Intrinsic and Extrinsic Risk Factors for Injury in Personal Training Certification, Exams of Health sciences

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AFAA personal training certification chapter 10 intrinsic risk factors for injury -           muscle imbalance, bony alignment abnormalities, previous injury, obesity, joint laxity, predisposing illness or disease, leg-length discrepancy, restricted ROM/inflexibility, poor core stability extrinsic risk factors for injury -           improper or no warm-up, excessive or uncontrolled speed, fatigue, high number of repetitions, high intensity, poor alignment and/or technique, improper footwear, inappropriate progression, environmental factors, confusion between muscle soreness and inappropriate join pain acute injury -           has a sudden onset due to a specific trauma chronic injury -           aka overuse syndrome, it it the accumulation of repeated episodes of micro trauma that causes disease muscle strain -           an over-stretching, overexertion, or overuse of soft tissue, less severe than a sprain, may occur from a slight trauma or unaccustomed repeated trauma sprain -           usually caused by a severe stress, stretch, or tear of soft tissues such as ligaments or joint capsules subluxation -           an incomplete or partial dislocation that often involves secondary trauma to the surrounding tissue dislocation -           the displacement of a bony part of a joint that leads to soft tissue damage, inflammation, pain, and muscle spasm muscle/tendon rip or tear -           with a partial tear, pain is felt when the muscle is stretched or contracted against resistance, with a complete tear, the muscle is incapable of working tendinitis -           (technically know as tendinosis)-inflammation of a tendon leasing to scarring or calcium deposits synovitis -           inflammation of a synovial membrane, and excessive amount of synovial fluid within a joint is usually caused by trauma bursitis -           inflammation of a bursa contusion -           bruising from a direct blow, resulting in capillary rupture, bleeding, edema, and inflammation adhesions -           abnormal adherence of collagen fibers to surrounding tissues during immobiliation or after an injury, resulting in a loss of normal elasticity contractures -           a shortening or tightening of skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsules that prevents normal mobility of that structure joint dysfunction -           mechanical loss of normal joint play in synovial joints, usually leading to pain and a loss of function; may be caused by trauma, immobilization, disuse, aging, etc acute (inflammatory) stage -           usually lasts 4-6 days, swelling, redness, heat, pain and loss of function are evident subacute (repair and healing) stage -           when repair of the injured site begins, may last 14-21 days chronic (maturation and remodeling)stage -           a long standing condition with recurring pain episodes often accompanied by dysfunctions resulting from the healing process, begins at 14-21 days and lasts until there is pain free functional use os the afflicted part RICE -           rest, ice, compression, and elevation heat therapy -           reserved for chronic injuries, it helps to relieve muscle spasm and increases blood flow and flexibility ice therapy -           best for acute injuries, reduces swelling, lower tissue temperature, decrease muscle spasm, and slow metabolic activity, avoid using for clients who have reduced skin sensitivity, sickle cell anemia, raynauds syndrome, or peripheral vascular disease, 20 minutes on for every 2 hours common muscle imbalances - scoliosis -           a sideways or lateral curvature of the spine, often congenital, corrective exercises should be prescribed by a physical therapist exercise hazards for the low back -           unsupported spinal flexion; unsupported lateral flexion; extreme lumbar hyperextension - overstretches the long ligaments of the spine, leading to loss of spinal stability exercise hazards for the low back -           unsupported spinal flexion with rotation- overstretches the long ligaments of the spine, leading to loss of spinal stability, with the additional risk of potential risk herniation exercise hazards for the low back -           long-lever traction can produce shearing forces on the spine, leading to ligament overstretch and/or protruding(bulging) disks iliotibial band tendinitis -           aka ITB syndrome, it is an overuse injury typically caused by a tight iliotibial band, the band is aggravated by excessive or abnormal rotational movements of the femur and tibia while running or walking piriformis syndrome -           a tendinitis of the hip external rotators, which may cause sciatic-like symptoms osteoarthritis -           commonly affects the hip as part of the aging process, wearing away of cartilage, bone chipping and fragmentation, and bony spurs may develop in the hip patellofemoral pain syndrome -           characterized by chronic anterior knee pain that may include chondromalacia patellae, abnormal lateral tracking of the kneecap describes a lateral subluxation or malposition of the patella, results in increased contact with the lateral femoral condyle, which can leas to articular cartilage softening pain and crepitaiton in the knee patellar tendinitis -           an inflammation of the distal patellar tendon due to repetitive stress, tenderness will be felt at the point where the patellar tendon attaches to the tibia, or at an point around the patella ligament injuries -           common, especially those involving the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) athletes playing contact sports are at risk of sustaining blows to the knee, or of experiencing excessive torque when tripping or falling meniscus tears -           caused by traumatic blows to the knee, rotary forces within the joint and by bending and straightening the knee too far bursitis of the knee -           a swelling of the bursar around the knee, causing pain and stiffness when kneeling or bending the knee open chain exercise -           in this exercise the terminal(end) joint is free- e.g. quad sets and knee extension exercises closed kinetic chain exercise -           in this exercise the terminal joint is fixed- e.g. leg presses, and squats avoid these for proper knee mechanics -           knee flexion > 90 degrees(hyperflexion) in a weight-bearing position, knee torque and knee hyperextension shin splints -           a catch all term for pain in the shin due to repetitive impact-loading injuries, may include tibial stress syndrome, tibial stress fractures, periostitis, and interior compartment syndrome, pain is usually felt along the posteromedial border of the tibia, about two thirds of the way down the leg, when walking or running anterior compartment syndrome -           characterized by pain on the lateral side of the tibia, occurs when the leg muscles that perform dorsiflexion become so swollen that the fascia around the muscles restricts the blood supply, leading to pain numbness and paralysis achilles tendinitis -           a term for a variety of injuries, including inflammation of the peritendinous sheath, of the tendon itself, or of the retrocalcaneal bursa, usually due to overuse ankle sprains -           common in running jumping and sudden turning; most involve inversion and plantar flexion plantar fasciitis -           aka heel spur syndrome, it is a chronic inflammation of the plantar fascia; over time a calcium build-up on the calcaneus may result in heel sours secondary to the plantar fasciitis; pain is usually felt in the medial arch near the heel and is worse during a clients first steps in the morning metatarsalgia -           a term used for generalized pain and/or tenderness in the metatarsals, the heads of the long bones of the foot