Introduction to Ancient Greek Philosophy, Exams of History

Download Introduction to Ancient Greek Philosophy and more Exams History in PDF only on Docsity! 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 1/21 UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 Score 24/25 You passed this Milestone 24 questions were answered correctly. 1 question was answered incorrectly. 1 In the Phaedo, Socrates makes all of the following claims, EXCEPT: Valuing what is right more than life is illogical and meaningless. Sensory distractions hinder the soul's pursuit of truth and knowledge. The philosopher is concerned with the soul and not with the body. 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 2/21 Without a body to impede his or her progress, the philosopher may see things as they truly are. RATIONALE The Phaedo is a conversation between Socrates and his students about death. It takes place just before his execution. During this conversation, Socrates demonstrates why philosophers should not fear death, which he defines as the end of the life of the body, but not of the soul. He believes that there is no value in preserving the life of the body if preservation comes at the expense of the soul's pursuit of wisdom (i.e., what is right). CONCEPT The Phaedo: The Death of Socrates 2 Nancy is a cashier at a grocery store. A boy from her school, who she knows is underage, attempts to buy beer. Nancy hesitates before completing the transaction. According to Aristotle’s ethics, which question should Nancy ask herself? Are there possible consequences of this action that could harm me? What kind of person should I be? How can I reach a compromise? Why is this action right, and why is it wrong? RATIONALE 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 5/21 Epistemology Cosmology Natural philosophy RATIONALE Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality. Cosmology is the study of the universe in its totality, natural philosophy examines nature and the universe, and epistemology analyzes and defends concepts of knowledge. CONCEPT What is Philosophy? 6 What kind of a thing is an orchid? It is a type of flower. What distinguishes an orchid from other flowers? The female and male parts of an orchid are fused together. According to Aristotle, answering both of these questions reveals the __________ of an orchid. essence organization 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 6/21 ontology genus RATIONALE According to Aristotle, we can discover and describe essences by identifying a genus and a differentia. The genus (in this example, a flower) tells us what kind of thing an orchid is. The differentia tells us what sets an orchid apart from other things of the same kind. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is 7 Which of the following statements about Aristotle’s metaphysics is FALSE? The distinction between form and matter is purely conceptual— one does not, and cannot, exist without the other. Examining the nature of being, and knowing what kinds of things exist, is a sensible beginning point for philosophical inquiry. Humans have the natural capacity to know many things without divine revelation or empirical evidence. In order for a statement to be true, one must state that an object exists, what the object is, and the state in which it exists. RATIONALE 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 7/21 Aristotle would agree with all of these statements except the suggestion that we can have knowledge without empirical evidence. To Aristotle, all knowledge is grounded in human experience and flows from empirical evidence. CONCEPT Aristotle on What There Is 8 Kendra believes that women have a right to choose to have an abortion. Select the statement that is consistent with Kendra's belief. “Every woman should be a mother; it is our function and purpose as human beings.” “I voted for this presidential candidate because she supports a woman's right to have an abortion.” “Some women use abortion as a form of birth control, which is wrong.” "The man should have an equal say in whether or not a woman ends her pregnancy.” RATIONALE To live philosophically, a person must examine his or her beliefs to ground them in knowledge, and then act according to those beliefs. By voting for a presidential candidate who supports a woman's right to have an abortion, Kendra displays a consistent philosophical worldview. CONCEPT 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 10/21 He is willing to face death rather than violate the principles of his moral philosophy. RATIONALE The Apology is Plato's transcription of the defense Socrates presented at his trial on charges of "denying the gods" and "corrupting the youth of Athens." When found guilty and sentenced to death, Socrates accepts his sentence. He argues that it is more important to live rightly, which he believes he has done, than to avoid death by compromising one's moral philosophy. CONCEPT The Apology: A Defense of Philosophy 12 The philosophical value of the Socratic Method is described in all of the following statements, EXCEPT: Students learn from interacting with each other, and the teacher facilitates this process. Students answer questions to which they know the answers, and are led by the teacher to new truths. The emphasis is on finding truth, not on “winning” an argument. The Socratic Method guides students to understanding rather than requiring them to memorize facts. RATIONALE 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 11/21 The Socratic Method does not facilitate learning through students' interaction with one another. Rather, it is an exchange between student and teacher, in which the teacher uses the student's knowledge to guide him or her to truth. CONCEPT The Socratic Approach 13 Select the statement that would most likely have been made by Aristotle. “We must begin with the world we encounter every day, rather than with the abstraction of metaphysics.” “The world is unchanging and eternal, which conflicts with the illusion that life is neither.” “New things do not come into existence; rather, things change their organization.” “What is true is always true, independent of wisdom, language, or knowledge.” RATIONALE The statement that "We must begin with the world we encounter every day" reflects Aristotle's philosophical approach. To Aristotle, all knowledge is grounded in human experience, and flows from empirical evidence. The statements which involve change are reflective of Parmenides and the Atomists. The statement about truth existing independent of wisdom, language, or knowledge is reflective of Plato's philosophy. CONCEPT Aristotle: The Dissection of Reality 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 12/21 14 According to Aristotle’s ethics, virtues should be pursued by __________. defining what is true determining the purest form of action finding a rational mean between two extremes thinking abstractly RATIONALE Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean states that virtue must be cultivated as a rational mean between extremes. For example, the virtue of courage is found between the vices of cowardice and foolhardiness. CONCEPT Aristotle's Highest Good 15 For Plato, the Forms are the __________ foundation of reality, which means that knowledge of reality is grounded in knowledge of the Forms. ethical 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 15/21 The philosophical worldview of the early Greek atomists has continued to have an impact throughout history. Atomism has been adopted and modified by contemporary science, and has had a lasting influence on religion and theology. CONCEPT The Atomistic Worldview 18 Choose the statement that describes a central theme of Parmenidean metaphysics. The world is composed of linked opposites. The universe consists of one, unchanging entity. Mortal and divine knowledge can be joined. The opinions of mortals are universally reliable. RATIONALE Parmenidean metaphysics includes the concept of "substance monism" — the belief that all reality is one object. This object is called the “what-is.” The "what-is" is eternal and unchanging. None of the other statements represent Parmenidean metaphysics. CONCEPT Parmenides and the Doctrine of Permanence 19 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 16/21 When Crito tries to convince Socrates that he must not betray his own life, how does Socrates respond? He says that what is right is often misunderstood by mortals and must be left to the gods. He says that he is not afraid of dying and knows that his followers will restore his good name. He says that all life has value, but society determines the fate of man. He says that life would not be worth living if the principle of justice was violated. RATIONALE In the Crito, Socrates' friend (Crito) tried to convince him to escape and avoid execution. Socrates refused to do so, and explained why escape would be wrong. Socrates asserted that not all life has intrinsic value; only the good life does. Since he believed that he would violate the principle of justice (established by the Social Contract) by avoiding death, Socrates refused to avoid it. CONCEPT The Crito: The Duties of the Social Contract 20 Select the statement upon which Plato and Aristotle would disagree. Reasoning and logic are key to finding truth. 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 17/21 Essences exist and are genuine entities. Truth is important above all else. Essences exist independently of the world. RATIONALE Plato and Aristotle agree on all of these points except for the statement that essences exist independently of the world. This was Plato's belief, but Aristotle believed that essences exist only within worldly objects, and nowhere else. CONCEPT Plato vs. Aristotle: The Mathematician or the Biologist 21 “It is my belief that everything in the cosmos is made of water.” Which ancient philosopher would most likely have made this statement? Empedocles Thales Pythagoras 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 20/21 CONCEPT The Apology — Socrates' Arguments 24 All teachers are robots. Cynthia is a teacher. Therefore, Cynthia is a robot. Evaluate the argument and select the option that describes it. Inductive, strong, cogent Deductive, valid, unsound Deductive, invalid, sound Inductive, weak, uncogent RATIONALE Because the inferential claim in this example is one of logical certainty, and is about definition and form rather than cause and effect, this is a deductive argument. Since a case in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false cannot exist, this argument is valid. However, this argument is unsound because the first premise is false: Not all teachers are robots. CONCEPT 7/5/2020 Sophia :: Welcome https://excelsior.sophia.org/spcc/ancient-greek-philosophers/milestone_take_feedbacks/4514445 21/21 Evaluating an Argument in Action 25 Heraclitus' Logos is part of his __________. metaphysics ethics mathematics science RATIONALE Heraclitus asserted that true reality is the Logos, a Greek word that can be translated as “account.” Since metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with discovering and describing the ultimate nature of reality, the Logos is part of Heraclitus' metaphysics. CONCEPT Heraclitus and the Doctrine of Impermanence © 2020 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. About Contact Us Privacy Policy Terms of Use