Aldehydes and Ketones, Study notes of Organic Chemistry

Download Aldehydes and Ketones and more Study notes Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Aldehydes and Ketones Nomenclature Identify and name the parent chain – For ketones, replace the “-e” ending with an “-one” – The parent chain must include the C=O group – the C=O carbon is given the lowest #, and can be expressed before the parent name or before the suffix – For aldehydes, replace the “-e” ending with an “-al” – the parent chain must include the carbonyl carbon REACTIVITY * Aldehydes and ketones react with nucleophiles to form additional products – carbon anion and hydride anion are extremely strong bases and therefore a very poor leaving group. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 1. React with hydride (Reduction reactions) Addition of H2O-Hydration In the presence of an acid or base, an aldehyde/ketone in H2O is in equilibrium with its hydrate: With less stable carbonyl starting materials, equilibrium favors the hydrate product, whereas with the more stable carbonyl starting materials, equilibrium favors the carbonyl starting materials. • Electron-donating groups near the carbonyl carbon stabilize the carbonyl group, decreasing the amount of the hydrate at equilibrium. • Electron-withdrawing groups near the carbonyl carbon destabilize the carbonyl group, increasing the amount of hydrate at equilibrium. Wolff-Kishner and Clemmensen