Organic Compounds: Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic, Quizzes of Organic Chemistry

Download Organic Compounds: Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic and more Quizzes Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Section 6--Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanes | Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanes . Alkyl halides are compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I) in place of hydrogens in alkanes. The name haloalkanes is also used examples CH3Br CH3CH2Cl Classification of Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides, and other functionalized alkanes, are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbon to which the halogen is attached. methyl primary secondary tertiary number of alkyl or aryl groups 0 1 2 3 C H H H C H R H C R R H C R R R Alcohols . This family of organic compounds is characterized by the hydroxyl group: -OH. Note that when an R group (an alkyl group) replaces one H in the water molecule, an alcohol results : : the alcohol functional group C O-H 105o water H O H 109o an alcohol R O H Names of Alcohols . Simple alcohols often are named by using the alkyl group name followed by "alcohol" methane CH4 methyl CH3- methyl alcohol CH3-OH ethane CH3CH3 ethyl CH3CH2- ethyl alcohol CH3CH2-OH Classification of Alcohols . Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the structure around the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached ethyl alcohol CH3CH2OH a 1o alcohol CCH3 H H OH isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2CHOH a 2o alcohol CCH3 CH3 H OH tertiary-butyl alcohol (CH3)3COH a 3o alcohol CCH3 CH3 OH CH3 Name the following organic compounds using common alkyl group names. Quiz Chapter 2 Section 7 CH3Cl CH3CHBrCH3 CH3CH2CH2OH methyl chloride isopropyl bromide propyl alcohol Names of Ethers . Simple ethers are named by giving the alkyl group names in alphabetical order and adding "ether." For symmetrical ethers where R=R', the prefix "di" is added ethyl methyl ether diethyl ether CH3CH2OCH3 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 :Two important cyclic ethers are ethylene oxide tetrahydrofuran "THF" H2C O CH2 CH2H2C H2C O CH2 O Section 9--Amines Amines . Amines have a structural unit that can be viewed as a derivative of ammonia where R groups replace H. Up to all three H can be replaced. The classification system of amines is based on the number of H replaced by alkyl or aryl groups : ammonia NH H H : NR H H a primary amine : NR R' H a secondary amine : NR R' R'' a tertiary amine Note: The designation of 1o, 2o and 3o amine does not depend in any way on the structure of the R group. Quiz Chapter 2 Section 9 Identify the following amines as primary, secondary or tertiary types, and give their alkyl group names. (CH3)2NH (CH3)3CN(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 (a 1o amine butylamine ) (a 2o amine dimethylamine ) (a 3o amine tert-butyldimethylamine ) Section 10--Aldehydes and Ketones | Aldehydes and Ketones The Carbonyl Functional Group C O The carbon-oxygen double bond can be viewed as the combination of sp2 hybridized carbon and oxygen atoms. Aldehydes and ketones contain the very important carbonyl functional group. 1s 2s 2p valence level atomic C 2s 2p atomic O 1s Aldehydes Ketones O H H formaldehyde O H acetaldehyde O H benzaldehyde O acetone O ethyl methyl ketone O carvone Section 11--Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amides Section 12--Nitriles Section 13--Summary of Important Families of Organic Compounds Carboxylic Acids, Amides and Esters Carboxylic acids have a general structure that incorporates the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups: R may be H, alkyl or aryl O R OH . The characteristic functional group of a carboxylic acid is called the carboxyl group O CR OH Several ways of representing carboxylic acids: RCO2H RCOOH Esters .In esters, the X group is OR' or RCO2R' or RCOOR' O R O R' Amides In amides, the X group is NH2, NHR', or NR'R''. general structures of amides: = :: : or RCONH2 = :: NHR' : or RCONHR' = :: NR'R'' : or RCONR'R'' R-C O NH2 R-C O R-C O Nitriles CNR R C Nor Examples of Nitriles In nitriles, the X group is a nitrogen triply bonded to the carbon. ethanenitrile butanenitrile benzenecarbonitrile cyclohexanecarbonitrile CNCH3 2 1 CH3 C N 2 1 4 3 2 CN 1 4 3 2 C N1 CN CN Important Families of Organic Compounds Family Alkane Alkene Alkyne Aromatic Haloalkane Alcohol Ether C-H Functional and c—c’ —C=C— = Aromatic bx bu —d6—d- group c-c ring | | | | bonds RCH=CH> General RCH=CHR RC=CH fom 88 R;C=CHR Rc=cr a oH ROR RsC=CRo Specific HCH; CH»=CHp HC=CH CH3CH,C|_ CH;CHJOH CHjOCH example 3Ch3 2 2 = 3H 3H 3 3 IUPAC ae Ethane Ethene Ethyne Benzene Chloroethane Ethanol Methoxymethane Common Ethane Ethylene Acetylene Benzene Ethyl Ethyl Dimethyl ether name* chloride alcohol “These names are also accepted by the IUPAC.