Altruism in Les Miserables: Six Indicators of Selfless Acts in the Movie and Novel, Study notes of French Language

Download Altruism in Les Miserables: Six Indicators of Selfless Acts in the Movie and Novel and more Study notes French Language in PDF only on Docsity! ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS IN LES MISERABLES MOVIE (2012): A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department Teacher Training and Education Faculty By: HANIF KUSUMASARI A320160246 DEPARTMENT OF ENGSLISH EDUCATION SCHOOL OF TEACHING TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2021 APPROVAL ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS IN LES MISERABLES MOVIE (2012): A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PUBLICATION ARTICLE by: HANIF KUSUMASARI A320160246 Approved to be examined by Consultant: Supervisor, (Dr. M. Thoyibi,M.S) NIP. 410 1 ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS IN LES MISERABLES MOVIE (2012): A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Abstrak “Altruistic Behavior of the Major Characters in Les Miserables movie (2012): A Humanistic Psychological Perspective” digunakan dalam judul penelitian karena ditujukan untuk mengetahui lebih mendalam mengenai altruisme yang terdapat dalam film tersebut. Film Les Miserables didirektori oleh Tom Hooper. Les Miserables adalah film yang mengambil latar di Prancis pada abad ke-19. Film ini pertama kali ditayangkan di London pada 5 Desember 2012. Les Miserables dibuat berdasarkan inspirasi dari sebuah drama musikal dengan judul yang sama dan juga berdasarkan novel karya seorang penulis legendaris bernama Victor Hugo. Film ini menceritakan perjuangan hidup yang dilakukan oleh Jean Valjean yang terus dikejar oleh inspektur kejam Javert karena dulunya Jean Valjean merupakan tahanan. Jean Valjean dipenjara karena dia mencuri sepotong roti untuk keluarganya yang kelaparan. Jean Valjean ingin memulai hidup baru dengan diri yang lebih baik. Setting tempat yang unik, percakpan yang dikemas menjadi musikal dan kebaikan Jean Valjean yang terus menerus membuat film ini menjadi lebih menarik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan juga mengangkat masalah altruisme. Selain pendekatan kualitatif, peneliti juga menggunakan pendekatan psikologis humanistik untuk menganalisis film Les Miserables. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data hermeneutik. Selain itu, data dari penelitian ini diambil dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data primernya adalah film Les Miserables sedangkan data sekundernya adalah buku, situs web dan jurnal yang berkaitan dengan penelitian yang sedang dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis indikator apa saja yang dapat termasuk dalam altruisme, untuk mendapatkan gambaran altruisme dalam film Les Miserables dan untuk mengetahui alasan direktor mengangkat altruisme pada film tersebut. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah karakter utama dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi altruisme setelah melalui beberapa analisis yang dilakukan oleh peneliti. Kata kunci: les miserables movies, altruism, humanistic psychological. Abstract “Altruistic Behavior of the Major Characters in Les Miserables movie (2012): A Humanistic Psychological Perspective” used in the research title because it aims to find out more about the altruism contained in the film. Les Miserables is directed by Tom Hooper. Les Miserables is a film set in 19th century France. The movie premiered in London on December 5, 2012. Les Miserables is based on the inspiration of a musical of the same name and is also based on the novel by the legendary writer Victor Hugo. This movie tells the life struggle carried out by Jean Valjean, who continues to be chased by the cruel inspector Javert because Jean Valjean was a prisoner. Jean Valjean was imprisoned because he stole a loaf of bread for his starving family. Jean Valjean wants to start a new life with a better 2 self. The unique setting of the place, the conversations that are packed into musicals and the kindness of Jean Valjean who continuously make this film even more interesting. This study uses a qualitative approach and also raises the problem of altruism. In addition to a qualitative approach, the researcher also uses a humanistic psychological approach to analyze Les Miserables movie. This research uses hermeneutic data collection techniques. In addition, the data from this study were taken from primary data and secondary data. The primary data is the film Les Miserables, while the secondary data is books, websites and journals related to the research being carried out. The purpose of this study is to analyze what indicators can be included in altruism, to get a picture of altruism in the film Les Miserables and to find out why the director raised altruism in the film. As a result, major characters can be classified into altruism after going through several analyzes conducted by researchers. Keywords: les miserables movie, altruism, humanistic psychology. 1. INTRODUCTION Les Miserables which implies needy individuals is a film by Tom Hooper that comes from France whose creation was motivated by a melodic dramatization named les miserables by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schonberg and furthermore was embraced from an amazing novel by an unbelievable writer who came from France named Victor Hugo. Les Miserables was first circulated in London in 2012. The 158-minute film got great surveys from critics just as watchers. Les Miserables relates what occurred in France in the nineteenth century. Les Miserables was chosen for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, and won the Best Supporting Actress (Anne Hathaway), Best Sound, and Best Make- up and Hair Styling Academy Awards. Les Miserables got those comparable distinctions at the BAFTA Awards, similarly as the BAFTA for Best Production Design. At that point, the head of Les Miserables Tom Hooper was born into the world on 5 October 1927 in London, England. His original name is Thomas George Hooper. Tom Hooper was instructed at one of England's most prestigious schools, Westminster. His first film, Runaway Dog, was made when he was 13 years old. Hooper was become candidate a Directors Guild of America Award possibility for organizing Working Title Films Les Misérables. Around then the principal character of this film, Jean Valjean, had recently been delivered in the 3 wake of being imprisoned for a very long time simply because he took a slice of bread. In reality the discipline forced on Jean Valjean is just 5 years. However, the discipline multiplied in light of the fact that he attempted to get away from multiple times and make his discipline increment 12 years in jail. Not just that, he additionally had a battle in one of his departure endeavors which brought about his discipline increment 2 years in jail. In this way, his discipline is until 19 years in jail. The aim of this research are: to know the indicators of altruism that reflected in Les Miserables movie, to know the depiction of altruism in Les Miserables movie and to know the reason why the director deal with altruism in Les Miserables movie. In this study, the researcher was interested in using humanistic psychological theory because the researcher felt that the theory was suitable for use in the research. Then the issue used in this research is Altruism which can be found in the main characters in Les Miserables. Especially because the major character always gives a kindness to others even though he is experiencing difficulties. Based on all that, the researcher decided to write this study with the title: “Altruistic Behavior of The Major Characters in Les Miserables Movie (2012): A Humanistic Psychological Prespective.” 2. METHOD To support this research that conducted by researchers, this research used a qualitative approach that deemed appropriate. Researchers use a qualitative approach because researchers will analyze the movie so the researcher does not need statistical data for the research. As a primarily data source, the researcher uses Les Miserables movie. This research used Les Miserables movie, so the researcher used the text form the movie and the images from Les Miserables movie. As the secondary data source, the researcher uses books, website, and some journals to support the research. The methods that used the researcher to collecting data are: watching Les Miserables movie, find some journals, articles, and books and read it to find the information that researcher need, make a summary of the information that has been 6 wrong. Through the script above shows Bishop helps Jean Valjean. The bishop told him to go into the church because it was very cold at night outside. Not only that, the bishop also offered wine to revive him, bread to strengthen him, and also a bed for him to rest on. 4) Gavroche a.) Gavroche become volunteer. GAVROCHE I volunteer! COURFEYRAC Come back, Gavroche! Don't you dare! JOLY Someone pull him down right now! GAVROCHE Look at me, I'm almost there! Through the script above shows Gavroche becomes a volunteer to collect ammunition from soldiers who have died. He took the ammunition because the barricaded troop's ammunition was running low. Gavroche was also killed because he was willing to get ammunition for the supplies of the troops in the barricade. 5) Marius a.) Marius voiced his aspiration. Picture 1. Marius and Enjolras voiced the aspiration. 7 From the picture above, Marius and Enjolras voiced their aspiration. Marius voiced his opinion in defense of the welfare of the people and voiced the voice of the people that his leader did not hear. 6) Eponine a.) Eponine helps Marius find Cosette. MARIUS Eponine, find her for me! EPONINE What will you give me? MARIUS Anything! From the script above shows Marius asks Eponine to find out about Cosette. He wanted to know where Cosette lived. Eponine was also willing to do that for Marius. At first, she asked what she would get if she did this. But in the end, she wanted to do this only for Marius even though she actually liked Marius secretly. 7) Enjolras a.) Enjolras do a demonstration. Picture 2. Enjolras and Marius do a demo. From the picture above shows Enjolras and Marius do a demo. Enjolras also voiced his aspirations for the welfare of the French people. Enjolras fought to defend the less fortunate French people so the welfare of the poor French people could be better. 8 b. Thinking that an action will take effect to others. Thinking that an action will take effect to others is behavior that believes that everything we do will have an impact on others. Whether it's good behavior or bad behavior, everything we do to others will inevitably have an impact on them. 1) Jean Valjean aim Fantine from Javert. VALJEAN In His name my task has just begun. I will her to the hospital. JAVERT Monsieur le Mayor! From the script above, Jean Valjean tries to save Fantine and takes her to the hospital. When in fact Fantine will be punished by Javert for being accused of molesting a man. For what Jean Valjean did to Fantine, Javert did not punish him. Whereas previously Javert had also tried to stop Jean Valjean, but Jean Valjean did not care about it. c. Feeling happy after helping others. Someone who is classified as altruistic never thinks how much reward they will get and how much reward they will receive after they do good by helping others. In addition, altruistic individuals are never concerned with their own interests. They are actually very happy when they can help others. On the other hand, they also always place the interests of others above their own interests. In Les Miserables movie shown by Jean Valjean die peacefully after he is done for his job. Picture 3. Jean Valjean is sick. 11 Jean Valjean. Gavroche helped Jean Valjean without being asked by him first. b.) Gavrcohe made his self being a volunteer for barricades. GAVROCHE I volunteer! COURFEYRAC Come back, Gavroche! Don't you dare! GAVROCHE So you'd better run for cover When the pup grows - Crack! A musket shot. Gavroche falls face down onto the barricade. From the script above shows Gavroche volunteered to help the barricades running out of ammunition. Even though no one asked him to do it, he did it. Gavroche takes ammunition from the dead soldiers. Gavroche tried to retrieve the remaining ammunition from the soldiers who had died. In the end, Gavroche died because shouted by the soldier when he is trying to get ammunition for the barricades. The actions performed by Gavroche can be classified into proactive. 4) Cosette a.) Cosette gives alms. Picture 5. Cosette gives alms to others. Regarding to the picture above shows Cosette loves to help others. Especially for those who need her help. Her helpful nature was passed down from Jean Valjean, who had been taking care of her since 12 she was a child. Cosette gave what little money she had for those in need. These actions can be included as proactive. 5) Eponine a.) Eponine saves Jean Valjean and Cosette from Thenardier. EPONINE I'm gonna scream! I'm gonna warn them here! THENARDIER One little scream and you'll regret it for a year! Based on the script above shows Eponine meets her dad and his friends while she is still around Cosette's home. Her dad needs to discover whose house it is, however Eponine guarantees that in the house there is not anything for her dad and his companions. Eponine would shout and caution them all. Her dad opened the entryway and Eponine yelled to caution Jean Valjean and Cosette who were in the house. e. Having a healthy degree of self-confidence Having a high sense of self-confidence is an indicator of altruism. A person who likes to help others can increase his self-confidence. On the other hand, increased self-confidence can also improve the quality of life. People who have a high level of trust will not underestimate their own ability, especially to provide assistance to others. In Les Miserables movie, characters who can illustrate this are Jean Valjean and Gavroche. 1) Jean Valjean a.) Jean Valjean meets with Javert. JAVERT The man of mercy comes again And talks of justice! VALJEAN Come, time is running short - 13 Look down, Javert! He's standing in his grave! JAVERT One more step and you die. VALJEAN Then I die. From the script above Jean Valjean can be said to have a high sense of self-confidence because when he is being threatened by Javert who has been waiting for him, he remains confident in his decision to keep helping Marius first. He does not care about Javert's threats if he determined to leave. But that did not stop Jean Valjean's determination to help Marius. With high self-confidence, he is confident in what he is doing. 2) Gavroche a.) Gavroche being volunteer. GAVROCHE I volunteer! COURFEYRAC Come back, Gavroche! Don't you dare! GAVROCHE So you'd better run for cover When the pup grows - Crack! A musket shot. Gavroche falls face down onto the barricaade. Based on the script above Gavroche can be said to have a high sense of trust because Gavroche dared to make big decisions. Gavroche volunteers to retrieve ammunition from the soldiers who have died. Even though on the other hand, his safety was threatened because he 16 a.) Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean can be categorized as an altruistic character because Jean Valjean often helps others. Especially those who need help. There are many kindnesses that Jean Valjean has done, so Jean Valjean can be categorized as an altruistic character. b.) The Bishop. The Bishop can also be categorized as an altruistic character because he does good things. Especially to Jean Valjean. The Bishop treated Jean Valjean very well. The kindness he did to Jean Valjean could describe him as an altruistic character. c.) Fantine Fantine does a lot of the good things for her daughter. Fantine is willing to work as a factory worker whose owner is Jean Valjean. Fantine worked hard because she had to send money to Thenardier, the one who was looking after her daughter. Everything Fantine did was for her daughter Cosette. d.) Cosette. Cosette is Fantine's daughter who lives with Jean Valjean now. Cosette was raised by Jean Valjean with great affection, so she grew up to be a humble girl. Cosette is a kind girl because she is as helpful as Jean Valjean. Cosette also always obeyed Jean Valjean's words. The behavior shown by Cosette can be described as the behavior of altruistic character. e.) Eponine. Eponine is Thenardier's daughter. She lives with Cosette at the inn. Eponine is Cosette's childhood friend. She lives spoiled by Madame Thenardier. But apparently it did not cause Eponine to grow up to be a bad girl. Eponine grew up to be a good girl. Eponine's actions show that she is an altruistic character. 17 f.) Gavroche. Gavroche is a volunteer. Gavroche was willing to retrieve ammunition from soldiers who had died when the barricade troop's ammunition supplies ran low. Gavroche also died because he was shot while he was taking the remaining ammunition from the soldiers who had died. g.) Marius. Marius is a member of the barricade. He also fought for the welfare of the people. In fact, Marius is the grandson of a wealthy family and has high honor. However, Marius does not embarrass to do that. h.) Enjolras. Enjolras is also a member of the barricades just like Marius. Enjolras also fights for the welfare of the people. When the barricades were only him and his friends left, they were willing to keep fighting until in the end they were shot and died. 2) Disadvantage Characters The disadvantage character is a character that is not advantageous in a movie. In this movie, the characters who have disadvantage characters are Thenardier and his wife usually called as Madame Thenardier. a.) Thenardier and his wife. Thenardier is an innkeeper. His wife usually called as Madame Thenardier. Both of them also often took valuable items belonging to guests. They are doing this so they can get more benefits. 3) Normative Characters Normative character is characters that are neither true nor false. In Les Miserables movie who have this character is Javert and the barricades. a.) Javert Javert is a French police inspector. In this movie, Javert looks like a bad character, because he always annoys Jean Valjean who always does good. Whereas on the other hand, Javert is only doing his job as an 18 inspector, where he has to find Jean Valjean and has to arrest him to be held responsible. b.) The member of barricades. In Les Miserables the member of barricades can be categorized into normative characters because their actions are neither wrong nor right. They are always against the government, against the French army. b. Setting. In Les Miserables movie there are eight settings place that can depicted of altruism, such as: 1) The Jail. The Jail is a place when Jean Valjean was a prisoner. Jean Valjean was arrested because he stole a piece of bread for his sister's daughter who was almost dead, even they were very hungry. Jean Valjean was a slave to law for 19 years in the Jail. 2) The Church. The Church is a place when The Bishop find Jean Valjean for the first time. The Bishop invited him to come inside to make it warmer. He gave bread and wine, invited Jean Valjean to have dinner together, provided a bed for Jean Valjean to rest and even allowed Jean Valjean to stay there as long as Jean Valjean did not have a place to stay. 3) The Factory. The factory is a jewelry factory owned by Jean Valjean. He has many employees. Jean Valjean is known as a kind and generous owner. That is where the lives of the people depend on. At the factory, Jean Valjean also helped Fauchelevent, who was hit by a cart. 4) The Pawn Shop. The pawn shop is a place where Fantine sells everything to pay off debts to keep her daughter safe. 5) The Inn. This place was where the Thenardier family lived because Thenardier was an innkeeper. In this place, Fantine also entrusted Cosette to the 21 Cosette also loves to help others. Jean Valjean and Cosette are happy to give alms to others, especially to those who are less fortunate and needy. 9) Helping someone to find his love. Eponine helps Marius to find Cosette. Since the first time he saw Cosette, Marius felt he had fallen in love with Cosette. However, Marius did not know the girl's name and where she lived. Then, Marius asked Eponine to find her. Eponine also wants to help him, even though Eponine also has feelings for Marius. 10) Shouting to give warning to others. Eponine screams to warn Cosette and Jean Valjean. Eponine meets her father Thenardier and her friends are heading to the old house occupied by Jean Valjean and Cosette. They wanted to go to the house, but Eponine prevented them to do not disturb Jean Valjean and Cosette. But it did not make Thenardier give up, finally Eponine shouted to warn Jean Valjean and Cosette if there was a threat. 11) Saving someone from a gun. Eponine hit by gunfire. Eponine was hit by gunfire because she saved Marius's life, who was being threatened. When there was a riot with French soldiers, Marius was threatened with gunfire by French soldiers. Eponine who saw from a distance immediately rushed to save him. Eponine pairs her body to be hit by the shot, so Marius can be saved. As a result, Eponine died because of saving Marius. 12) Freeing the hostage. Javert becomes the barricade’s hostage. He was caught posing as a volunteer even though he was a spy. Finally, he was arrested and becomes a barricade prisoner. But on the other hand, when Jean Valjean succeeded in helping the barricade members and it was not proven that he was a bad person, he asked to hand Javert over to him. Jean Valjean has a great opportunity to kill Javert so that his life is calm from his pursuit. However, Jean Valjean chose to free Javert from being killed by the barricades. 22 13) Become a volunteer to collect ammunition. Gavroche being volunteer of the barricades. He volunteered to collect ammunition from the dead French soldiers. Gavroche ventured to take ammunition through the gap in the pile that the barricade had made. He took the ammunition of the dead French soldiers. However, when he took the ammunition, he was shot by French soldiers and he died. 14) Become a victim of a French riot. The remaining members of the barricade were Enjolras and his friend. Many of the members of the barricade were dead because of shot by French soldiers. With bravely and proud, they surrendered themselves to be shot by the French soldier. Finally, they died because they were shot by the French soldier. 15) Helping the victims of French riots. Jean Valjean helps Marius who is badly injured. During the war against the French soldier, many victims fell. One of them is Marius. The members of the barricade had been dead because shot by French soldiers. Marius who was still alive was immediately saved by Jean Valjean. On the other hand, the French army was still targeting the barricades. Then, Jean Valjean took Marius through the rain drain because that was the only safe way to bring Marius to get help. 3.1.3 The Reason of the director choose altruism on Les Miserables movie. Tom Hooper is the person behind the success of Les Miserables movie. Tom Hooper is a director who has successfully depicted and presented Les Miserables well. Some of Tom Hooper’s movies are The King's Speech (2010), a movie by Tom Hooper which tells the story of a leader who has a speech disorder or often referred to as stuttering. Another work from Tom Hooper which also depicts altruism is Longford, a TV Movies in 2006. This movie tells of Longford's work as his work with prisoners and prisoner rights in general. This film focuses on Longford's work on Myra Hindley and her boyfriend Ian Brady who were convicted 23 of multiple child murders. Hindley was notorious for being cruel, but Longford continued to campaign for Hindley to get her parole. Then the last one is Les Miserables (2012). A movie that tells of a man who is convicted of stealing a loaf of bread for his sister's starving daughter. He was punished to 19 years. After his punishment was over, he was granted conditional release and started a new life. From the description above it can be concluded that the reason Tom Hooper raised altruism in Les Miserables movie is several movies that directed by Tom Hooper also use the phenomenon of altruism. Some of these movies have the same theme and also can generate empathy for others. From Tom Hooper's work, it can be concluded that Tom Hooper focuses on works with the theme of altruism. 3.2 Discussion Based on the findings found by the researcher, the discussion that will be discussed next is; In this study, the researcher used a humanistic psychological approach in which Les Miserables movie was depicted in the way the characters described each indicator that could be shown well. Les Miserables movie tells of a prisoner who has just been granted parole, his name is Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean, who wants to change his life, faces many obstacles, such as people who do not believe him because of his parole while looking for work. When Jean Valjean began to despair, he was met by a bishop who taught him the meaning of living with honesty and kindness. After that, Jean Valjean changed his life for the better. Jean Valjean became a mayor and owner of a jewelry manufacturing factory. However, the ordeal he was facing had not abated. As a former convict on parole, Jean Valjean had to report, but he did not. Until finally he became the inspector's fugitive, whose name was Inspector Javert. From there, the story of Jean Valjean begins. Starting from helping Fantine, caring for and raising Cosette who was not his biological child, helping the barricades, helping Marius who was badly injured by going through many obstacles until finally turn over Cosette to marry with Marius. Les Miserables is set in 19th-century France, during the French revolution. 26 research was also carried out on any alliances that had a natural character. The latter in this study also explains how the resistance carried out by the lower classes against the upper classes. Based on the data above, it can be concluded that there are no studies using the humanistic psychological approach in the Les Miserables movie. So, this research can complement existing research and it can become a varied study. 4. CLOSSING After the researcher analyze the altruism in Les Miserables movie, the researcher can conclude, namely: The first, altruism is a phenomenon that can occur at any time. Good deeds that are always concerned with others without caring for themselves are signs of altruism that can occur in society. Then indicators of altruism are: prioritizing others, thinking that an action will take effect to others, feeling happy after helping others, being proactive, having a healthy degree of self-confidence and being positive thinking. These indicators can be found in Les Miserables movie. Then the second, in this study, researchers can depict the altruism by going through three parts, such as: characters, settings and events. Characters can be divided into three parts, namely altruistic characters, disadvantage characters and normative characters. Then, setting is a place where events that describe altruism occur such as the jail, the church, the factory, the pawn shop, the inn, the street, the barricade’s basecamp, and the rain drain. The last one is the event. Event is altruistic behavior is described. There are thirteen events that can illustrate altruism in Les Miserables movie. Through these three parts the altruism in Les Miserables movie can be well depicted. The last one is the reason Tom Hooper raised altruism in the Les Miserables movie. The reason is related to the movie that he made before Les Miserables such as The King's Speech and Longford. These movies raise the same altruism phenomenon and also have the same theme that can generate empathy for others. This is what stands out the most in the movie. What makes Les Miserables movie interesting is the story is excellent and set against the backdrop of the French 27 revolution. Les Miserables tells of Jean Valjean stealing a loaf of bread for his sister's starving daughter. He was detained for 19 years and was granted parole. After that, he wanted to change his life for the better. This movie is presented with musical dialogue so it can make the movie more interesting. The story presented is also not too heavy so it is easily accepted by the audience. Based on this, the researcher stated that the research carried out was in accordance with the psychology of the author which on the other hand was part of literary psychology. REFERENCES Astuti, E. S. (2014). Protest Against Social Injustice In Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables (1862): A Marxist Criticism. 1862. Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425(6960), 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02043 Jannah, H. U. (2008). The Influence of Conflicts to Jean Valjean’s Character Development in Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables. 49, 6–9. Laurencius, M. G. (2018). 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