AFOQT Aviation Study: Flight Control, Performance & Rotary Wing Basics (70 characters), Exams of Aviation

Download AFOQT Aviation Study: Flight Control, Performance & Rotary Wing Basics (70 characters) and more Exams Aviation in PDF only on Docsity! AFOQT AVIATION INFORMATION STUDY GUIDE EXAM NEW UPDATE Primary Flight Control System - Manages ailerons, elevators, and rudder. Input on this system changes airflow pressure and distribution. Secondary Flight Control System - Manages wing flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers, and trim tabs. Assists in optimizing aircraft performance during a flight. Input on this system increases lift and adjusts drag. Cowlings - Removable pieces of an aircraft's outer skin that protect important areas on the aircraft from aerodynamic and environmental forces. Glide - Little to no engine power, gravity takes over in flight. Emergency Descent - Aircraft rapidly loses altitude. Emergency procedures dictate power settings and control positions. Descent - Lift is decreased, induced drag is minimized, aircraft can gain airspeed and thrust. Engine power levels must be reduced to maintain airspeed/avoid excess speed. Best Angle of Climb - Gaining the most altitude over a given distance. Used during takeoff/obstructions of flight path. Counter Drum Altimeter - Digitally displays the altitude without needing manual figuring Partial Power Descent - Preferred way to decrease altitude. Should drop at a rate of 500 ft/min Climb - Pilot must increase lift to overcome plane's weight. Flight path changes from lower to higher level of altitude. Steep Turn - Turn with any bank angle greater than 45*. Pilot must input opposite pressure on controls to return to level flight. White Arc of Airspeed Indicator - Displays flap operating speed. Lower Limit (Vso)is the stalling speed with flaps down. Upper limit (Vfe) is max speed where flaps can be extended. Green Arc of Airspeed Indicator - Displays the aircraft's normal operating range from lowest limit to (vs1) to highest limit (Vno). Also known as the maximum structural cruising speed. Red Radial Line of Airspeed Indicator - Re presets the never exceed speed (Vne) Magnetic Compass - Navigational instrument that displays cardinal headings (NESW) in 30* increments. Long vertical hash marks are 10* increments, short are 5* increments. Class A Airspace - Airspace from 18,000 ft mean sea level up to/including 60,000 ft. Includes airspace overlaying waters within 12 nautical miles of coast of 48 states/Alaska. All operations conducted under instrument flight rules unless otherwise authorized. Class B Airspace - Airspace from surface to 10,000 ft mean sea level surrounding busiest airports. ATC clearance is needed to operate, enter, and leave. Must be certified to operate in the airspace. Class C Airspace - Airspace from 4,000 ft above airport elevation surrounding airports that have an operation control tower, serviced by radar approach control, and have a certain number of instrument flight rule operations. Usually has a 5 nautical mile radius, an outer circle of 10 nautical mile radius that extends from 1,200 ft to 4,000 ft above airport elevation. 2 way radio communication with ATC is required when enter/leaving airspace. Pitch Horn/Yoke - Extends perpendicular to the main rotor blades. Connects to blade grips/stabilizer. Collects control input from pilot and moves blade grips, changing angle of attack. Swept Wing Planform - Wing that is tapered back to reduce drag. Sometimes twists under stress. Includes slightly, moderate, sharp, and delta types. Monocoque Structure - Thin sheet of aluminum alloy is curved to fit the shell of the fuselage. Truss Structure - Welded steel tubing longhorns are separated by diagonal tubes in the fuselage. Pressure Altimeter is calibrated for inches of Hg? - 29.92 in Vertical Axis of Flight - Perpendicular to wings. Determines yaw. Lateral Axis of Flight - Wingtip to wingtip. Determines pitch. Longitudinal Axis of Flight - Lengthwise from nose to tail. Determines roll. Induced Drag - Where air flowing from across the top of the wing meets air flowing slowly under, creating a vortex. Usually found at the back of the wing. Increases when lift, airspeed, and angle of attack increase. Semi-Cantilever Design - External braces are attached to the wing. Biplane - Two levels of wings on plane with one above the other. Rectangular Wing Planform - Simplest type of wing, highly efficient. Typically used for light general aviation. Elliptical Wing Planform - Most effective style of wing. Has lowest possible induced drag. Tapered Wing Planform - Cross between a rectangular and elliptical wing. Gives better lift distribution and moderate efficiency. Wings are able to have a variety of speeds. Calibrated Airspeed - Indicated airspeed corrected for position error. Altitude Indicator - Provides real time and direct altitude information during changes in pitch and bank. Displays relationship of plane orientation to artificial horizon. Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) - Assists with descents during visual landings. White light on upper portion and a red light on the lower portion to help identify to the pilot their position along the glide path to the runway. Density Altitude - Pressure altitude modified for a non-standard temperature. True Airspeed - Equivalent airspeed corrected for non-standard density. Heading Indicator - Similar to a magnetic compass. Direction is defined by horizontal plane. When not matching the horizon, error (drift) happens. Must be corrected every 10-15 minutes by confirming compass. Vertical Card Compass - Dry Compass. Etched in 30* increments. 0 is taken off the last digit, and it is read clockwise. Runway Edge Lights - Identifies the edges of the runway. Lights are while, but yellow edges along the last 2000ft or 1/2 the length of the runway. Indicated Altitude - Altitude actually displayed on the altimeter. Absolute Altitude - Height of the aircraft above ground level. Spoliers - Used to help reduce air speed by extending upward. Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) - Displays vertical speed of an aircraft in 1,000s ft/min. Displayed in 500ft increments. Three-Point Altimeter - Displays Altitude. Longhand displays 10,000s ft, shortest hand displays 1,000s ft, medium hand displays 100s feet. Non precision instrument runway - Precision instrument runway - Bank Scale - Part of Altitude Indicator. Represents sky (blue) and ground/horizon (gray/black). Top hashes are degrees in bank, in 30* increments. Indicated Airspeed - Airspeed displayed on indicator instrument Throttle Control - Rotary wing aircraft control used to switch engine performance management to a computer. Usually located on collective control as a twisting grip. Directional Controls (Tail Rotor Pedals) - Rotary wing craft control used to change the pitch of the tail rotor blades. Collective Control - Rotary wing craft control used to change the pitch of the rotor blades. Located to the left of the pilot seat. Powerplant - Contains engines and propellers, induction, exhaust, cooling, electrical, lubrication, and fuel systems. Aircraft with a cruising speed less than than or equal to 250mph will use a engine. - Reciprocating Aircraft with a cruising speed is greater than or equal to 250 mph will use a engine. - Gas Turbine Aircraft traveling at high altitudes will use a engine. - Turbo-supercharged reciprocating Aircraft operating at Mach 1 or higher will use a engine. - Turbojet Fixed Pitch Propeller - Propeller set by the manufacturer. Variable Pitch Propeller - Allows pilot to adjust the blade pitch during flight. Pusher Propeller - Thrust from it's rotation pushes the aircraft. Installed on the rear and faces the rear. Fuselage - Main section that holds the crew, passengers, and cargo. Stabilizes aircraft during flight. Angle of Attack - Angle between the direction of the airflow against the wing and chord. Aileron - Located on trailing edges of the wing. Controls toll on the longitudinal axis. Agonic Line - Line where true north and magnetic north variation is 0*. Coordinated Turn - Part of turn and slip indicator. Centrifugal force and gravity is equal. The ball is on the lowest part of the glass. Rotor Blades - Gives rotary-wing aircraft lift. Class D Airspace - Airspace from the surface to 2,500 ft above airport elevation (MSL) surrounding the airports that have an operational control tower. 2 way radio is required with ATC before entering airspace. Class E Airspace - Airspace that is not classified as Class A, B, C, or D airspace. Begins a surface, 70, 14,5000, or MSL/AGL altitude. Usually extends to 18,000 ft MSL. Includes all airspace above FL 600. Class G Airspace - Designated uncontrolled airspace. Extends from surface to base of overlaying Class E Airspace. 5 mile viability required above 10,000 ft. Sliding/Kinetic Friction - Surface of one object slides along the surface of another object. Fluid Friction - Resistance on an object when it's moved through air or water. Rolling Friction - Occurs when an object rolls across a surface. Static Friction - Keeps an object at rest when that object is acted upon by an external force. Bernoulli's Principle - Within a horizontal flow of fluid, points of higher fluid speed will have less pressure than points of slower fluid speed. Four forces of Flight - Weight, Lift, Thrust, Drag Manufacturer's Empty Weight (MEW) - Total weight of the aircraft as it was built. Includes systems required for operation. Does NOT include the weight of the baggage, passengers, or usable/unusable fuel/liquids. Operating Empty Weight (OEW) - MEW+weight of crew, fluids, unusable fuel, and equipment required for flight. Does NOT include baggage, passengers, or usable fuel. All Up Weight (AUW) or Aircraft Gross Weight (AGW) - Total aircraft weight at any given moment during a flight. Decreases as fuel/fluids consumed during flight operation. Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) - Aircraft weight limit for landing. Exceeding this causes stress on landing gear/distance required for safe landing. Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) - Permissible weight of an aircraft with its contents, including unusable fuel. Excludes weight of usable fuel on boar/consumable fluids. Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) - Aircraft's weight limit for takeoff. Exceeding this increases power needed for takeoff, increases runway distance needed for liftoff, and places extra stress on aircraft structure. Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW) - Weight limit for an aircraft to taxi/to be wed on the ground. Profile Drag - Produced by shape of aircraft. Smaller equals less drag. Parasite Drag - Anything that increases turbulance on the aircraft. Skidding Turn - Part of Turn and Slip Indicator. Centrifugal force is greater than gravity. Ball moves towards the outside of turn. Slipping Turn - Part of Turn and Slip Indicator. More bank than needed, ball moves towards the inside of the turn. Approach Lighting system (ALS) - Assists pilot in transitioning from instrument flight to visual flight for landing. Airspeed Indicator - Pressure gauge that determines how fast aircraft is going. Measured in knots. Skids - Type of landing gear that lets rotary-wing aircraft land safely without damaging the undercarriage.