Cell Biology and Wound Healing: Understanding the Basics, High school final essays of Earth science

Download Cell Biology and Wound Healing: Understanding the Basics and more High school final essays Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! Name: Hena Milka S. Cabriel Year and section: BSN 1B Date submitted: September 11, 2021 A. The Generalized Cell (25 points) e What are the three basic parts of a cell? The nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane are the three major or fundamental components of a cell. They are known as generalized cells or default cells since these three components are the most essential feature in a cell. Because of the presence of the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane, all cells serve the same function. e Identify the parts of the cells. . Mitochondrion . Plasma Membrane . Microtubule . Centrioles . Microfilament . Lysosome . Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER) . Secretory Vesicle 9. Peroxisome 10. Vacuole 11. Cytoplasm 12. Golgi Vesicle 13. Golgi Apparatus 14. Chromatin 15. Nucleolus 16. Nucleus 17. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER) 18. Ribosomes 19. Intermediate Filament ONMAARWN > e Identify the organelle responsible for the cell functions below. o Synthesis of cortisol, testosterone, and vitamin D - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER) o Protein synthesis -Ribosomes o Packaging of proteins -Golgi Apparatus o Destruction of free radicals -Peroxisomes o Propelling substances along the cell Cilia B. Membrane Transport (25 points) e Differentiate diffusion from osmosis. Diffusion is the movement of molecules or solutes from a high concentration to a low concentration (downhill). Since they are lipid-soluble, diffusion does not require a carrier. It's also passive since it doesn't need Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to pass through the cell. Osmosis, on the other hand, which pertains to water or solvent, requires a carrier-mediated, transport protein vehicle that will allow them to move through the cells. In addition, Osmosis moves from low concentration to high concentration. e Differentiate passive from active transport. The primary distinction between passive and active transport is that the former does not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to pass through the cell or the movement of substances across the membrane without using cellular energy. while the latter uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for transport or the movement of substances across the membrane utilizing energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). e How do phagocytes clear the body of bacteria? Describe the process. Phagocytes, often known as the cell eaters, are white blood cells that perform phagocytosis to defend the body by engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells. These are antibodies that help the body fight infection by destroying bacteria or viruses. Pathogens in the blood will be detected by phagocytes, who will devour them by binding them in phagosomes, which acidify and combine with lysosomes to attack the contents. It does not have a movement, but because it is a direct process, it is referred to as non-carrier mediated transport. e What are substances that can easily pass through the cell membrane? Only lipid-soluble substances can easily pass across the cell membrane, however, this is insufficient since other substances are necessary. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are three of the few substances that may diffuse across the cell membrane. Nitrogen is produced as a byproduct of several metabolic processes in the body. If the body is unable to filter nitrogen and ammonia, it will remain in the blood and, since itis passive, it will most likely migrate to the known as intercalated discs. Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary, which implies they are not controlled by the conscious mind. Cardiac and skeletal muscles, on the other hand, share a similar appearance. They both are striated, which signifies that they possess sarcomeres and that they are arranged into extremely regular, repetitive bundle patterns. D. Wound Healing (20 points) List five factors that may impair wound healing. . Age- The effects of aging on almost every other aspect of the body, including wound healing, are known. Because our skin thins with age and has a weaker inflammatory response, the elderly are more susceptible than the young. Nutritional deficiencies - A shortage of necessary nutrients in the body for collagen synthesis might be the root cause of wound healing delays. Inadequate nutrition results in a deficiency of nutrients to heal the wound. Additionally, a lack of calories reduces the body's ability to recuperate even further. This is why a proper diet is so important. Chronic illnesses - Wound healing needs enough blood flow. Yet, patients with chronic illnesses that limit blood flow to the wound area may have difficulties in wound healing. Diabetes patients, for instance, may have impaired blood circulation, making it even more difficult for their systems to supply nutrients to wounds. As a result, their wounds heal poorly, or not at all. Recurrent trauma- The wound healing process may be slowed or halted as a result of repeated damage to the wound area, which causes the defense mechanisms to become compromised. Therefore, it is critical to utilize protective devices as directed by medical professionals. Inadequate hydration - People require appropriate quantities of water to survive; but, a person recovering from a wound will require extra water to aid in wound healing. A lack of moisture at the wound's surface, on the other hand, may stop cellular motility, reduce blood oxygen, and significantly impede the healing process. Give five care tips that you can give to someone who is nursing a wound. If | were to give someone five wound care advice, | would probably offer the following: 1. Typically, the patient's wound must be examined first. As we've seen, nurses begin by assessing the risk of infection in a wound. Is the wound deep or superficial? Is the probability of infection high or low? These evaluations will assist us in determining the best course of treatment for the patient. In the second step, the wound must be cleansed. Whether the wound is shallow or deep. Infection is still a risk, even if the incision looks to be clean. To avoid further infection, it is critical to disinfect the wound with clean water. It is also critical to keep the wound covered with a sterile dressing until no more fluid flows from it since this safeguards the wound from microorganisms that cause infection as well as additional damage. For hygienic reasons, a timely dressing change is also advised. Leaving the dressings on for a lengthy amount of time may cause the process of healing to be impeded because moisture can encourage infections. Soaking the wound in water may also cause the scar tissue to reopen. Water that contains dirt could also seep into the incision and infect it. What are the four types of surgical wounds? Give one example for each. Clean wounds are classified as Class 1 surgical wounds. They are not infectious, really had no inflammation, and are mostly closed. This sort of wound frequently involves the eyes, epidermis, and vascular system. Furthermore, these wounds do not infiltrate the respiratory, digestive, vaginal, or urinary systems. Because the operation is very sterile, surgery on the lungs is an example of this. Class 2 surgical wounds, on the other hand, are clean-contaminated. These wounds are free of anomalous infection; yet, due to their site, they are in danger of getting infected. Controlled conditions may include the biliary tract, appendix, vagina, and oropharynx. Tonsillectomy, or tonsil removal, is one example. Class 3 surgical wounds are classified as contaminated wounds because they often have exposed, fresh, accidental wounds, operations with severe breaks in sterile technique, or extensive leakage from the gastrointestinal tract. This category includes hemorrhoidectomy or surgery to eliminate hemorrhoids. Dirty-contaminated surgical wounds are classified as Class 4 wounds. Wounds exposed to feces or as a result of inadequately managed traumatic wounds. These wounds show devitalized or dead tissues. These are frequently caused by bacteria found in ruptured body cavities. Chronic wound debridement, which involves the removal of dead and necrotic tissue or foreign matter, is an excellent demonstration of class 4 surgical wounds. How does pressure ulcer develop? What are the factors contributing to it? Describe the four stages of development of decubitus ulcers. Decubitus ulcers, commonly known as pressure ulcers or bedsores, are tissue lesions that occur as the result of continuously applied pressure to certain parts of the body. They can be closed or open wounds. They are most commonly caused by sitting or lying in the same position for an extended amount of time. This reduces blood flow to many regions of the body, resulting in tissue damage. These are most common on the skin covering bony parts of the body, including the occipital, acromial, olecranal, gluteal, coxal, tarsal, and calcaneal regions. Pressure ulcers can progress through four stages, each of which is dictated by the intensity of the sore. The first stage is the mildest, however, there is some interruption in blood circulation. The patient may notice discoloration in the top layer of skin, which may appear reddish. The afflicted area may be sensitive to touch, and there may be a minor burning sensation. The wound has not yet ruptured at this stage, but the infection may spread beyond the top of the skin. Stage 1 is often treated by reducing pressure from the area and disinfecting it to avoid further tissue damage. Patients are more likely to suffer discomfort from the ulcer in the second stage, and the painful region of the skin may break through the top layer and portion of the layer underneath. This breach usually results in a superficial, open wound, and the patient may or may not detect a serum-filled blister that may burst. The skin around the affected region may be inflamed and painful, indicating tissue death or damage. Treatment for stage 2 is generally the same as for stage 1, however, in order to receive effective treatment, the patient should seek medical treatment. Sores that have advanced to the third stage, on the other hand, have broken entirely through the top layers of skin and into the fatty tissue underneath. At this point, the ulcer can look like a crater with a terrible smell. Patients with stage 3 pressure ulcers must seek prompt medical assistance since this stage needs extra care. Stage four pressure ulcers are the most excruciating and severe because they spread past the subcutaneous fat into deep tissue and muscle, tendons, and ligaments, and can even reach as far below as the cartilage. At this stage, there is a significant danger of infection. The drainage may worsen and the epidermis may become dark. Patients with stage four pressure ulcers should be brought to the hospital right away for treatment.