All you need to know about grammar, Schemes and Mind Maps of English

Download All you need to know about grammar and more Schemes and Mind Maps English in PDF only on Docsity! 9AIl you need for grammar bac PUNCTUATION For More 9alami.com One of the biggest problems you students have with English is punctuation when you write and intonation when you speak. You should bear in mind that when we speak, we use intonation, it’s that musicality which makes you give meaning to your sentences. With no intonation, you cannot be understood by anyone. Do you remember the game we had in class ? Have a look at it again: Ready? No. Why? Problems. Problems? Yes. What? Money. If you don’t use intonation correctly, the conversation loses its meaning and you cannot be understood. Do never forget that you are speaking , or writing , to convey a message to someone else who has to understand you. If the addressee doesn’t understand you, it doesn’t mean he or she is stupid but simply that you were not able to make them get you idea. This very intonation which gives meaning to your sentences when speaking , is what we mean by punctuation when we write. I have seen students who write one loooooong sentence in a paragraph. I guess it’s illogical and unconceivable too. My advice to all of you is to write short sentences first. The easiest way is to start with sb + vb + C. then with time you learn how to stretch your sentences by adding adjectives, ad verbs......... the best writers are those who know how write clearly and easily so that they can be understood and therefore have a large audience. You should first know that: 1-A—B-—C : Every sentence begins with a capital letter. Capital letters are also used for personal names, Countries, names of languages, nationalities...... 2-9 : commasare used in writing at places where , in speaking , we pause. 66 99 3- : quotation marks show the words someone said or when a world is not English such as “Melwi” or “Harira”. 4- ? : question marks are put at the end of all questions. 5- ! : exclamation marks are put at the end of exclamations. 9 3 6- : an apostrophe is always used with possessives and with contractions. e.g AH s ’ book or Ali s a student. . For More 9alami.com THE ENGLISH TENSES Another problem is tenses. 1 always wonder why, as I think that English is much easier than Arabic or French which students can speak quite well . There is no “premier,deuxiéme or troisiéme groupe” . There is only one infinitive in English and from that infinitive we can have all the forms easily. Eg I play. (the same as the infinitive) I played (infinitive + ed) Iam playing (infinitive + img) .............cccseeeeeee Remember the chart bellow whenever you are speaking or writing: Simple present tense: imple past tense: I play — soccer every week-end. I played tennis yesterday. (REPETITION ) (finished) + (time expression : 'To show how often it is repeated, we can use 1- yesterday |- always (100% repetition) 2- last... - usually 3. go - sometimes 4- In+ date - rarely 5- When....... (time-clause - never (0% repetition) Questions: Questions: Do you understand ? (Do + sb + infinitive) Did you do it? (did + sb + infinitive) Negation: No, I don’t understand. (sb + do not + infinitive) Negation: No,I didn’t doit. (sb + did not + infinitive) Present continuous: Future tenses: 1- Iam playing _now/at this moment. 1- I shall play tomorrow. 2-1 am playing — tomorrow/nett...... 2- I will play tomorrow. 3- Tl play tomorrow. 4- I am playing tomorrow. 5- I will be playing tomorrow. 6- I am going to play tomorrow. 7- I will have played by tomorrow. Present perfect tense: 1 I have played tennis since 1994. I have played tennis for tenyears. (not finished: I still play tennis) 2 I have just played tennis. I have already played tennis. I have not played tennis yet. First, there are crimes against peace. For example, some individuals plot war against non-aggressive countries. Second, there are violations of the customs and laws of war. For instance, some soldiers murder prisoners, hostages and civilians. Finally, there are crimes against humanity. These crimes include extermination, enslavement and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population. WRITING A PARAGRAPH = Foy ore 9alami.com (two ) The world Health Organization (WHO) intends to help all peoples achieve the highest possible level of health. Initially, WHO hopes to do this through disease eradication. For example, it helps to eradicate the scourge of centuries smallpox. Second, it aims at improving nutrition. For instance, WHO advertises the value of breastfeeding to make women aware of the importance of giving their milk to their infants. Finally, it helps poor people to get cheap or free medicine. To illustrate this, last year it changed the pharmaceutical giants by arguing for a list of two hundred key drugs that should be sold in developing countries, instead of the three to five thousand drugs marketed there previously. In brief,, WHO has continued actions to provide vaccinations, improved nutrition, and medicine for everybody. Topic sentence Supporting sentence 1 Supporting sentence 2 Supporting sentence 3 Concluding sentence - How do organizations fight poverty in Morocco? Give three reasons. WRITING A PARAGRAPH The world Health Organization (WHO) intends to help all peoples achieve the highest possible level of health. Initially, WHO hopes to do this through disease eradication. For example, it helps to eradicate the scourge of centuries smallpox. Second, it aims at improving nutrition. For instance, WHO advertises the value of breastfeeding to make women aware of the importance of giving their milk to their infants. Finally, it helps poor people to get cheap or free medicine. To illustrate this, last year it changed the pharmaceutical giants by arguing for a list of two hundred key drugs that should be sold in developing countries, instead of the three to five thousand drugs marketed there previously. In brief,, WHO has continued actions to provide vaccinations, improved nutrition, and medicine for everybody. Topic sentence Supporting sentence 1 Supporting sentence 2 Supporting sentence 3 Concluding sentence - How do organizations fight poverty in Morocco? Give three reasons. For More 9alami.com ala . WRITING A PARAGRAPH (three ) Read the following sentences then write down: 1-For example, when students want to learn more about a subject, they should use a foreign language, especially English to look for information. 2-In short , learning a foreign language opens up job opportunities, enlarges our knowledge and makes us open-minded. 3-For instance, job seekers should know English or Spanish if they want to have a respectable job. 4 Studying a foreign language broadens our horizons. 5- Finally, it helps us recognize that our way of viewing the world and doing things is not the only way. 6-First, it broadens our opportunities in careers. 7-So, our contacts will increase and our understanding and acceptance of other people’s ideas and cultures will expand. 8-Second, it broadens our intellectual potential. Supporting detail 1: Supporting detail Supporting example Supporting example2: Read the following sentences then write down: 1-For example, when students want to learn more about a subject, they should use a foreign language, especially English to look for information. 2-In short , learning a foreign language opens up job opportunities, enlarges our knowledge and makes us open-minded. 3-For instance, job seekers should know English or Spanish if they want to have a respectable job. 4 Studying a foreign language broadens our horizons. 5- Finally, it helps us recognize that our way of viewing the world and doing things is not the only way. 6-First, it broadens our opportunities in careers. 7-So, our contacts will increase and our understanding and acceptance of other people’s ideas and cultures will expand. 8-Second, it broadens our intellectual potential. The topic sentence: Supporting detail]: Supporting detail 2:.. Supporting example Supporting example2:. Conclusion: For More 9alami.com WRITING A PARAGRAPH (four ) Although some parents don’t allow their children to watch television, it can be good for them. First of all, I think that television is a cheap entertainment .On Sundays, when children drive their parents crazy, the TV can bring them some fun. Besides this, it is too expensive to take the whole family to the movies. For instance, the family can sit in their living room and watch a movie on television. Secondly, it is my conviction that television can be a good teacher. Studies show that these TV programmes help children do well in school. For example, small children can learn the alphabet and numbers on children’s programmes. In addition to this, nature programmes teach them about our earth and how to care for it. In brief television is a useful medium for the entertainment and teaching of kids. S-opinion 2:. 6-support 7-support S-example 9- concluding sentenc Task n° 2 Complete the following paragraph with some of your own ideas: Although some people don’t like to watch television, it can be good for them. First of all, I think that television is a cheap entertainment . In the evening, when we ” * the TV can bring us some fun and consequently we can have a good time together. Besides this, it is too expensive to For instance, the family can sit in their living room and watch . on television. Secondly, it is my conviction that television can be a good school. Studies For More 9alami.com These phrases may be of great help if you manage to learn how to use them correctly. I advise all of you to learn them by heart first, then use as many as you can whenever you are writing. You'll see how beautiful your style will bein a few weeks “Inshallah” . To introduce |A great deal of writing has been devoted to It’s generally said / thought/ assumed __ that. |Nowadays we take it for granted that. It’s a known fact that.. Gone are the days whe an idea One advantage of To introduce Another advantage of. a paragraph One disadvantage of Another disadvantage of.. Another point in favour of Another point against... A further advantage. IA further disadvantage of. TO SUM UP......... cee eee eee eee eee ‘In brief .. To conclude All in alll . In a nutshell In conclusion one can say that.. |At this point one can say that .. one can conclude by saying that. For More 9alami.com These are some of the phrases we have seen in the text book this year: -For many hundreds of years, -For many centuries, - In the last decades, - Nowadays - Today - At the present -In the Internet age - In olden times. - In this article, I will discuss some problems - First of all , I wish to emphasize - In this context, we need to adapt to - In this kind of situation, we need to - I would like to focus today on - If there is one thought I can impress on you today, it is - To some extent , itis true to say that - It is needless to say that - Unlike what most people think, - While much has been written on..... , most people still ... - It is then quite obvious that - While there is clearly no silver bullet for....... » many would argue that ..... - Certainly one of the best ways to ...is.... - The outcome is not trivial, for example...... - Taking everything into account, For More 9alami.com Should woman go out to work? Write an article to show the disadvantages of going out to work. Introduction: Gone are the days when woman was considered as a rag in the kitchen. Nowadays she goes out to work and can have independence and a strong personality. _However, to what extent does going out to work have only advantages for women? Body: When woman goes out to work, she loses her children and husband too. That is to say that those children miss their mother who has to spend the whole day out of home. Mother knows that her children need affection, love and above all her presence near them all the time . Since she can’t afford all that, she buys their love by giving them money and buying them whatever they want. This money can lead children to spend all their time in the street buying sweets and playing. With time these sweets become cigarettes ; and these latter can become drugs and mother can say goodbye to her kids. Another disadvantage of going out to work is that woman loses her womanhood. Some women who do men’s jobs can become like men in their way of thinking; their way of speaking and even in their physique..................06. Conclusion: At this point can say that even if woman has gained independence and self- confidence, she has lost a lot of things among which her family and perhaps the most cherished quality of women, femininity. For More 9alami.com EXPOSITORY If you could change one thing to make the world a better place, what would it be ? Think about the things you would change and why. Introduction : (why would you like to change the world and what would you like to change?) (Why would you like to change the world ? what are the things you'd like to change ? Why ?) (what do you think about the world today ? Give the things you’d like to change in detail and give reasons) (What is the most important thing you want to change ? Why ?) Conclusion : (give a summary of the ideas discussed then give advice to people to keep the world safe.) These phrases can help you To conclude : The world nowadays is... Allin all / ina nutshell /.......... We are living in world characterized ed by. we To sum up all what has been said, I believe... Ihave always dreamt of a world.. To put it all together, people should....... What pushed me to....... is... What urged me to take this decision i is.. For further practice: EXPOSITORY WRITINGS 1- Whatis the best or the worst day you have ever spent with your family ? 2- Everyone has an idea about what they would like to do when they grow up. Think about the career you would like to do when you finish school. 3- Everyone has thought about trips they might take and places they would like to visit. Write a paper telling where you would like to go if you could. 4- Best friend are special people in our lives. Think about your best friend and reasons that you like in him/her. 5- Peoplelearn things at school and in life. What is the most important thing you have learned ? 6- Everyoneis afraid of something —heights, spiders or flying. ‘What do you fear the most ? Write a story about a situation in which you had to face your fear. For More 9alami.com DESCRIPTIVE WRITING Imagine that someone gave you a very special ring. What does this ring look like as it sits on your finger? Describe this ring down to the reader to the last detail so that your reader can picture it on your hand. Introduction: (what are rings good for? When did someone give you avery special ring?) (tell about an experience you had: when? Why did you use it? Did it serve or not?) Conclusion: (summarize what happened. What’s the moral of the story?) Useful phrases The moral: People have always used simple things to symbolize big things. Greatness lies within... . Rings have always been synonym of.................. Tam what I think of myself everyday... It is common to hear about objects with special power, but to I learnt that with special powers come big possess one like this is beyond magic. responsibilities. The ring had the power of... Everything seemed alright until. For further practice: DESCRIPTIVE WRITING 1-Each season of the year is beautiful is some way. Think of which season is your favourite, Summer, spring, spring or fall ? 2-Imagine that someone gave you a special ring. What does this ring look like as it sits on your finger? For More 9alami.com NARRATIVE WRITINGS Definition and strategies: In brief, it’s an essay in which you tell a story. Most of the time , it’s an event or an experience in our life. What you have to do is just use your memory and try to remember and share all the details of the story with your reader. The best technique is to think small and then make it bigger and bigger. You should build your writing gradually, step by step, detail after detail until it is complete. Don’t forget to use colourful adjectives and detailed sentences to make your story exciting to your reader. For further practice: 1-Imagine that you were out for a walk and came across an animal that could talk to you. Write the conversation you and that animal would have. 2- imagine that one day you wake up to find that you had grown two extra arms. Write a story about a day in your life with these extra arms. 3-Where would you go if you could fly anywhere that you wanted for 48 hours ? 4 What if you were invisible ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of being invisible ? 5-There are many stories about people getting three wishes that come true. Write a story about how you received three wishes and what you wished NARRATIVE WRITINGS Definition and strategies: In brief, it’s an essay in which you tell a story. Most of the time , it’s an event or an experience in our life. What you have to do is just use your memory and try to remember and share all the details of the story with your reader. The best technique is to think small and then make it bigger and bigger. You should build your writing gradually, step by step, detail after detail until it is complete. Don’t forget to use colourful adjectives and detailed sentences to make your story exciting to your reader. For further practice: 1-Imagine that you were out for a walk and came across an animal that could talk to you. Write the conversation you and that animal would have. 2- imagine that one day you wake up to find that you had grown two extra arms. Write a story about a day in your life with these extra arms. 3-Where would you go if you could fly anywhere that you wanted for 48 hours ? 4 What if you were invisible ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of being invisible ? 5-There are many stories about people getting three wishes that come true. Write a story about how you received three wishes and what you wished NARRATIVE WRITINGS Definition and strategies: In brief, it’s an essay in which you tell a story. Most of the time , it’s an event or an experience in our life. What you have to do is just use your memory and try to remember and share all the details of the story with your reader. The best technique is to think small and then make it bigger and bigger. You should build your writing gradually, step by step, detail after detail until it is complete. Don’t forget to use colourful adjectives and detailed sentences to make your story exciting to your reader. For further practice: 1-Imagine that you were out for a walk and came across an animal that could talk to you. Write the conversation you and that animal would have. 2- imagine that one day you wake up to find that you had grown two extra arms. Write a story about a day in your life with these extra arms. 3-Where would you go if you could fly anywhere that you wanted for 48 hours ? 4 What if you were invisible ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of being invisible ? 5-There are many stories about people getting three wishes that come true. Write a story about how you received three wishes and what you wished Waiting for an answer, I hope would be favourable, please accept all my respect. Tam looking forward to hearing from you an answer that would be favourable. Faithfully yours. Nour For More 9alami.com Topic: Your principal has asked students to suggest a school rule that should be changed. Think of one that you would like to have changed . write a letter convincing your principal that this rule should be changed . Be sure to support your opinion with convincing reasons and evidence. My address Their address Today’s date Dear Sir Sirs Sir or Madam Paragraph 1 Reason for writing: (stated in the topic) 1- I should be more than honoured/ pleased to write to VOU... 00... 60 cee ce vee ese tee ee tee ees 2- It’s with great pleasure that oo... coc ce cee ce vee civ vee vee cee cee tee tee ee tee tee ten ten tee ten tenets Paragraph 2 What is the rule you want to change? 1- As clear as it is to you, students are complaining aboui 2- Iwould like to inform you that... 0.0.0... cc ce cee ee tee ee oe Give reasons why you want to change it. 1- I think this has a great/ negative impact/ influence ON... 0.0600 oc cee oe co vee ee ten eee ee tees Paragraph 3 Say how the change of this rule would make student love their school more. 1- This would positively affect... Say how this change would make your school a better place. Paragraph 4 Cloze the letter. (choose one of the closing sentences of formal letters) Lam looking forward to hearing from you an answer that I hope would be favourabl. Waiting for an answer, I hope would be favourable, please accept all my respect. Sincerely yours Nour . For More 9alami.com Exerci: on Read the following sentences then write down: 1-For example, when students want to learn more about a subject, they should use a foreign language, especially English to look for information. 2-In short , learning a foreign language opens up job opportunities, enlarges our knowledge and makes us open-minded. 3-For instance, job seekers should know English or Spanish if they want to have a respectable job. 4 Studying a foreign language broadens our horizons. 5- Finally, it helps us recognize that our way of viewing the world and doing things is not the only way. 6-First, it broadens our opportunities in careers. 7-So, our contacts will increase and our understanding and acceptance of other people’s ideas and cultures will expand. 8-Second, it broadens our intellectual potential. The topic sentence: Supporting detaill:. Supporting detail Read the following sentences then write down: 1-For example, when students want to learn more about a subject, they should use a foreign language, especially English to look for information. 2-In short , learning a foreign language opens up job opportunities, enlarges our knowledge and makes us open-minded. 3-For instance, job seekers should know English or Spanish if they want to have a respectable job. 4 Studying a foreign language broadens our horizons. 5- Finally, it helps us recognize that our way of viewing the world and doing things is not the only way. 6-First, it broadens our opportunities in careers. 7-So, our contacts will increase and our understanding and acceptance of other people’s ideas and cultures will expand. 8-Second, it broadens our intellectual potential. For More 9alami.com BIOGRAPHY “Famous people make history, so we need to know how they managed to do so”. Write a biography ab out a famous national or international scientist, sportsman, actor, artist, etc. These elements are supposed to be found in a biography: Dates ,places of birth and death / Education Career /aims/ achievements Beliefs/ personality / Reasons for fame Paragraph one: When and where was he/she born and die? Ho did his/her education and milieu influence his/her outlook on life Paragraph Two: What did this person do in his/her professional life? What were this person’s plans in life? What did this person achieve? Paragraph Three: What did this person believe in? What sort of person was he/she? ‘Why do people still remember him or her? BIOGRAPHY “Famous people make history, so we need to know how they managed to do so”. Write a biography ab out a famous national or international scientist, sportsman, actor, artist, etc. These elements are supposed to be found in a biography: Dates ,places of birth and death / Education Career /aims/ achievements Beliefs/ personality / Reasons for fame Introduction: ............ eee cece ce eet eee Paragraph one: When and where was he/she born and die? Ho did his/her education and milieu influence his/her outlook on life Paragraph Two: What did this person do in his/her professional life? What were this person’s plans in life? What did this person achieve? Paragraph Three: What did this person believe in? What sort of person was he/she? Why do people still remember him or her? COMCIUSION: ... 000... eee eee cence een eee cee cect cee tee een nee cen eee eens