Agricultural and Rural Development - Lecture Slides | GEOG 155, Study notes of Geography

Download Agricultural and Rural Development - Lecture Slides | GEOG 155 and more Study notes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! LAST TIME • Population growth, distribution, and size in Latin America • Urbanization Problems with urban growth continued • The urban economy • Migration TODAY Agricultural and Rural Development __ * Tropical Deforestation Development history in Amazonia • “Spontaneous” peasant agricultural colonization Brazilian Andean Development history in Amazonia • Governmentally planned peasant colonization highways planning excessively centralized Highway location bad for soils geopolitical motives domestic political motives Development history in Amazonia * Cattle ranching Fishbone patterns Amazonian deforestation • Wider consequences in Brazil speculation and abandoned lands deforestation of rare tropical rain forest destruction of species destruction of Indigenous people’s traditional livelihood consequences for global warming fails to solve land tenure problem • Solutions? Tropical Deforestation • Deforestation rates Tropical Deforestation • Causes agricultural clearing pasture clearing timber harvesting oil exploration/extraction population growth? degradation of lands in source areas of migrants poor land tenure equity in source areas of migrants © T. M. Whitmore Central America: Forest Cover Source: FAO, 2003 © T. M. Whitmore South America: Forest Cover Source: FAO, 2003 © T. M. Whitmore Results Central America 1961-2001 • 59% rural population increase (19 million) • 34%. rural population density increase. • 15% deforestation (13 million ha.) • Great temporal and geographic variation © T. M. Whitmore2852223019.0417.7510.39Average 293055.044.832.48Panama 236044.386.371.53Nicaragua 1870156119123.1522.1712.63Mexico 1522865.604.653.38Honduras 14606.827.823.02Haiti 18389156.823.982.08Guatemala 7388214.954.972.78El Salvador 98581417.2311.9311.11Dominican Republic 128721920.5712.975.42Costa Rica Central America 200119811961200119811961 Fertilizer Use (1000 Kg/Ha. of Cropland) Percent A&P Land Irrigated © T. M. Whitmore South America 1961-2001 • 62 million decrease in rural population (-6%) • rural population density nearly halved • 6% deforestation (12% weighted). © T. M. Whitmore 19%38%26%6%-57%2.15Venezuela -46%-14%8%101%-48%1.50Paraguay -64%-35%-43%59%34%1.18Ecuador -30%-3%-16%20%40%1.76Colombia -7%-15%-18%-12%46%0.64Chile 23%20%-3%-21%-66%1.41Brazil -40%-13%-12%47%-32%1.49Bolivia -18%-39%-34%-19%-34%0.19Argentina 1961-20001981-20001961-20011961-20001961-20011961 Change Forest/CapitaDeforestation Rural Population Change Rural Population Density SOUTH AMERICA © T. M. Whitmore Revisiting hypotheses Population and Forest Clearing • Positive relation between rural population and population density dynamics AND deforestation rates and deforestation rates per capita (rural). YES AND NO What are the land use drivers? • Positive relation between rural population and population density dynamics AND cropland relative to pasture. YES and NO • Negative relation between rural population and population density AND relative agricultural intensification. YES © T. M. Whitmore Conclusion • Future food production: intensification and pasture expansion • Migration • Scale • Data limitations • Policy implications HG Tropical forest a Forest destroyed Tropic of Cancer | EEE Desert [__] Desertification () Coastal pollution <= Polluted rivers « Poor urban air quality ATLANTIC OCEAN orn oy  ; * ; ~J rt \Colenteation | a Cpe ATLANTIC tanned HEE wat Po joy \ OCEAN oe nn ae c . F f = ioe i a I. 2 =A CY YS = ay ‘AN a: tg aor y ta | 7 a. ~~ SH ate \ e an os vat AMAZON W o£ ¥  ee Land above 900 m ZZ Areas of population decrease  7 FOREST COVER Le IM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON ATLANTIC |< 1986 Ee LEGEND cOLOMB So =: BRAZIL ao Q 200 400 m0 o mo 400 ee — EEE eee i Kilmeters "  "| a ~ | FOREST COVER Le IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON, 9 venezueLa aah amanmel_ 1996 OCEAN LEGEND cCOLOMB Altarrira, 70 Q ao eee Kilometers: RONDONIA FOREST COVER, 1986 LEGEND Forest Delores iter Seccundiny Crowih Water Choad Cloud Shadow a AMAZONAS | Comado —— Hasary Tramsameceinaca Mpfvay MATO er GROSSO fy Country Bouery & Fd & leo OG CAPITAL Cry THE LEGSAL AMAZON: BOLIVIA Le = at Go 2 eee ng hate © Roger J. Harris, 2001 © Roger J. Harris, 2001 NASA (4) Tropical forest iy Forest destroyed 7 of Cancer | EE Desert ire (=) Desertification oe | 81 Coastal pollution —— Polluted rivers. Caribbean Sea © Poor urban air quality oe | Equator PACIFIC ws ws ws ar 0 500 1,000 mi 0 800 1,000 km. er cent (p } Total Forest Extent, Forest Extent as“ of a 1990 (000 ha} Land Area Argentina 34 436 12.5 — Bra 566007 659 Chile 8033 10,7 6 4 Colombia 54 190 522 Costa Rica 1,456 28,5 Cuba 1.930 178 44 Dominican Rep. 1 084 224 Honduras 4608 412 Mexico 45695 255 Paraguay 12 86s 32,4 24 Pen 68,09 532 Uruguay B13 47 ta —-ay_™ | La. 34 4s | -6 i Argentinal, Chile Costa RicaDom Rep. Mexico Peru Brazil = Colormbia Cuba Honduras Paraquay Uruguay