthroidism What would be the best option to treat a newly diagnosed patient with a low TSH level with? - ANS; Propanolol (Inderal) Spironoaldactone (Aldactone) has what mechanism of action (MOA)? - ANS; Aldosterone antagonist Heparin exerts its therapeutic action by what? - ANS; Upregulating the activity of one of the body's natural anticoagulant molecules, antithrombin III What physiologic action happens when the offending drug is administered during an anaphylactic reaction. - ANS; Mast cells liberate large doses of histamine. What are two systemic psoriasis medications? - ANS; Photo-therapy and topical corticosteroids What is the first choice of drug therapy for the majority of patients with uncomplicated stage I hypertension? - ANS; Thiazide diuretics What is the effect of cardiac glycosides? - ANS; Digitalis glycosides have a negative chronotropic effect on the cardiac muscle cells. Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review Latest Updated Guide 2024 Top Rated Exam Guide For Guaranteed Success. P a g e 2 | 11 Amenorrhea is the most common side effect of which birth control medication? - ANS; Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) What is an anti-hypertensive agent which competes with epinephrine for available beta- receptor sites? - ANS; Atenolol (Tenormin) What type of action does nitrates have on the body? - ANS; Reduction in systemic venous tone. What is the recommended level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) for patients with known coronary artery disease? - ANS; 100mg/dl or less. What is the MOA of group IV anti-dysrhythmia drugs? - ANS; Depressing phase 4 depolarization and lengthening phases 1 and 2 repolarization. Which drug therapy should be used to lower the serum concentration of thyroid hormones and re-establish eumetabolic state in a patient with Graves' disease? - ANS; Anti-thyroid drugs. Which type of diuretic would be used for a stage I hypertension in a patient with renal insufficiency? - ANS; Loop diuretic. What drug should be considered as first-line therapy for a client with hypertension and heart failure? - ANS; Enalapril (Vasotec) Which drug is considered safe for hypertension treatment during pregnancy? - ANS; Methyldopa (Aldomet) Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review Latest Updated Guide 2024 Top Rated Exam Guide For Guaranteed Success. P a g e 5 | 11 statin may increase the odds of developing type 2 diabetes or suffering reversible memory loss or problems thinking. The FDA warned that one statin, lovastatin, shouldn't be taken with some antibiotics, anti-fungal agents, or medications used to treat AIDS." What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides? - ANS; Increase the force of cardiac contraction. What age-related changes place the elderly at risk for an exaggerated response to Warfarin (Coumadin) and Heparin? - ANS; Protein binding changes and decrease in clotting factors. Along with diet, what drug is used to treat hypertriglyceridemia? - ANS; Gemfibrozil (Lopid). What drug is the best choice of treatment for a newly diagnosed patient with type 2 diabetes only having postprandial glucose elevation? - ANS; Meglitinide (Prandin). Which medication is considered the safest for a diabetic patient if hypoglycemia is a major concern? - ANS; Metformin (Glucophage). What drug is an absolute contraindication if the patient is a smoker and taking medications for type 2 diabetes? - ANS; Birth control. How should an oral glucocorticoid be taken? - ANS; With food. The normal starting dose of levothyroxine is 50-100mcg per day for primary hypothroidism. What is the most appropriate starting dose in a 71-year old female patient? - ANS; 25mcg per day. Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review Latest Updated Guide 2024 Top Rated Exam Guide For Guaranteed Success. P a g e 6 | 11 What drug class should be avoided in patients with a diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis? - ANS; Clucocorticoids like Prednisone. What thyroid drug blocks thyroid hormone production and release? - ANS; L-thyroxine (Levothyroid). What drug class exacerbates hyperglycemia? - ANS; Corticosteroids like Prednisone (Deltasone). What drug would you add for a patient who has been taking a sulfonylurea medication like Glipizide (Glucotrol) for type 2 diabetes when there is poor glucose control? - ANS; Add Metformin (Glucophage) to the sulfonylurea. Which drug class may predispose an insulin dependent patient to hypoglycemia? - ANS; A selective beta-adrenergic blocker like Nadolol (Corgard). What side effects may an elderly patient who has just been placed on a calcium channel blocker for treatment of hypertension and angina except to watch for? - ANS; Constipation, peripheral edema, and decreased heart rate. What might be a probable cause of a decreased digoxin level of 0.5mg/ml in a 70-year old with previously stable levels be a result of? - ANS; Antacid use. What drug used in the treatment of congestive heart failure is NOT associated with decreased mortality? - ANS; Digoxin (Lanoxin). Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review Latest Updated Guide 2024 Top Rated Exam Guide For Guaranteed Success. P a g e 7 | 11 A patient complains of "puffy feet" shortly after beginning a new medication three months ago. There is no underlying physiological cause for this condition. What medication is most likely causing the problem? - ANS; Amlodipine (Norvasc). What drugs affect the action of Warfarin (Coumadin)? - ANS; Alcohol, NSAIDs, and oral antifungals. What drug has a beneficial effect on benign prostate hypertrophy that may be used to treat simultaneous hypertension? - ANS; Doxazosin (Cardura). What anithypertensive agent is safe during pregnancy? - ANS; Methyldopa (Aldomet). A patient is taking the ACEI Enalapril (Vasotec) for the last four months for the treatment of congestive heart failure, and is complaining of a nonproductive cough. What should the NP advise the patient regarding this side effect? - ANS; The cough should subside 1-4 days after discontinuing the drug. Which medication classification has been found to be most helpful in managing the problems associated with congestive heart failure? - ANS; ACE inhibitors like Trandolapril (Mavik). What potentially serious side effect should a NP monitor or suspect in a patient who has begun taking Lovastatin (Mevacor) approximately three weeks ago, and who now presents complaining of generalized muscle aches. - ANS; Rhabdomyolysis. What drug is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker? - ANS; Amlodipine (Norvasc). Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review Latest Updated Guide 2024 Top Rated Exam Guide For Guaranteed Success. P a g e 10 | 11 and tachypnea of 24 breaths per minute. Chest X-ray confirms a left lower lobe pneumonia. - ANS; Levofloxacin (Levaquin). What is the most appropriate intervention for an 8-yr old sent home from school with mucopululent discharge from his eye and suspected bacterial conjunctivitis? - ANS; Bacitracin/polymyxin (Polysporin) opthalmic solution for 7-10 days. Which class of drugs should NOT be used to treat COPD? - ANS; Leukotriene inhibitors, such as Zafirlukast (Aaccolate). How do antiprostaglandin drugs cause stomach mucosal injury? - ANS; They alter the thickness of the protective mucosal layer. What do gastric parietal cells produce? - ANS; Hydrochloric acid. How do Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and Loperamide (Imodium) help relieve diarrhea? - ANS; They decrease the motility of the ileum and colon, slowing the transit time and promoting more water absorption. Can antacids cause diarrhea? - ANS; Yes, antacids containing magnesium, which decrease bowel transit time, may cause diarrhea. Most often seen in renal insufficiency. Which medication does NOT increase the incidence of constipation in an older adult? - ANS; Warfarin (Coumadin). Which laxative is safe for long-term use? - ANS; Methycellulose (Citrucel). Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review Latest Updated Guide 2024 Top Rated Exam Guide For Guaranteed Success. P a g e 11 | 11 Which medication given for nausea and vomiting works by affecting the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby stimulating uppergastrointestinal motility and increasing lower esophagealsphincter pressure? - ANS; Antidopaminergic agents such as Prochlorperazine (Compazine). Which drug class is most likely to produce the most rapid relief for a patient who is having heartburn symptoms? - ANS; Antacids like Calcium Carbonate (Tums). Which H2RA is most likely to cause drug interactions with Phenytoin (Dilantin) and Theophylline (Bronkodyl)? - ANS; Cimetidine (Tagamet). Which pharmacologic intervention should you consider when treating a middle-aged man with recurrent gastric ulcers? - ANS; Antimocrobial therapy to treat an underlying H-pylori. Which OTC supplement commonly taken by the elderly exacerbates constipation? - ANS; Calcium. What direction would you give when prescribing Sucralfate (Carafate)? - ANS; The drug must be taken on an empty stomach. What drug should be limited when the patient has a NSAID induced peptic ulcer? - ANS; Misiprostol (Cytotec). A patient presents with a history of GERD and many other medical conditions. What medication would you encourage her to avoid? - ANS; NSAIDs. What drug can exacerbate the symptoms of GERD? - ANS; Verapamil (Calan).