A Discussion on Populism, Democracy, and EU Membership: Perspectives from Swedish Users, Study notes of Hebrew Literature

Download A Discussion on Populism, Democracy, and EU Membership: Perspectives from Swedish Users and more Study notes Hebrew Literature in PDF only on Docsity! ...And Reconcile Us With Evil A Critical Investigation of the Imagery of Good and Evil in Western Religion, Film, and Politics Religion in Peace and Conflict Uppsala Universitet, Teologiska Fakulteten Author: Arne L Gellrich Supervisor: Nils Billing Examinator: Kajsa Ahlstrand Abstract With an eye on the current social and political situation in Europe, and with regards to the so-termed refugee crisis, this study aims to map the discourse on assumed good and evil shared among Western cultures, as represented by Sweden, Germany and the United States. The thesis takes its point of departure from essayistic reflections of the philosophical tradition and theological and religious analytical positions respectively. These are then followed by two in- vestigative main chapters, designed along the lines of Norman Fairclough’s approach to critical dis- course analysis (CDA). The first of these chapters studies the narratives of good and evil employed in the mainstream cinema of the past ten years in the mentioned countries. The second analysis is made up of three case studies, in turn looking at similar narratives in the campaigns of the two main competitors in the 2016 presidential race, a German protest movement against free trade agreements, and the everyday political communication of Swedish Facebook us- ers. In a final chapter, findings from all four preceding chapters are brought together in an attempt to sketch an image of the congruences and discrepancies of narratives on good and evil in the overall discursive field. The thesis finds that the discursive field shared by the three investigated societies is largely ho- mogenous, with certain imagery permeating all analysed orders of discourse. Many of the reoccurring images are however likely rooted in the human psyche and therefore less dependent on discourse practice. Furthermore, certain principles are agreed upon in theory while not reproduced in social practice. Themes assigned to either good or evil often seem to take on secondary functions next to assumed fixed identities of in- and out-groups. Being a qualitative study, this thesis aims at giving an overview and delivering a base for further investigations rather than providing definitive answers. ...And Reconcile Us With Evil A Critical Investigation of the Imagery of Good and Evil in Western Religion, Film and Politics Religion in Peace and Conflict Uppsala Universitet, Teologiska Fakulteten Author: Arne L Gellrich Supervisor: Nils Billing Examinator: Kajsa Ahlstrand Cover illustration using material from the film Nosferatu – Symphonie des Grauens (1922, directed by F W Murnau, DR: Jofa-Atelier Berlin-Johannisthal/Prana-Film GmbH.) chApter 3 — good And eviL in the contemporAry Western feAture fiLm 33 1. Mythical themes 34 1.1 Devilish figures 34 1.2 Messianic figures 35 2. Social functional themes 35 2.1 Morality and group cohesion 35 2.2 Licensed deviance 36 2.3 Entitlement 37 2.4 Fixed values 38 2.5 Betrayal 39 3. Evil inclination and negotiation of the shadow 39 3.1 Character corruption and reformation 39 3.2 Integration and suppression 41 3.3 Disease and healing 41 4. Woe 42 4.1 Motivated by malevolence 42 4.2 Motivating malevolence 43 5. Heroes 44 5.1 Shared characteristics 44 5.2 Avengers, innocents, victims 44 6. Further motifs 45 6.1 Liberty 45 6.2 Puppetmastery 46 6.3 Creation and Nature 46 6.4 Compromise 47 chApter 4 — sociAL And poLiticAL discourse 49 cAse study i: speeches of us presidentiAL nominees 49 1. Social functional themes 49 1.1 Group cohesion 49 1.2 Liberty and democracy 50 1.3 Justice 51 2. Entitlement 51 2.1 Legacy and destiny 51 2.2 Licensed deviance 52 3. Malevolence 54 3.1 Antagonists and villains 54 3.2 Puppet mastery, conspiracy, betrayal 54 3.3 Dishonesty 55 4. Woe 56 4.1 Systemic shortcomings 56 4.2 Illness, weakness, and incompetence 56 5. Heroes 57 6. Further motifs 58 cAse study ii: CampaCt e.V. And the germAn ttip And cetA protest movement 60 1. We, the good 60 1.1 Group cohesion 60 1.2 Heroes 61 1.3 Entitlement, betrayal, and fixed values 63 2. Evil entities 65 2.1 Iconography 65 2.2 Unmasking evil 65 2.3 Puppet mastery and evil entities 66 2.4 Illness, weakness, and incompetence 67 cAse study iii: FaCebook comments sections 69 1. General observations 69 2. The Good 69 2.1 Punishment, liberty and democratic legitimacy 69 2.2 Fixed values 72 3. Evil 74 3.1 Puppet masters and betrayal 74 3.2 Naming and banning 75 3.3 Excrement, disease and incompetence 79 chApter 5 — evALuAtion 81 1. Synthesis 81 2. Interpretation 83 3. Summary and conclusion 86 4. Prospects and suggestions for further study 87 List of references And bibLiogrAphy 91 1. Non-fiction books, scientific publication and contributions to edited works 91 2. News Articles 94 3. Scripture 95 4. Other non-fiction sources 95 5. Novels 98 6. Feature films, radio and television productions 98 Appendices 103 Appendix I. Full List of analysed films A001 Appendix II. Speeches by US Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump A002 Appendix III. Speeches by US Democratic Party presidential nominee Hillary Clinton A030 Appendix IV. Newsletter by the NGO Campact e.V. A056 Appendix V. Excerpt from users’ commentary A074 ii ...And Reconcile Us with Evil iii Figures Fig. 1: Die Linke canvas portraying fictional villain Darth Vader 2 Source: private photo, taken 27 August 2016. Fig. 2: Logo of the Italian MoVimento 5 Stelle 2 Source: MoVimento 5 Stelle, Accessed 7 October 2016. Fig. 3: John Kerry tweets about meeting film executives 2 Source: Kerry, J. (JohnKerry), 17 February 2016. (Twitter post) Fig. 4: Flyer for the defiant TTIP protest march on April 24th 2016 63 Source: collected in Hanover, 23 April 2016. Fig. 5: Banner put up in Hanover by the Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft 63 Source: private photo, taken 23 April 2016. Fig. 6: Banner put up in Hanover by Greenpeace 63 Source: private photo, taken 23 April 2016. Fig. 7: Wooden figure portraying the Trojan horse at the demonstration at Hanover. 64 Source: Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Accessed 7 October 2016. Fig. 8: Placard portraying Mr. Burns 65 Source: Nocun, K. (Kattascha), 11 October 2011. (Twitter post) Fig. 10: Protesters dressed up as monsters representing freetrade agreements 65 Source: Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Accessed 7 October 2016. Fig. 9: Using imagery from The Godfather 65 Source: BBC World Service, 11 October 2016. Fig. 11: Placard combing the association of excrement and disease 67 Source: Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Accessed 7 October 2016. Figures, Abbreviations v االدوولة ااإلسالميیة في االعرااقق وواالشامم List of Abbreviations AfD Alternative für Deutschland, German EU-sceptic right wing party AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Brexit the (process of) separation of the UK from the EU BUND Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz, German NGO dedicated to the protection of the natural environment CDA Critical discourse analysis according to Fairclough CE Common Era, the internationally agreed upon calendar CETA (EU-Canada) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement CSU Christlich-soziale Union, conservative majority party in the German Free State of Bavaria D Democratic Party of the US Daesh (simplified anglophone Latin transliteration) ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīʿl-ʿIrāq wa- sh-Shām ( ), translating to “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant”, Middle Eastern guerilla organisation claiming the status of the Cali- phate DGB Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, the Confederation of German Trade Unions EIC (British) East India Company EU European Union FDR Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the US 1933–45 GDR German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik), East-German dictatorial state, disbanded 1990 GoG the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy GOP Grand Old Party, nickname for the US Republican Party HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICC International Criminal Court IQ intelligence quotient IS, ISIL, ISIS see Daesh JFK John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the US 1961–3 LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender MENA Middle East (including Muslim-dominated central Asia) and Northern Africa MI6 Military Intelligence, Section 6, former British secret service MNC Multinational Corporations MP Member of Parliament NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-governmental organisation Obamacare nickname for the comprehensive health insurance introduced under US president Barack Obama PC, pk politically correct, politiskt korrekt PEGIDA Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes (“Patriotic Europe- ans Against the Islamisation of the Occident”), German right wing protest movement PoC The Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise PRC People’s Republic of China R Republican Party of the US TPP (Economic) Trans-Pacific Partnership (Agreement) TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (Agreement) SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Social Democratic Party of Germany SSA Sub-Saharan Africa UN United Nations (Organisation) UK United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Council UNSC United Nations Security Council US, USA United States (of America) WWF World Wide Fund for Nature, NGO dedicated to the protection of natural environ- ment, specialising in biodiversity vi ...And Reconcile Us with Evil ing and constituting social reality13: “[...] ‘discourse’ is use of language seen as a form of social practice, and discourse analysis is analysis of how texts work within sociocultural practice.”14 To distinguish between texts, they are throughout this thesis classified by order of discourse and genre. In following Fairclough, the concept of orders of discourse is to be read as defining the kind of the text (for example political speech)15, while genre defines the narrative function of the text (for example the comedy-genre). While texts supplied by the news media and political commentary may be leaning towards cer- tain ideological positions (or perceived to be thusly skewed) and can hence be chosen according to the world view of the consumer16, other orders of discourse, such as the feature film (again consciously or unconsciously) carry values that to a high degree belong to a certain ideological view, while be- ing hidden among the subtleties of the narrative. Accordingly, it is harder for consumers to withdraw themselves from exposure to ideological discourse in entertainment genres than in informative gen- res. Thus, the feature film, as a major form of popular entertainment, serves as a medium to reinforce mainstream discourse, as well as introduce its narrative elements to an audience beyond the original peer group. 3.2 Method and structure The study is introduced by an essayistic overview of the discourse on the concepts of evil and good in the humanities. To establish which themes are prevalent in the religious discourse, the second chap- ter then takes a look at Christian theology, scripture and secular perception, including its precursive Jewish traditions. The themes identified throughout these presentations serve as the theoretical frame- work for later elaboration (or re-evaluation) during the analytical chapters. The main study is composed of a composite desk study in the form of a set of mainly qualitative cross-case textual analyses, roughly following critical discourse analysis as described by Norman Fairclough (hereafter CDA). As touched upon above, the approach is based on a social construction- ist perspective, questioning perceptions of truth, and acknowledging the significance of discourse in shaping social reality17. Fairclough’s CDA investigates three dimensions of the respective text. These are (1) the text itself in form and meaning, (2) discourse practice, that is the practice concerning production and consumption of the text, and (3) social practice, the way in which the text affects social reality 13 cf. Winther Jørgensen & Phillips, 2000:83f. 14 Fairclough, 1995:7. 15 cf. Fairclough, 1995:12 — Fairclough adapts this concept from Foucault. 16 The all-out mistrust and rejection of public service and liberal media held by the German rightwing PEGIDA-move- ment and its political cousin, the AfD-party is an example of such disparity. 17 Cf. also Winther Jørgensen & Phillip, 2000:13f. through “relations of power and domination”.18 The main analytical level of this study concerns the first, textual, dimension in each of the texts studied, aiming to draw conclusions about the other two dimensions in the later interpretation. The main part of the study is divided up in two chapters: Chapter 3, which investigates the Good versus Evil-narrative in the Western cinematic feature film (The term Western here does not refer to the genre of the Cowboy Movie but serves to define cultural identity) and Chapter 4, which looks at public expression in the three selected Western cultures. To achieve a broader view of the different media of political expression, a specific case study is chosen for each of the three countries. The aim of the procedure is to identify re-emerging themes in the depiction of good and evil. This is achieved by deductively following the grounded theory approach detailed by Glaser and Strauss. The “conceptual categories” of Grounded Theory are accordingly defined as the principal con- cepts of good and evil, “properties” translate as motifs in their depiction, identified throughout the analyses19. This study seeks to identify sets of such motifs form the themes. This identification of themes is undertaken upon their emergence. Themes may, however, later be readjusted to encompass additional observations20. In that sense, the consecutive textual studies serve both heuristic and theory testing purposes in that they contribute to mapping the mainstream discourse on the dual concept of good and evil, while simultaneously testing its consistency beyond bounds of genres as well as orders of discourse.21 It is an inherent problem of CDA that the line between discourse practice and social practice is hard to draw22. Both dimensions are treated as equally important in answering the research question. Their investigation is therefore not undertaken in every single case study, but in a later synthetic in- terpretation. The themes are accordingly understood to arise only in the comparison of the different texts studied and expressed in the frequency with which the identified themes re-emerge across these analyses. The discussion is therefore undertaken evaluating and comparing the findings of the preced- ing chapters. 3.3 Selection of case studies The case studies that make up Chapter 4 are designed to cover as broad a discursive field as possible. Therefore, one case study has been selected for the United States, Germany and Sweden respectively, with every study focussing on different modes of socio-political communication. 18 Fairclough, 1995:97; cf. also Winther Jørgensen & Phillips, 2000:74f. 19 cf. Barney G. Glaser & Anselm L. Strauss, 1999. The discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Third paperback printing 2008. New Brunswick (NJ, US): AldineTransactions (Transaction Publishers):36; cf. also Mats Alvesson & Kai Sköldberg, 2000. Reflexive methodology. New Vistas in Qualitative Research. London (UK): SAGE Publications Ltd. (2nd edition 2009, 2013 reprint):62ff. 20 cf. Alvesson & Sköldberg, 2000:62ff. 21 cf. Alexander L. George & Andrew Bennet, 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in Social Sciences. Cam- bridge (MA, US): Belfer Center for Sciences and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University:75. 22 cf. Winther Jørgensen & Phillips, 2000:93. 4 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Introduction 5 The chapter starts with a study of key campaign speeches held by each of the two main party nominees for the post of President of the United States. As the form of advertisement that they are, these speeches are expected to apply narratives consciously, employing mechanism similar to those observed by Jackson23. Case Study II also looks at such presumably conscious, orchestrated discourse practice. How- ever, where Case Study I follows a top-down approach, having established politicians talk to their voters and supporters, this case study concentrates on the opposite position: the (presumed) bottom- up communication of the German popular movement protesting the transatlantic trade agreements TTIP and CETA. Finally, Case Study III focusses on users’ comments exchanged in the social network Facebook. The views expressed in such user-generated content, as new media scholar Clay Shirky argues, is often not intended as a broadcast but rather a private conversation that happens to happen in a public space24, a special form expression which Shirky calls many-to-many communication25. The idea is that accordingly, discourse is less filtered, and less consciously constituted, which in a sense leads to a more honest expression of views and narratives.26 3.4 Limitations, delimitations, and ethical considerations This thesis focuses exclusively on discourse in the West. While terms such as Western and the West may seem to represent an ideological position, that is not so: albeit adopted from the tradition of Cold War terminology, these terms are here used exclusively to refer to the civilisation with its perceived centre in Western Europe and the US, assumed to also include countries such as New Zealand and Australia, as well as social élites in for example Israel and the Global South. The West should there- fore not be understood as opposed to for example the East, but rather in a sense similar to that made popular by Huntington27 and others, as a cultural unit separate from other units such as for example the Sunnī ummah, or the pan-Slavic civilisation. Although the West is transcended by liberal think- ing in the form of democracy and capitalism, it should not be confused with for example liberalist ideology itself, nor with the economic unit of the Global North, with which it happens to be largely identical in terms of geography.28 Concerning religion, the theoretical framework of the study is deliberately limited to the Chris- tian faith and theological tradition, including ideas and interpretations from pre-Christian Judaism. 23 cf. Jackson, 2005. 24 cf. Clay Shirky, 2008. Here Comes Everybody. The Power of organizing Without Organizations. New York (NY, US): Penguin Group (US) Inc.:85. 25 Shirky, 2008:86f. 26 Admittedly, the post-election debate abpout internet trolls consciously influencing US discourse contradicts that as- sumptions. 27 cf. Samuel P. Huntington, 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York (NY, US): Simon & Schuster Paperbacks:21ff; 28. 28 This does of course preclude the cultural blends and multiple cultural identities in individuals and societies. Note that the concept is but a simplified model of reality. This focus will throughout this thesis be referred to simply as Christian tradition. The rationale for this delimitation is the assumption that the Christian faith, as opposed to other religions, transcends European law, philosophy29 and moral values, plays a great role in their inception, and is by many considered a core part of Western identity30. All of the three case studies in Chapter 3 are in different ways related to the discursive role of the news media. It may hence seem like an oversight that the news media itself is not separately studied. However, as elaborated above, the assumption is that news sources, especially in times of mobile internet and unprecedented connectivity, may be more consciously chosen than other cultural influ- ences, considering their expected role as discursive and social actors. Bearing in mind the widely- shared scepticism concerning the independence of mainstream news media, an investigation as to the legitimacy of these doubts may be in place. Positioning such an investigation within this thesis would however unduly expand its scope, which is why it falls outside its delimitation. The thesis also has its technical limitations. Based on the author’s own background as a social scientist, and with regard to the limited intended extent of the thesis, observations are kept superficial where they touch upon more specialised fields such as psychoanalysis and theology; concerning the focus of the inquiry, the risk for misunderstandings arising thence to influence the findings of the overall analysis is however deemed acceptably small. The study is also limited by its analytical framework. CDA, while focussing on the actively con- stituting linguistic and discursive processes undertaken to create and reaffirm discourses31, is inap- propriate to answer the question how these discursive groups are created32. Furthermore, as Winther- Jørgensen and Phillips point out, CDA may have trouble with political neutrality33; Fairclough clearly categorises CDA, as part of the in its origin Marxist critical tradition, in opposition to “the abuses and contradictions of capitalist society” and the “social and political climate” that alternative views share with the “new right”34. Also, no study touching on a political issue as passionately discussed as Western cultural identity can claim total political neutrality. Meanwhile, for this study, great care is taken to reduce political skew of the study to a minimum — and the critical analysis of stereotypes and morality at the core of the study may indeed help to examine and neutralise bias. A similar problem arises in the context of religious neutrality. The thesis departs from an areli- gious default position, thinking it less prone to bias handling religious themes, and deeming personal beliefs irrelevant in the interpretation of cognition and behaviour related to them. Injury to religious’ readers’ feelings are not intended. Where the term story is used, it should be read as an account of a certain event (or chain of events) and is meant to neither affirm nor contest the authenticity of the 29 cf. Karl Löwith, 1960?. Der philosophische Begriff des Besten und Bösen. In: von Franz et al. 1961:219. 30 cf. Liliane Frey-Rohn, 1960?. Das Böse in psychologischer Sicht:162. 31 cf. Winther Jørgensen & Phillips, 2000:67f. 32 cf. Winther Jørgensen & Phillips, 2000:177. 33 cf. Winther Jørgensen & Phillips, 2000:70. 34 Fairclough, 1995:15f. 6 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Introduction 7 respective account –– in the words of C. G. Jung: “My reader should never forget, however, that I a not making a confession or writing a ten- dentious tract, but am simply considering how certain things could be understood from the standpoint of our modern consciousness [...]”35 The assumption that the cinematic motion picture is representative of the mainstream discourse in entertainment media can, benevolently judged, not claim to be anything more than an informed guess. Interpretations of the influence of narrative themes identified in this study on social cognition should therefore be strictly related to the according target audiences. This study is not (nor does it claim to be) able to discern whether, or in which way, discursive parallels between fictional and political narra- tives are causally related. Furthermore, visitor counts from cinemas do not reliably reflect the reality of film consumption as they do not include other channels. This skew can here not be avoided, as data of, for example, illegal consumption via the internet or private use of recordings is close to impossible to quantify. However, the numbers are here assumed to give a general impression of a films’ success with the audience. Case Study II also contains, among emails and campaign material, insights gained from the au- thor’s personal observations at a protest march held in Hanover on April 23rd, 2016. This material is by necessity subjective and unreferenced. It is however deemed to contribute to the overall analysis with minimal skew. Case Study III proves to be limited in several ways. Firstly, it would arguably have been more conductive to the end of this study to concentrate on articles posted on only one topic over a much longer period (considering that Case Studies I and II also concern a longer period) instead of the chosen set of comments. However, the infrastructure and manoeuvrability of Facebook made this somewhat hard to achieve. Secondly, the comments cannot (and should not) be understood as fully representative of the discourse among the audience of the news source in question, as only users of Facebook (hereafter simple referred to as users) are enabled to participate in the debate. Only some of these users may actually employ the commenting tool, and the wording of their comments may be influenced by vocabulary and rhetoric of the original article to a degree beyond that of the general discourse. In addition, the news source publishing the articles discussed respectively may remove some of the original comments where they violate certain rules, for example of appropriate language. Unless otherwise specified, all translations of passages in languages other than English are by the author, who takes responsibility for mistakes or misinterpretations thence arising. 35 Carl G. Jung, 1951. Aion. Researches Into the Phenomenology of the Self. 1959 Edition, translated from the German original by Richard F. C. Hull, edited by Sir Herbert Read, Michael Fordham and Gerhard Adler. New York (NY, US): Bollinger Foundation Inc./Pantheon Books, Inc.: x. Chapter 1 Evil and Good in philosophy and the humanities 1. Attempts at definitions „Die Aufteilung der Welt in Gut und Böse ist in dieser Verallgemei- nerung und Verabsolutierung der beiden Eigenschaften ein philoso- phischer Akt. Dieser hat wohl seine Grundlagen in der menschlichen, ja in der außermenschlichen Natur und seine Vorläufer in Mythen und Riten, die das zeitweilige, meist pe- riodisch wiederkehrende Übel zu bannen, zähmen und einzuordnen versuchen.” “The segmentation of the World into Good and Evil in this generalisation and absolutising of the two charac- teristics is a philosophical act. It ar- guably has its roots in human, even extra-human, nature and its precur- sors in myths and rites that seek to ban, tame and categorise Evil, which returns mostly periodically.”1 1 The dual archetype of good and evil transcends Western culture, and remains largely unchanged even today. In its mythical quality it proves remarkably resistant; its realm is not reduced to religious and mythical traditions, nor secular storytelling, but even spreads to politics and the otherwise so rational environs of science. With terms and phrases like “so-called evil”2, “[to] turn evil”3 and “the banality of evil”4, social scientists as diverse as Konrad Lorenz, Philipp Zimbardo and, prominently, Hannah Arendt show no restraints in implicitly or explicitly characterising character traits, behaviour, or en- tire persons as evil. The term (and the concept) evil is by and large used as if it were a self-explanatory concept needing no further qualifications. Still, a scientific approach to the topic should start with a definition, or at least a conception of its subject that can be put into words. Let us therefore have a look at two such conceptualisations. 1 Karl Kerényi, 1960? Das Problem des Bösen in der Mythologie:18 . 2 Konrad Lorenz, 1963. Das sogenannte Böse. Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression. Vienna (AT): Dr, G. Borotha Sch- oeller Verlag Wien. 3 Philip Zimbardo, 2007. The Lucifer Effect. How Good People Turn Evil. New York (NY, US): Random House, Inc. 4 Hannah Arendt, 1963. Eichmann in Jesrusalem. A Report on the banality of Evil. 2006 reprint, with an introduction by Amos Elon. New York (NY, US): Penguin Group (US), Inc. 8 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil “As we know, it is not the conscious subject but the unconscious which does the projecting. Hence one meets with projections, one does not make them.”40 This evil entity on which the skotos is projected is accordingly perceived as malevolent41 and often as- sociated with repulsion and misfortune42, a notion lacking from the Wikipedia material. Nevertheless, this motif is an important one, in fact so much so, that the German word for ugly (hässlich) literally means hateful or hateable. This is perhaps not surprising: according to Karl Löwith, the traditional Greek philosophical view of the kosmos (κόσμος) is one of goodness and beauty43; an evil that is understood as the negation of nature’s divinity would thus consequently have to be identified with ugliness. Even a such outside evil entity is associated with illness in that it is understood to weaken and de-value those which it has infected44. The assumption that the attributed (mythical) malevolent power uses the thus weakened individual as a tool for its evil deed is not altogether unrealistic, for as Freud points out, unconscious guilt can in fact affect people to do evil to compensate their suffering45. This motif is paralleled by Freud’s image of the ego as a weak entity: „Nach beiden Seiten hilflos, wehrt sich das Ich vergeblich gegen die Zumutungen des mörderischen Es wie gegen die Vorwürfe des strafen- den Gewissens.” “In helpless opposition to both sides, the ego futilely defends itself against the impositions of the mur- derous id as against the incrimina- tios of the punishing conscience.”46 40 414243444546 5. Subordination, domination or integration? Rationality, and explicitly its great prophet Immanuel Kant, remind us that man can choose to do evil or good47. Why then, might we ask, would anyone choose to be malevolent? Clearly, malevolence has a certain appeal, which grows in pace with the degree of the ill it entails48 and which is pronounced even more in the theoretical negotiation of evil: Fiction would arguably hold considerably less charm were it only concerned with goodness49. There is thus temptation to either fully deny one’s skotos, or to give in to its perceived evil50, thereby (with both alternatives) avoiding the struggle entailed in its recognition and negotiation on the path of individuation and self-realisation: the wholesome hu- 40 cf Jung, 1951: 9, emphasis mine. 41 cf. ibid. 42 cf. Frey-Rohn, 1960?:171f. 43 cf. Karl Löwith, 1961. Der philosophische Begriff des Besten und Bösen:212. 44 cf. Karl Löwith, 1961:212f. 45 cf. Freud, 1923:67. 46 Freud, 1923:69f, Emphasis mine. 47 cf. Kant, 1793: 36f (32f). 48 cf. Frey-Rohn, 1960?:194. 49 cf. Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:VII. 50 cf. Freud, 1923:32f, 43f (in the context of sexual morals). man soul needs to assimilate its shadow52. Already in 1786 Kant, unwittingly foreshadowing Jung’s psychology, claimed that: „Die moralische Selbsterkenntnis, die in die schwerer zu ergründen- den Tiefen oder den Abgrund des Herzens zu dringen verlangt, ist al- ler menschlichen Weisheit Anfang. Denn die letztere, welche in der Zusammenstimmung des Willens ei- nes Wesens zum Endzweck besteht, bedarf beim Menschen zu allererst der Wegräumung der inneren Hin- dernisse (eines bösen in ihm geni- stelten [sic] Willens), und dann der Entwicklung der nie verlierbaren ursprünglichen Anlage eines guten Willens in ihm zu entwickeln. Nur die Höllenfahrt der Selbsterkenntnis bahnt den Weg zur Vergötterung.“ “Moral cognition of the self, which wants to penetrate the less easily fathomable depths or the abyss of the heart, is the seed of all human wisdom. For, in a human, the lat- ter, which exists in the harmony of a being’s will towards its purpose, necessitates first and foremost the removal of the inner hindrances (an evil will nesting within), and then to promote the development of an in- erasable inert good will within him. Only the descent into hell clears the way to divinity.”53 5152 Accordingly, the collectively (rationally) good, which finds its expression in the categorical impera- tive and is also reflected in Freud’s super-ego53, may well be subjectively woe-ful — and vice-versa54: To successfully negotiate and integrate its shadow the individual will have to withstand this disso- nance and take upon itself the guilt of enduring its own malevolence55. This means dealing with po- tentially inappropriate pressure from society or the super-ego56, and is arguably less easily achieved then projecting skotos upon an exterior entity. 6. Outside villains This exterior evil entity does not necessarily have to be a de-personalised, mystified power but may very well be a very real individual or out-group57. It follows from the above social functionalist inter- pretation of morality that the in-group will identify with the good. Accordingly, any stranger or out- group is an opportune target for the assignment of the source of evil: Its negative aspects are plainly visible to non-members58, meanwhile it never gets a chance to disprove the assumed negative features 51 cf. Frey-Rohn, 1960?:195ff; also: Jung, 1951:24. 52 Immanuel Kant, 1797. Die Metaphysik der Sitten. 1959 reprint of the 1922 edition, published by Karl Vorländer. Hamburg (DE): Felix Meiner Verlag GmbH:293f (441), emphasis mine. 53 cf. Freud, 1923:43f, 61. 54 cf. Frey-Rohn, 1960?:166f. 55 cf. Frey-Rohn, 1960?:196. 56 cf. Freud, 1923:66. 57 As opposed to the in-group, the group which the individual thinks itself a member of, an out-group is a collective to which the individual does not feel associated. Cf. Elliot Aronson et al., 2005. Social Psychology. 2014 edition. London (UK): Pearson Education Limited:353. 58 cf. Marie-Luise von Franz, 1974. Shadow & Evil in Fairytales. Zürich (CH): Spring Publications:8. 14 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 1 – Evil and Good in philosophy and the humanities 15 associated with the in-group’s projected skotos. Such cognition often manifests itself disastrously, as for example in homophobic legislation or the victimisation of albinos in predominantly dark-skinned societies. In other cases the differences that are assigned to minorities’ identities through discriminatory discourse or law are even more arbi- trary and harder to spot, as with the German secular Jewry during the World War period or the distinc- tion between “Hutu” and “Tutsi” in SSA’s Great Lakes Region. Ironically, from an outside perspec- tive, the roles of good and evil as perceived by the aggressive majority in question, are in these cases effectively reversed, a point which seems to support the social functionalist role of morality — after all, morality, as a basic measure of good and evil, is very much dependent on its definition. 7. Revenge and Punishment Nietzsche sums up his critical social functionalist stance on morality as the “herd-instinct” (“Herd- eninstinkt”), which, according to his account, demotivates the collective from craving punishment59. This claim, at least today, one hundred and thirty years after its voicing, can certainly no longer stand true. Geyer and Baumeister, who share Nietzsche’s social functionalist perspective, agree that moral- ity and the (psychological as well as social) conception of guilt serve to affirm in-group cohesion.60 However, as they are careful to note, this in return also means the favouring of peers over strangers; the term is never explicitly defined, but it seems obvious that a stranger is anyone who does not share the values of the in-group. So while morality indeed affirms in-group cohesion, this may very well be achieved by ejecting individual members and submitting them to punishment. According to Freud, society’s need to enforce its cohesive moral framework teams up with individual skotal urges61, hav- ing the collective and the individual alike crave revenge and punishment for ill deeds. The social need for the institution of punishment stands as an example of the selective applicabil- ity of morals, as it entails a restriction of the delinquent’s liberty and at times right to physical integri- ty—or, in extreme cases, the right to life. Arendt illustrates this by claiming that 1960’s Germany was not eager to achieve an extradition of the war criminal Adolf Eichmann from Israel because (among other reasons) it had abolished capital punishment “and hence was unable to mete out the sentence that Eichmann deserved.”62 Despite the state’s high moral ambition in abolishing the death penalty, it thus implicitly condoned its legitimacy when dealing with what was considered evil. Arendt maintains that this urge to punish is most easily voiced and followed when it is directed towards de-individuated groups, or individuals that are perceived to represent those groups63. It could accordingly be argued that the social will (or need) to punish essentially applies the very same mecha- nisms as other social cohesion-affirming procedures such as democide or war. 59 cf. Nietzsche, 1885:87. 60 Geyer & Baumeister, 2005:427. 61 Freud understands aggression and vengefulness as substitute outlets for accumulated (sexual) desire that cannot otherwise be satisfied (cf. Freud, 1923:50ff). 62 Arendt, 1963:17. 63 Arendt, 1963:296f. Chapter 2 Good and Evil in Christianity and Judaism 1. Creation and negation As opposed to secular literature the answer to the question of whence good originates seems obvious in Christianity: the good (bonum) is an elementary quality of divinity.1 However, as Saint Augustine maintains, while Creation, being of God, is good2, “[it is] also changeable, because it is not made from him, but from nothingness.”3 Accordingly, as such absence of good (the darkness from which light is divided in the original act of Creation4) may only be removed by a presence, the NT does not ask of the congregation to simply endure evil and hope for deliverance at the end of days nor to violently fight evil, but to overcome it through good deed.5 However, supposedly divine acts of destruction, such as the Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean in 2004 and the Pacific Ocean in 2011 or the oft cited Lisbon earthquake of 1755 may seem to contra- dict the basic goodness of Creation. Accordingly, a central issue in the discussion of good and evil in Christian theology is the matter of theodicy, which can be traced back to the original congregation of Judah6. Theodicy poses the question: how can God be good, if his7 creation includes (or at least allows) evil?8 1 cf. van den Brink, Gijsbert, 1998 Güte Gottes, I. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 (Vol. III):1341. 2 cf. Gen. 1;. also: Andreas Schüle, 2012. “Und siehe, es war sehr gut ... und siehe, die Erde war verdorben” (Gen 1,31; 6,12). Der urgeschichtliche Diskurs über das Böse. In: Ebner et al., 2012:12. 3 Augustine of Hippo, (undated) a. Vom Gottesstaat. Books XII, Chapter 1. Translation from Latin by Wilhelm Thimme, with an Introduction and annotations by Carl Andresen. 2nd edition 1978. Zürich (CH): Artemis Verlag:59. Passage as printed: “[…] was er [Gott] geschaffen hat, ist zwar gut, weil es von ihm stammt, doch auch wandelbar, weil es nicht aus ihm, sondern aus nichts erschaffen ist.” Emphasis mine. 4 cf. Gen. 1.4. 5 Rom 12,11; Mt 6.13, cf. Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XX. 6 cf. Jes 45.7, Job; Mk 15.34; also: Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XXf. 7 In accordance with Christian mainstream discourse, God (the Christian god) and the Jewish version Yahweh will here be referred to as male entities. 8 cf. Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XI. 16 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil This theodical question is certainly legitimate: in a world which, even leaving aside human ma- levolence, contains a lot of woe an omnipotent god cannot wholly be absolved from responsibility; where for malevolent deed the individual can be held morally responsible, an omnipotent, omniscient entity must be equally responsible for woe. In his well-argued, though often ridiculed9 answer to the question of theodicy, Leibniz formulated the concept that, despite its apparent shortcomings, we live in the best of all possible worlds: “[S’il] n’y avoit pas le meilleur (optimum) parmi tous les mondes possibles, Dieu n’en auroit produit aucun.» “[If] among the possible worlds none was the best (optimum), then God would not have created a single one.”10 910 Even an almighty god would accordingly have to compromise to ensure the best possible conditions for the largest possible number of people11. Evil is thus not a power of any sort, but simply a neces- sary condition in the interest of the needs and desires of the many.12 Also, as Rovira points out, mere humans may not easily recognise evil (or, for that matter, good) at first glance; pleasurable activity, so Rovira, may prevent the course of good, while even bitter food may give nourishment.13 The canonical texts of the Bible (as opposed to many non-canonical writings) hardly mention evil for its own sake, but always in relation to God and redemption.14 This is only logical: the early Hebrew god was irreproachable in his omnipotence, and the role of the Chosen People was not so much that of a superior race, as the term might suggest, but rather that of the “bearers of God’s revelation”15 – the term “bearer” here being used in a literal sense, as the burden of the revelation would manifest itself as the suffering of evil both as a punishment by Yahweh, and at the hands of his enemies.16 In result, evil would either have to be a part of Creation, or, where it is not, be following divine purpose.17 In opposition to the later Christian understanding of God, the Hebrew Yahweh is explicitly named as the instigator of malevolence, both against the enemies of his people and against those that do not 9 cf. for example Voltaire’s satirical “Candide” (cf. François-Marie Arouet [“Voltaire”], 1759. Candide Ou L’Optimisme. 1938 edition. Paris (FR): Editions Ernest Gründ). 10 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1710. Essais De Théodicée, Sur La Bonté De Dieu, La Liberté De L’Homme, Et L’Origine Du Mal. 1714 edition. Amsterdam (NL): Mortier. PDF available through <https://download.digitale-sammlungen.de/ BOOKS/download.pl?id=bsb10043730> [Accessed 8 August 2016]:116 (section 8). Emphasis his. 11 cf. Schüle, 2012:3. 12 cf. Schüle, 2012:9. 13 cf. German Rovira, 1977. Die Erhebung des Menschen zu Gott, Christliches Gottesbild und christliches Menschen- bild. Salzburg (AT): Universitätsverlag Anton Pustet:143f. 14 cf. also Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XIX. 15 David Whitten Smith & Elizabeth G. Burr, 2007. Understanding World Religions. A Road Map for Justice and Peace. Lanham (MD, US): Rowman & Littlefield.:59. 16 cf. also Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XIX. 17 This believe can go quite far: according to Whiten Smith & Burr (2007), “[s]ome ultra-orthodox Jews believe that the Holocaust was a punishment for Jewish failure to live the Law of Moses […]” (ibid:78). follow his law to the letter. In the case of the Egyptian plagues, Yahweh almost seems to be enjoying the malevolent game to repeatedly “harden Pharaoh’s heart”18 and subsequently punish the Egyptian people.19 This god is clearly capable of quite extreme measures, the most prominent example (even before the collective punishment of the Egyptians) being the flood20, an almost indiscriminate de- struction of Creation as a whole, which, in contrast to alternative accounts21, in its justification, moral- ity and goodness is not questioned in the Biblical account but met with obedience and devotion22. The punishment of Egypt, meanwhile, is legitimised with the resulting liberation of the Hebrews, and the demonstrations of divine omnipotence, which both are of fundamental importance for the legitimacy of the Yahweh and divine law.23 Still, the Hebrew god at times seems undecided and impulsive, to the degree that Moses has to remind him to keep his promised and abstain from destroying his chosen people.24 2. Morality and divine law 2.1 The commandments The central guideline for good and evil within the Christian faith is divine law. This law, as set down in the ten commandments, is absolute as per its authorship, and understood to be the basis for all further laws and rules formulated in the rest of the Torah25. This decalogue is widely held to be the following26 2. I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 3. (1.) You shall have no other gods before [or: besides] me. 4. You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; 5. you shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, 18 Ex. 7.3ff (RSV). 19 cf. Ex. 7.14 – 10.29; 12.29. 20 cf. Gen. 6. 21 Schüle refers for instance to the epics of Gilgamesh and Atrahasis (cf. Schüle, 2012:6ff)). 22 cf. Gen. 6ff; specifically Gen. 6.22. 23 cf. Jan Assmann, 2015. Mose und der Monotheismus der Treue. Eine Neufassung der “Mosaischen Unterschei- dung”. In: Tück, Jan-Heiner (ed.), 2015:20f. 24 cf. Ex. 32.9-14. 25 cf. Gottfried Reeg, 1998. Dekalog, II. Judentum. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 (Vol. II):630. 26 This is according to the Lutheran and the Roman-Catholic tradition; other Jewish and Christian interpretations may for example hold Ex. 20.3 and 20.4 to express separate commandments, accordingly changing the numeration or even total number of the commandments. Other Biblical versions distinguish not ten commandments but five groups of rules (Dtn. 5) or a much greater number of commands (Ex. 34) (cf. Eckhard Otto, 1998. Dekalog, I. Altes Testament. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 [Vol. II]: 625). 18 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 2 – Good and Evil in Christianity and Judaism 19 sibility for the woe, but the responsibility to make use of the gift of free will to improve on it65. This translates smoothly into the outspoken pacifism and insistence upon unconditional love of Jesus of Nazareth. 2.3 Forgiveness and brotherly love The God of the NT, as represented by the carnate Christ, is an outspoken pacifist66. Thus Rom. 13.9, interprets the Commandments concerned with human interaction as elements of the Christian pre- scription of neighbourly love.67 And, following Paul, St. Augustine understands the first portion of the decalogue as the prescription of Love of God, and the second as that of neighbourly love68. These two precepts are accordingly also referred to as the “great commandments”.69 According to Matthew’s account of the famous sermon on the mount, the one way to heaven is through righteousness70, with the only qualification that that righteousness is not to be applied to oneself – one should instead make peace at any price and gladly suffer religious prosecution.71 This precept is taken even further, as Je- sus, in contrast to for example Moses, does not legitimise the killing of opponents, heretics or pagans. Quite the contrary, opponents should not only be forgiven, but loved72, and humiliation should not be retributed but suffered with pride73; the only appropriate way of confronting evil is not by active op- position but through good deed.74 The idea to renounce violence is not entirely new of course. Even Yahweh, while “[taking] war for granted”, asked of his people not to take up the fight themselves but rather depend on him.75 Yet Jesus goes to unprecedented lengths76 in its interpretation, before returning with the Lord’s prayer to the old hope that God will “deliver us [the faithful] from evil”.77 This suggests that violence is not morally wrong per 65 cf. Whiten Smith & Burr, 2007:93. 66 cf. Whiten Smith & Burr, 2007:92. 67 cf. also Dieter Sänger, 1998. Dekalog, III. Neues Testament. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 (Vol. II):632. 68 cf. Augustine of Hippo, (undated) b. Sermo 9.7; cf. also Christoph Strohm, 1998. Dekalog, IV. Kirchengeschichtlich. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 (Vol. II):632. 69 cf. Mt. 22.36ff. 70 Mt. 5.20. 71 Mt. 5.11. 72 Mt. 5.43ff. 73 The reference is here to the famous verse “But I say to you, Do not resist one who is evil. But if any one strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also” (Mt. 5.39, RSV). It should be noted that alternative interpretations (as for example by Francis of Assisi) would read this not as submission but nonviolent disobedience (cf. Whiten Smith & Burr, 2007:96f). 74 Rom 12,11; Mt 6.13; cf. also Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XX. 75 Whiten Smith & Burr, 2007:95. 76 Notably, the matter of peacefulness and love for the enemy is not the only one where the Christ suggests extreme measures: rather he seems to imply that all social rules should be followed in the strictest possible way. A stunning exam- ple is the suggestion to “pluck […] out” one’s own eye if one “looks on a woman lustfully” (Mt. 5.28). We may suspect that Jesus (or Matthew) is consciously exaggerating to stress his legitimacy as the prophet of the divine lawmaker. 77 cf. Mt. 6.13 (RSV). se, but it is not humanity’s task; God will take care of it and deal with his creation if it displeases him (as he has done in the past). 3. The Enemy 3.1 Evil personified Ancient Middle Eastern and Hebrew belief and scripture contain a plethora of terms referring to per- sonifications of evil. None of these demonic principles, however, were originally perceived as power- ful enough to withdraw themselves from divine scheming, or even to openly oppose God: against the all-powerful creator, the concept of a single, serious adversary seemed inconceivable.78 The devil- figure familiar from medieval Christianity and folklore would evolve later, when the singularity of God was increasingly compromised by outside influences, likely Greek79. According to Frankemöller, Hebrew literature never associates the devil with evil.80 3.2 The Powers of Chaos The deepest roots of personified evil in the monotheistic belief are yet a very long way off from mod- ern-day popular conceptions of the devil. Rabbinic literature often de-personifies Satanic imagery by instead speaking of the already mentioned evil urge or evil inclination (יֵצֶר הָרַע– yeṣær hāraʿ).81 Instead, it is represented by monsters such as Leviathan and Behemoth, representing primeval chaos, yet, notably, are a part of creation82, possibly imported from Canaanite traditions83. The main function of these monsters seems to be their slaughter at the End of Days at the hands of God, and their subsequent consumption by the resurrected community of the faithful.84 Yet, they have had a strong and prolonged influence on the conception of evil: the Book of Revelations, in reflection of older accounts (such as Isaiah)85 speaks of the final battle between Yahweh and “two animals”, of which one, the “great red dragon”86 (a version of the Leviathan), is explicitly identified as the devil (and as a serpent) who has fallen from heaven87. The image of the dual enemy then re-emerges later 78 cf. Whiten Smith & Burr, 2007:64. 79 cf. Bell, 2006:14, 22f; also: Hubert Frankemöller, 1998. Böse, das, III. Neues Testament. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998:1705. 80 cf. ibid. 81 cf. Whiten Smith & Burr, 2006:64; also Bell, 2006:22f. 82 cf. Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:264, 269f. 83 cf. : Mary K. Wakeman, 1969. The Biblical Earth Monster in the Cosmogonic Combat Myth. In: Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 88, No. 3:314. 84 cf. Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:274–277; cf. e.g. Psalm 74 — A theme reminiscent of archaic phantasies of incorpo- rating one’s enemy to gain his strength (cf. Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:282), which reemerges also in the incorporation of the body of Christ at the Eucharist. 85 cf. Victor Maag, 1960? Der Antichrist als Symbol des Bösen. In: von Franz et al., 1961:76. — According to Ober- hänsli-Widmer (2012:272) The motif of the evil serpent being slain by a god (or a god-like figure) is a common one in mediterranean and Middle Eastern mythology. 86 Rev. 12.3. 87 cf. Rev. 12f; also Maag, 1960?:76f. 24 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 2 – Good and Evil in Christianity and Judaism 25 in the form of Gog and Magog88, a repetition of a theme from Ezekiel 38, where Gog likely refers to the Sumerian term gûg (darkness), and Magog to that personified darkness’ fellowship89. Again, the good is thus symbolised as light and order, while evil is the power of darkness and chaos. According to Maag, this theme of anti-cosmic darkness and chaos, which also appears in Babylonian and Persian traditions90, is the main ingredient in the image of evil formed by the Early Christian community, as opposed to the understanding focussed on dying and killing predominant in Greek mythology. As Oberhänsli-Widmer points out91, the image of the Leviathan has strongly influenced Western culture beyond Christian mythology, from Hobbes’ “Leviathan”92 to Melville’s “Moby Dick”93. Non-canonical sources contain more specific personifications such as Beliar or Belial (בְלִיַּעַל – bəliyaʿal) who, associated with the Coptic serpent-demon Aphoph (from ancient Egyptian Apep [Ἄποφις])94, and, like the above monsters, is the representative of unmastered natural forces, a collec- tive term for those that challenge or threaten spiritual faith, “or the sexual harassment of women by priests”.95 The Qumran literature then has Belial (like the dragon in the Revelation) presiding over the “sons of darkness”, opposed to the archangel Michael and his “sons of light”.96 As Bell argues, this illustrates the development from a force of chaos and wickedness to one of opposition and ma- levolence.97 3.3 The Adversary The modern image of the devil has its roots in the διάβολος or σατανᾶς of the Septuagint. Both terms (along with the more seldom ἐπίβουλος, translating to traitor and ἀντίδικος, translating to [legal] adversary) are different renderings of the Hebrew שָׂטָן (śāṭān), διάβολος deriving from διαβάλλω (to calumniate).98 The term Satan is always used as a proper name in the NT99, where the malefactor, in contrast to the demons in his service and mirroring the paradisal Serpent, takes on the role of a tempt- er, most prominently in the temptation of Jesus.100 In the OT, however, the term satan serves rather to 88 cf. Rev. 20. 89 cf. Maag, 1960:80. 90 cf. Karl Beth, (undated). Böse, das. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1927 (Vol. I):1174. 91 cf. Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:284. 92 Thomas Hobbes, 1651. Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil. 2010 reprint. New Haven (CT, US): Yale University Press. 93 Herman Melville, 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. 1981 edition. New York (NY, US): Bantam Classics. 94 cf. Karl Beth, 1927:1173. 95 cf, Bell, 2006:19f. 96 ibid. 97 cf, Bell, 2006:21. 98 Bell, 2006:10f, cf. Anneliese Felber, 1998. Teufel, I. Namen und Begriffe. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 (Vol. VIII):179. 99 cf. ibid; David E. Aune, 1998. Teufel, IV. Neues Testament. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 (Vol. VIII):184 — cf. also Bell (2006:14), who suggests that this paradigmatic shift may be due to the incorporation of Persian dualistic beliefs. 100 Mt. 4; Mt. 4.3 introduces the figure as πειράζων (tempter), verses 5 and 8 call it διάβολος (the devil), and in verse denote an office, generally that of a councillor, a challenger and adversary101, and at the command of God102; in the story of Job, that office is taken by a son of God.103 While, as in the story of Job, Satan’s work may cause God to act cruelly against his Creation, in his function as an attorney he never ques- tions the irreproachable position of God.104 Other appellations for the Satan-figure are the Hebrew זְבּוב baʿal zevûv, often read as Beelzebul, or Baal-Zebub, likely a parody version of the name of the) בַּעַל Canaanite God Baal, “the chief rival of the Yahwistic faith [during the Hellenistic period]”105 meaning either “Lord of the House” or “Lord of the Flies”)106, and הֵילֵל (hêlel), thought to denote the morning star (Venus), which the Vulgate renders as Lucifer, the light-bearer107. This Lucifer has since morphed into one of the main representors of the evil principle. 3.4 The Fallen Angel It is remarkable that the image of Satan and Lucifer in uni-person as the fallen angel has become such a popular one although it is hardly ever explicitly alluded to in the canonical bible. Indeed, the im- age of the fallen angel is never brought into direct context with the character(s) called Satan. In one of the few Biblical sources for the modern image of Lucifer, Isaiah prophesies the fall of Babel and refers to King of Babel as “Day star, son of dawn […] who laid the nations low” who is “fallen from heaven, […] cut down to the ground.”108 This image has later been merged with the idea of demons and the fall of the Watchers as most explicitly described in the non-canonical Qumran-sources:109 in 1En. 6-12, likely the oldest account of the fall of angels, the descend of angels from heaven to take human women as mates is portrayed as the source of evil on earth, which is also responsible for the wrath of God and its culmination in the great flood described in Gen. 6–9.110 Like with the Serpent in Gen. 3, this inception of evil is in part accomplished by letting the humans partake in knowledge111, and similarly they were punished by being cast down, specifically Azazel and Dudael, who were cast 10, Jesus names it Σατανᾶ. 101 cf. Psalm 109.6. 102 cf. 1Kgs 22.21ff; also Bell, 2006:11. 103 cf. Job 1.6; also Bell, 2006:10. — Note that the storyline introducing the figure of Satan to the story of Job is likely a later addition (cf. Markus Witte, 2007. Hiob / Hiobbuch. In: Bibelwissenschaft.de. HTML available online through: <https://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/wibilex/das-bibellexikon/lexikon/sachwort/anzeigen/details/hiob-hiobbuch/ch/cad- 3cfdcdbeac5d65a068fd566c6f4ac/> [Accessed 14 November 2016].) The dispute with Satan may furthermore be in- tepreted as symbolising the inner struggle of Yahweh (cf. ibid) and thus, by extension, a projection of divine skotos – an image that fits in well with Jung’s observations (cf. Jung, 1953). 104 cf. Bell, 2006:14. 105 Graham H. Twelftree, 1993. Jesus the Exorcist. A Contribution to the Study of the Historical Jesus. Wissenschaftli- che Untersuchungen zum neuen Testament: Reihe 2, No.54. Tübingen (DE): J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck):105f. 106 Bell, 2007: 12; cf. also Twelftree:105. 107 Bell, 2007:12f. 108 Isa. 14.12 (RSV). 109 cf. Bell, 2006:18f. 110 1 En. 6-12, cf. also Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XIII. 111 cf. 1En. 8. 26 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 2 – Good and Evil in Christianity and Judaism 27 “in the darkness” and condemned to the fire at the end of days.112 The most well-known version of Lucifer (or Satan) being cast down originates in the non-ca- nonical Vita Adae et Evae113, where Satan addresses Adam directly to tell him of his own exile from heaven114. The satanic fall is there told as a punishment for Lucifer’s refusal to worship humanity.115 This version of the fall of Lucifer (or — Iblīs, as he is called in Islam) also features in the Qurʾān116 and accordingly likely predates the Latin text. It should be noted that Lucifer/Iblīs does not compete with God like the king of Babel in Isaiah, but simply does not agree that man, “him [which] Thou didst create of clay”117 should be held as more divine then himself, who is created of fire;118 the harsh punishment thus renders the light-bearer a rather tragic figure. The end-product of this merger of traditions, Lucifer as the fallen angel, made to dwell in hell, is not a canonical narrative, and, according to Vollenweiler, only becomes an official part of Christian mythology in the first two centuries CE, when Roman theologians begin to re-interpret the above pas- sage from Isaiah and the similar Ez. 28, where the object of God’s wrath is not the King of Babel but the King of Tyrus.119 4. The Traitor Overcome As Vollenweiler demonstrates, the Lucifer-story is to be understood as a reflection of — or counter- narrative to — the Messianic story of Jesus of Nazareth, who would not by himself assume the throne but renounce worldly power and fortune120 — and who, incidentally, is also called the “[rising] morning star” (φωσφόρος, which is close both in meaning and spelling to ἐωσφόρος, the devillish light-bearer in the Septuagint rendering of Isaiah)121. As such it is closely connected to the new face of the devil appearing in the NT: the ἀντἰχριστος, a counter-Christ which seems to be understood as a separate power to that of the coexisting metaphysical figure of Satan, and as his representor on earth 112 cf. 1En. 10.4–7. 113 The reference here is to the Latin version of the Life of Adam and Eve, the original Greek version of which is not fully preserved. The text is believed to date back to the first two centuries CE and is classified as an exegetic-narrative interpretation of the Hebrew bible. While it does not claim the legitimacy of revelation, is has had great influence on the role of Lucifer, Adam and Eve in Christian belief (cf. Jan Dochhorn, 1998. Vita Adae et Evae. In: Mohr Siebeck, 1998 [Vol. VIII].1138f). 114 VAE 12.1f; cf. also Samuel Vollenweiler, 2012. Luzifer - Herrlichkeit und Sturz des Lichtengels. Eine Gegenge- schichte zu Demut und Erhö hung von Jesus Christus. In: Ebner et al., 2012:209. 115 cf. ibid. 116 cf. e.g. Q:7,11ff, cf. also Vollenweiler, 2012:209. 117 Q 38:76, translation by Mohammed M. Pickthall. 118 cf. ibid. 119 cf. Vollenweiler, 2012:218f; Isa. 14.12; Ez. 28. 120 Vollenweiler, 2012:204f; cf. also ibid:220, 223f. 121 2Peter 1.19, RSV; cf. also Jung, 1951:72 — As Jung points out, Jesus shares even more attributes with devilish fig- ures, such as for example the symbol of the fish (᾽Ιχθῦς), which also represents the Leviathan (cf. Jung, 1951: 118), whose body, like that of Christ, is incorporated by the congregation (cf. e.g. Psalm 74; also above, p. 25). in much the same way that Jesus of Nazareth is the representor of God.122 This Antichrist is likely not a concept existent in the early layers of the NT (Jesus of Nazareth never blames anyone for his fate but God),123 and is only referred to by that specific term in the epis- tles of John.124 The motif, however, is recurrent: the second epistle to the Thessalonichans, as one of the earliest sources alluding to the concept of the antichrist, speaks of the “son of perdition”125, who, in clear opposition to (the Hebrew) Satan, wants to claim the throne of God in His stead126, a feat that would be achieved through gaining the faith of humanity by way of trickery127. As such, the Antichrist, like Lucifer, has the main characteristics of insubordination and excessiveness128, which, as the Fall of Men has shown129, is a (if not the most) severe sin. As we have seen in Isa. 14, will be severely punished. Unlike the demonic Satan, the Antichrist is of worldly nature: at the time of his theological in- ception, the reference was clearly to the Roman tyranny130, while prominently, Martin Luther centu- ries later claimed the Antichrist had appeared in the form of the Catholic institution of the Pope (once more sat in Rome), misleading Christianity at the behest of Satan.131 As Biblical prophecy has it, at the end of days Satan and the Antichrist will be destroyed by God and the love of the Christ respec- tively132. In the end, both figures, like the beasts of old, are thus no more than necessary servants of God in helping to weed out the unworthy from among the faithful.133 4.1 Devilry: manipulation or confrontation The legions of evil134 are typically understood to be working not as one singular force but in the form of many “unclean spirit[s]”.135 Therefore, the exorcism of such malevolent demons took a special role in the Early Christian community. “In the strict sense of the word,” Richard Bell maintains, “an 122 cf. 2 Thess. 2.3 – 11; cf. also Maag, 1960?:66. 123 cf. Maag, 1960:63; cf. also Mk. 15,34; and Mt. 27.46. 124 cf. Maag, 1960:69. 125 2Thess. 2.3 (RSV). 126 2Thess. 2.4. 127 2Thess. 2.10ff, cf. also Maag, 1960:64f. 128 Jung, in reference to Gnostic teachings, speaks of the Antichrist as the shadow to the self symbolised by the Christ- figure (cf. Jung, 1951:41f). 129 Gen. 3. 130 cf. Vollenweiler, 2012:224. 131 cf. Volker Leppin, 2012. “Der alt böse Feind”. Der Teufel in Martin Luthers Leben und Denken. In: Martin Ebner, et al., 2012:318ff. 132 2Thess. 2.8ff, cf. also Maag, 1960:66. 133 Maag, 1960:65f; cf. also cf. Maag, 1960:73ff, in reference to Psalm. 2, 9; Isaiah 11, 04 and Psalm Sal. 17.21. 134 cf. e.g. Mk. 5.9, where the obsessed of Gerasa upon being asked his name answers: “My name is Legion; for we are many” (RSV). 135 cf. Mk. 5.2–12. 28 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 2 – Good and Evil in Christianity and Judaism 29 4.The Fallen Angel It is remarkable that the image of Satan and Lucifer in uni-person as the fallen angel has become such a popular one although it is hardly ever explicitly alluded to in the canonical bible. Indeed, the image of the fallen angel is never brought into direct context with the character(s) called Satan. In one of the few Biblical sources for the modern image of Lucifer, Isaiah prophesies the fall of Babel and refers to King of Babel as ‘Lucifer, son of the morning […] which didst weaken the nations’ who is ‘fallen from heaven, […] cut down to the ground. This image has later been merged with 107 the idea of demons and the fall of the Watchers as most explicitly described in the non-canonical Qumran-sources: in 1En. 6-12, likely the oldest account of the fall of angels, the descend of 108 angels from heaven to take human women as mates is portrayed as the source of evil on earth, which is also responsible for the wrath of God and its culmination in the great flood described in Gen. 6–9. Like with the Serpent in Gen. 3, this inception of evil is in part accomplished by 109 letting the humans partake in knowledge, and similarly they were punished by being cast down, 110 specifically Azazel and Dudael, who were cast ‘in the darkness’ and condemned to the fire at the end of days. 111 The most well-known version of Lucifer (or Satan) being cast down originates in the non- canonical Vita Adae et Evae , where Satan addresses Adam directly to tell him of his own exile 112 from heaven. The satanic fall is there told as a punishment for Lucifer’s refusal to worship 113 humanity. This version of the fall of Lucifer (or سZبل] – Iblīs, as he is called in 114 Isa. 14.12 (KJV)107 cf. Bell, 2006:18f108 1 En. 6-12, cf. also Frey & Oberhänsli-Widmer, 2012:XIII109 cf. 1En. 8110 cf. 1En. 10.4 7111 The reference here is to the Latin version of the Life of Adam and Eve, the original Greek version if which is not 112 fully preserved. The text is believed to date back to the first two centuries CE and is classified as an exegetic-narrative interpretation of the Hebrew bible. While it does not claim the legitimacy of revelation, is has had great influence on the role of Lucifer, Adam and Eve in Christian belief. (Cf. Dochhorn, p.1138f). VAE 12.1f; cf. also Vollenweiler, 2012:209113 cf. ibid114 lence are more explicit in this respect. Furthermore, fantastic stories have a larger repertoire to create these images, which necessarily leads to more frequent reference to such films. A factor that should not be ignored is the predominance of US cinema: 139 out of the 184 feature films entering the canon are US productions (or co-productions); while in the US, no foreign produc- tions enter the list at all. 1. Mythical themes 1.1 Devilish figures Many of the analysed films, especially those employing fantastic elements, use motifs familiar from religious (and especially Christian) tradition: in Guardians of the Galaxy5 (hereafter GoG) for exam- ple, the villain, called “Ronan the Accuser” is based on the space station “Dark Aster”. Aster being a direct transliteration of the Greek αστέρας (star), this is easily discerned as an allegorical citation of the Lucifer-imagery associated with the Christian Satan. This is also reflected in the hero character Peter Quill, who, albeit not quite a messianic character, likes to call himself Starlord, which reminds of the raising star imagery associated to Jesus as the devil’s earthly adversary. Similar imagery ap- pears in the Pirates of the Caribbean-series (hereafter: PoC), where the villain Davy Jones functions as a veritable Lucifer-figure: Jones is a foul-breathed cruel man captaining a ship of lost souls, who joined the crew to “pay the debt” after having sold their souls, usually to save their lives. Jones also commands a kraken referred to as “the Leviathan”6 and, being cursed (here not for his hubris but for abandoning his task of guiding the drowned and fallen seaman to the other side). Turned into a squid-faced monster, he shares the tragic fate of Lucifer. So, like the demonic legions, does his crew, which is similarly disfigured7. Other films apply even more explicit imagery, for example the second installment of the Transformers series, in which the main villain, a promethean character building a “sun harvester”8 is referred to as “The Fallen”.9 Apart from the PoC-Kraken, the Leviathan-motif finds frequent use, be it in the form of the Jab- berwock, in the 2010 version of Lewis Carol’s Alice in Wonderland10, a dragon-like creature, which is a force of woe, rather than malevolence. The theme reappears in the snakes with which the diabolic Harry Potter-villain Voldemort is associated11, and the gold-hording dragon Smaug in the Hobbit- 5 Guardians of the Galaxy, 2014. Directed by James Gunn. US/UK: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 6 cf. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest, 2006. Directed by Gore Verbinski. US: Buena Vista Pictures. 7 The imagery is here of course ambiguous: the sailors could just as well be intepreted as possessed rather than demonic in themselves. 8 A motif which also appears in the “Starkiller base” of Star Wars: Episode VII, 2015. 9 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, 2009. Directed by Michael Bay. US: DreamWorks SKG/Paramount Pictures/ Di Bonaventura Pictures. 10 Alice in Wonderland, 2010. Directed by Tim Burton. US: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 11 cf. e.g. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, 2006. Directed by Mike Newell. UK/US: Warner Brothers. trilogy12. A prime example is the dinosaur creature Indominous Rex in Jurassic World13, whose mere name reminds of Lucifer’s insolence. 1.2 Messianic figures Even representations of the good make use of Christian imagery. This is at times done quite explicitly, as for example in the first film of the Narnia-series, where the lion Aslan sacrifices his life to protect and atone for the betrayal of one of the story’s child protagonists. After being brutally slaughtered, Aslan is resurrected the next day.14 Other stories employ only elements of such explicit Christ-imagery, as for example the sacrifice and subsequent resurrection of prodigal child Harry Potter15. Others apply similar motifs more im- plicitly, as for example the chosen protagonists acting as a bridge between worlds in stories as diverse as Avatar16, Alice in Wonderland17, Captain America18 or Ratatouille19. The respective protagonists take on the role of the chosen one or the saviour, whose arrival is at times predicted by prophecy. Avatar protagonist Jake Sully, in his fight against an evil mining company and its military backers, is supported by none other than a godlike principle (here called Eywa), who sends formerly wild ani- mals to enter the fight against the intruders on the side of her people. The Narnia-series also emphasises the Christian value of forgiveness, as when said traitor Ed- ward is forgiven and reformed20. In the second film, similar forgiveness is displayed, when his broth- er, Peter spares the life of the invading Telmarine king – who is then subsequently murdered by the treacherous lords among his own entourage to undo the peace that his submission entails.21 2. Social functional themes 2.1 Morality and group cohesion The good is generally characterised as in accordance with the group’s moral framework. However, there exemptions: in the screen version of Dr Seuss’ children’s book Horton hears a Who!, for example, the character Jane Kangaroo challenges the protagonist, the elephant Horton, with the words: 12 cf. The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, 2012. Directed by Peter Jackson. US/NZ: Warner Brothers; The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, 2013. Directed by Peter Jackson. US/NZ: Warner Brothers. 13 Jurassic World, 2015. Directed by Collin Trevorrow. US: Universal Pictures/Amblin Entertainment. 14 cf. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 2005. Directed by Andrew Adamson. US/UK: Buena Vista Pictures. 15 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, 2011. Directed by David Yates. UK/US: Warner Brothers. 16 Avatar, 2009. Directed by James Cameron. US/UK: Twentieth Century Fox. 17 Alice in Wonderland, 2010. 18 Captain America: The First Avenger, 2011. Directed by Joe Johnson. US: Paramount Pictures. 19 Ratatouille, 2007. Directed by Brad Bird, Jan Pivkava. US: The Walt Disney Company. ( 20 cf. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 2005. 21 cf. The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, 2008. Directed by Andrew Adamson. US/Poland/Slovenia/Czech Republic: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 34 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 3 – Good and Evil in the contemporary Western feature film 35 “Our community has standards, Horton, if you want to remain a part of it, I recommend you follow them.”22 The assumed intangibility of moral cohesion as a value in itself here stands in opposition to Horton’s fantasy, willingness, and ability to question the normality of his world. In most circumstances, however, the characters find themselves bound to unbreakable rules – even otherwise unruly characters such as the maritime bandits of the PoC films, who turn out to adhere to a binding “Codex”.23 In other franchises, such as the Twilight-series, social function is the central issue rather than just an implicitly assumed necessity. Here, evil is determined solely by morality. Although it is at various occasions mentioned that the vampires around which the story revolves do not have a soul24, their standing on the good-evil-spectrum is not determined by their nature, but only by their deeds, with similar rules applying to their natural enemies, the werewolves, with whom they even unite to fight opponent vampires. Evil vampires distinguish themselves through the killing of both humans and their own kind, and treachery among their own group. Furthermore, a big issue is made of sexuality (and pre-marital abstinence); the right way for Bella, the protagonist, to handle her decision between the two competitors for her love (which may well be explained with the predominantly adolescent target audience) and finally the issue of abortion, for which the author of the original novels has been accused of being religiously fundamentalist, old-fashioned and anti-feminist.25 The saga at times treats moral rules and authority almost as laws of nature, especially for the werewolves, who will uncompromisingly protect individuals on which they have left their “imprint”26. When the protagonist Cullen family is challenged by vampire authorities for giving birth to a human-vampire hybrid child, they face the choice of either fighting to protect their family, or submitting to the dynastic authority. In the end, while the Cullen family retains its independence and safety; morality and forgiveness tri- umph over the application of the law to the letter and at any cost – yet without challenging the system itself.27 2.2 Licensed deviance Throughout the analysed canon, the motif of social functional morality is then frequently combined with a general willingness to break norms and rules when necessary to protect (assumed) core val- ues of the in-group. This phenomenon, here termed licensed deviance, is especially present in hero- 22 Horton hears a Who!, 2008. Directed by Jimmy Hayward, Steve Martino. US: Bkue Sky Studios/Twentieth Century Fox. 23 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End, 2007. Directed by Gore Verbinski. US: Buena Vista Pictures. 24 cf. The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, 2010. Directed by David Slade. US: Summit Entertainment. 25 cf. for example Jos Truitt, 2010. Twilight, Tweens and Abstinence. Feministing [online]. HTML available through: <http://feministing.com/2010/07/12/twilight-tweens-and-abstinence/> [Accessed 27 June 2016]; David Cox, 2010. Twi- light: the franchise that ate feminism. The Guardian [online]. HTML available through: <http://www.theguardian.com/ film/filmblog/2010/jul/12/twilight-eclipse-feminism> [Accessed 26 June 2016]. 26 cf. The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, 2010; The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, 2011. Directed by Bill Condon. US: Summit Entertainment. 27 cf. The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, 2012. Directed by Bill Condon. US: Summit Entertainment. focused action fiction such as the James Bond-series or the superhero genre. Bond, the patriot who is diagnosed with “pathological rejection of authority”28, does at times turn against MI6, his employer, when he deems it insufficient in the execution of its responsibilities. The same pattern applies to the franchise’s close American and Swedish cousins Jason Bourne29 and Carl Hamilton30. Another illus- trative example is the case of WALL∙E. The film’s main villain Autopilot, an artificial intelligence of the function indicated by its name (and tribute to the computer HAL from 2001: A Space Odyssey)31, prevents a return of the exiled human race to earth due to conflicting “directives”. In contrast, the film’s heroes, the refuse compactor WALL∙E and the scientific reconnaissance drone Eve, are (like Autopilot) faithfully dedicated to their “directives”, but do not hesitate to break protocol when it be- comes necessary. Licensed deviance may also be exerted against group members that are not actively malevolent towards its integrity, but whose behaviour endangers it nonetheless. This is the case of the character Harlan in Spielbergs 2005 take on The War of the Worlds32, who out of fear acts erratically, endangering the safety of the protagonist and his daughter, and is accordingly killed by him. 2.3 Entitlement Morality is accordingly subjective: its permanence is the justification of the goodness of the group and unlicensed deviance from it serves as a fail safe marker identifying villains, while the protagonist is reserved the right to (re-)adjust it in defending it against outsiders. The entitlement to licensed devi- ance often comes with the messianic role elaborated above.33 Within the narrative genre of the superhero movie, and especially Marvel’s Avengers-franchise, there is a tendency to criticise that which is in the hands of the villain, while idealising the same object or trait employed by peers. The good are accordingly entitled to make use of tools that are deemed entire contemptible in the hands of their adversaries. As such, the patriot Captain America, fighting German war criminals, has his strength artificially enhanced, thus gaining the power that he fights to prevent his Nazi terrorist opponents from accessing34. In much the same vain, the character Iron Man refers to himself as America’s “nuclear deterrent.”35 Although the Avengers do at times question the weapons and methods used by their US employers, they only do so in words, hardly in deed. Similar acceptance of the inherent goodness of peer factions is frequent, especially where the peer group in 28 Skyfall, 2012. Directed by Sam Mendes. UK/US: Eon Productions/B23, quote by the character Raoul Silva. 29 cf. The Bourne Ultimatum, 2007. Directed by Paul Greengrass. US/DE: Universal Pictures. 30 cf. Hamilton: I nationens intresse, 2012. Directed by Kathrine Windfeld. SE: International Traders/Pampas Produk- tion/TV4 Sweden. 31 2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968. Directed by Stanley Kubrick. UK/US: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 32 War of the Worlds, 2005. Directed by Steven Spielberg. US: Paramount Pictures/DreamWorks SKG/Amblin Enter- tainment/Cruise/Wagner Productions. 33 cf. eg. Captain America: The First Avenger, 2011; Superman Returns, 2006. Directed by Brian Singer. US: Warner Brothers/Peters Entertainment/DC Comics; Man of Steel, 2013. Directed by Zach Snyder. US: Warner Brothers/Syncopy/ DC Comics. 34 cf. ibid. 35 Iron Man 2, 2010. Directed by Jon Favreau. US: Paramount Pictures. 36 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 3 – Good and Evil in the contemporary Western feature film 37 question is militarily organised. A noteworthy example is the Jedi order in Star Wars, whose apparent prohibition of love and neglect of negotiation of skotos as well as its paramilitary training of children could, objectively, be considered morally problematic36. The same goes for secret agents Bond and Hamilton. The first, while a champion defender of his system is also a serial seducer of women and hardly letting ethics stand in the way of his job as a state-sanctioned mass-murderer37, and the latter, although evidently distressed by his accidental murder of his girlfriend, does not atone for his deed judicially.38 2.4 Fixed values This apparent bias may among other factors be due to the larger share of screen time dedicated to the hero, who is generally shown in more detail than the opponent faction. PoC-villain Lord Cutler Becket for example remains rather two-dimensional, while his treacherous behaviour is hardly any worse than that of the pirate and protagonist Jack Sparrow39. Indeed, a certain amount of moral inco- herence may even endear a favourably depicted character like Sparrow to the audience while it would only serve to further prove the despicability of a character already recognised as evil.40 Similarly, GoG protagonist Starlord and his companions are a group of outlaws, and referred to as “a bunch of a-holes” — yet they are mainly endeared to the audience with the help of humour, whereas the ap- pearance of the villains is always set in a dark, earnest atmosphere.41 The more the audience learns about the protagonist, the more likely it seems to accept the character as a hero. Meanwhile, the vil- lain is often only shown to the least necessary extent, plotting or engaging in violent deed. In films that serve as sequels (or prequels) to earlier productions, the audience’s allegiance may be ensured by ties made in these older episodes.42 Good and evil are accordingly understood as principally fixed values; in most depictions, main villains cannot be assimilated, and the attempt to negotiate their evil must be futile, leaving only its destruction as the solution to the conflict. The overarching moral framework in almost all stories under scrutiny here involves the punishment of deviants and external enemies to the collective. This generally happens in direct confrontation, where they are beaten by the good. In some cases, often in films aimed at a younger audience, such punishment of the villain may be only suggested: Po, pro- 36 cf. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, 2005. Directed by George Lucas. US: Twentieth Century Fox. 37 cf. Quantum of Solace, 2008. Directed by Marc Forster. UK/US: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)/Columbia Pic- tures; also: Skyfall, 2012. Note that, in contrast to Bond, Swedish agent Hamilton and US renegade Bourne display remorse (cf. cf. Hamilton – I nationens intresse, 2012.; The Bourne Ultimatum, 2007). 38 cf. Hamilton – I nationens intresse, 2012. 39 cf. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest, 2006; and: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End, 2007. 40 cf. e.g. Ted, 2012. Directed by Seth McFarlane. US: Universal Pictures/Fuzzy Door Productions. 41 Guardians of the Galaxy, 2015, quote by the character Denarian Saal. 42 cf. e.g. The Avengers, 2012. Directed by Joss Whedon. US: Marvel Studios; Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith; 2005; Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, 2008. Directed by Steven Spielberg. US: Paramount Pictures/Lucasfilm. tagonist of Dreamworks’ Kung Fu Panda, defeats his adversary off screen43, while Up-villain Charles Munz falls off his airship, disappearing into the clouds44, and Shrek-villain Prince Charming is buried by a giant stage prop45 — in the surreal world of the animated movie, none of these events necessarily imply the character’s demise. 2.5 Betrayal A key feature of malevolence is selfishness, as opposed to the prosocial stance of the good. This may be observed in cases as diverse as Anakin’s killing of child Jedi trainees46, Alex Hitchens being accused of using his manipulative skills in fixing exploitative one night stands47, or Charlie Bucket preferring his family over the ownership of the Wonka chocolate factory48. Thusly pitting the malevolent disruptors of moral order against the collective, a clear difference is made between the actions of the good and the evil, especially obvious in the case of betrayal, which, in the case of Anakin Skywalker is a clear proof of his moral deprivation49, while the desertion of the character Finn, a former stormtrooper showing no moral qualms at shooting at his former comrades50 rather endears him to the audience. Being shot and abandoned by his employer, secret agent James Bond always returns with unshaken loyalty. Meanwhile, his similarly treated enemy Silva turns into a vengeful mass-murderer.51 The concept of betrayal does generally not lead to doubts in the essence of the peer community. Rather, the dissenting individual is recast as a non-member. 3. Evil inclination and negotiation of the shadow 3.1 Character corruption and reformation The theme of skotos as an integral form of evil and its negotiation appears in two main forms in the analysed canon of contemporary Western feature film. Firstly, skotos is thematised when a character struggles not to succumb to the lure of evil, for example corruption through power, which is the cen- tral theme in the Star Wars saga. Its main characters, most notably Anakin Skywalker52 and Kylo Ren53 have to choose between the light and the dark side of the force, a mythical life-power transcending 43 cf. Kung Fu Panda, 2008. Directed by Mark Osborne, John Stevenson. US: Paramount Pictures. 44 cf. Up, 2009. Directed by Pete Docter, Bob Peterson. US:Walt Disney Pictures/Pixar Animation Studios. 45 cf. Shrek the Third, 2007. Chris Miller, Raman Hui. US: Paramount Pictures. 46 cf. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, 2005. 47 cf. Hitch, 2005. Directed by Andy Tennant. US: Columbia Pictures Corporation/Overbrook Entertainment. 48 cf. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, 2005. Directed by Tim Burton. US/UK/AU: Warner Brothers/The Zanuck Company/Plan B Entertainment/Theobald Film Productions. 49 cf. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, 2005. 50 cf. Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens, 2015. Directed by J.J. Abrams. US: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 51 Skyfall, 2012. 52 cf. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, 2005. 53 Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens, 2015. 38 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 3 – Good and Evil in the contemporary Western feature film 39 5. Heroes 5.1 Shared characteristics The hero theme is associated to a certain set of operators: heroes are most frequently comparatively young white men, although there are exceptions — the Hunger Games and Twilight series for exam- ple champion comparatively young white women instead while Star Wars VII stars a black male and a white female. In films featuring alien or non-human species, the protagonist is almost always human (or an- thropomorphous). This theme is most noticeable in the Narnia-films where the rightful heirs to the throne are invariably human, although the species is not native to Narnia104. In Avatar, the civilised white hero has to come to the aid of the primitive aliens against his evil kin105. As noted above, these stories are not alone in sporting the theme of the prodigal saviour. Interestingly, most such saviour- stories also feature the theme of skotos, suggesting that everyone has a choice to do good or evil, right or wrong. The paradox is never quite resolved, but in most cases, it seems that fate does take its course in the end, with the notable exception of Star Wars, where it is never quite explained how the role of “the chosen One” is to be interpreted106. Preordination and freedom to choose are accordingly princi- ples applied to different contexts, that only become contradictive on a meta-analytical level: while the individual is free to negotiate its inner voices of light and dark, fate will find its way in the end. The hero is often unwillingly taking on his107 task — a feature that fits in well with that of the saviour, yet is neither a necessary element nor exclusive to the prodigy-motif. 5.2 Avengers, innocents, victims One main variation of the hero theme comprises heroes who sacrifice their moral integrity by execut- ing (necessary) woe such as killing the villain. An example is the character of Katniss Everdeen who, after her initial heroism of volunteering to the brutal Hunger Games tournament to protect her sis- ter108, has to make increasingly greater moral compromise (which seems to cause her significant suf- fering), culminating in the final cold-blooded murder of the dictator Alma Coin109. Another example is the Batman of the Dark Knight-series, who, although avoiding lethal force where possible, sacrifices his credit as a lawful citizen in order to protect his city.110 The second main variation of the hero-theme characterises champions who manage to fulfil their task through cunning and bravery alone, without having to bloody their hands. Tintin is one such ex- 104 cf. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 2005; The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Cas- pian, 2008. 105 cf. Avatar, 2009. 106 cf. Star Wars: Episode III, 2005; Star Wars: Episode VII, 2015. 107 As noted above, most hero figures are men, hence the male pronoun. 108 cf. The Hunger Games, 2012. Directed by Gary Ross. US: Lionsgate. 109 cf. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, 2015. 110 cf. The Dark Knight, 2008. Directed by Christopher Nolan. US/UK: Warner Brothers. ample111, as is Frodo Baggins, protagonist of The Hobbit trilogy112, or boy wizard Harry Potter who at the end of the eight films-long and at times rather bloody storyline has not taken the life of a single human being, and even saved his potential murderer, the bully Draco Malfoy.113 To further attest to this pacifist-heroic status, Harry finally breaks and discards the master wand used in the final assault on his life, which would insure him power and unconditioned superiority in future confrontations.114 A special form of this hero type is the victim-variation, a usually female character, who remains comparatively passive and, while she does not compromise her moral integrity, would not be able to safe herself without the aid of a protector. The purest depiction of this kind in the canon are probably Spider-Man’s115 and the Batman’s love interests116 respectively when they are abducted by the accord- ing heroes’ nemeses. As demonstrated by Twilight-protagonist Bella, this victim-role can very well also be taken by a protagonist.117 Neither the morally impeccable hero nor the victim-type necessarily precludes that the adversary is beaten or punished. Rather often the task is simply taken on by the protagonists’ companions118 — or fate.119 6. Further motifs 6.1 Liberty While evil is often associated with outside dangers to social cohesion, there is also the opposite phe- nomenon, namely the motif of liberty versus oppression. Champion examples of this motif are the anti-colonialist spirit of Avatar, or the PoC-series. However, liberty is an ambiguous value. It may easily result in chaos. This idea is demonstrated not only by the above pirates, but also, for example, the disastrous bachelor parties celebrated in the Hangover trilogy120. Furthermore, it is often willingly sacrificed in favour of continuity and social 111 cf. The Adventures of Tintin, 2011. Directed by Steven Spielberg. US/NZ: Columbia Pictures/Paramount Pictures. 112 cf. The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, 2014. 113 cf. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, 2011 — Note this villains telling name. 114 cf. ibid. 115 cf. Spider-Man 3, 2007. Directed by Sam Raimi. US: Colombia Pictures; The Amazing Spider-Man, 2012. Directed by Marc Webb. US: Columbia Pictures/Marvel Entertainment/Laura Ziskin Productions. 116 The Dark Knight, 2008. 117 cf. Twilight, 2008. Directed by Catherine Hardwicke. US: Summit Entertainment. 118 cf. ibid. 119 cf. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, 2011. 120 The Hangover, 2009. Directed by Todd Phillips. US/DE: Warner Brothers/Green Hat Films; The Hangover Part II, 2011. Directed by Todd Phillips. US: Warner Brothers/Green Hat Films; The Hangover Part III, 2013. Directed by Todd Phillips. US: Green Hat Films. 44 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 3 – Good and Evil in the contemporary Western feature film 45 cohesion, such as longer term relationships in romantic comedies like Hitch121, Wedding Crashers122, or Fack Ju Göthe!123. Meanwhile, the Hunger Games films raise the question what price the values of freedom and democracy are worth paying.124 6.2 Puppetmastery The motif of betrayal explained above is often stressed by first introducing an external villain, who is then later betrayed or trumped by real evil, which not seldom turns out to originate from among the in-group, and frequently from higher up in the hierarchy. This is exemplified by Iron Man’s adversary and former confidant Obadiah Stane125, Panem’s dictator and former revolutionary Alma Coin126, the manipulative Camarlengo Patrick McKenna127, the evil chancellor Palpatine128, or the false Prince Hans129. In a more abstract way, this category could also include villains that have features otherwise associated with goodness, such as good manners, handsome features and an association to the colour white, for example the White Queen of Narnia130, or Panem’s President Snow131. 6.3 Creation and Nature Nature (or Creation), next to morality, is a second concept that film identifies with the good. When environmental issues are central to the the film’s story, they always feature positively132, however, phenomena and objects that pose a potential threat to the natural environment such as consumerism or cars are portrayed favourably as well, as soon as the main focus of the story is concerned with other issues.133 The theme, however, also has a metaphysical dimension. In Avatar, for example, both the evil (humans) and the good (Na’vi) are portrayed according to stereotypical modes of presentation: the first exclusively relying on technology and brute force, only interested in profit, and seemingly inca- 121 Hitch, 2005. 122 Wedding Crashers, 2005. 123 Fack ju Göthe!, 2013. 124 cf. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, 2014. Directed by Francis Lawrence. US: Color Force/Lionsgate; and: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, 2015. 125 cf. Iron Man, 2008. Directed by Jon Favreau. US: Paramount Pictures. 126 cf. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, 2015. 127 cf. Angels and Demons, 2009 128 cf. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, 2005. 129 cf. Frozen, 2013. Directed by Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee. US: Walt Disney Motion Pictures. 130 cf. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 2005. 131 cf. The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, 2013. 132 cf. e.g. WALL∙E, 2008; Avatar, 2009. 133 cf. e.g. Cars, 2006; Sex and the City, 2008. Directed by Michael Patrick King. US: New Line Cinema/ Darren Star Productions; Furious 7, 2015.Directed by James Wan. US/JP: Universal Pictures/Original Film/One Race Films; The Devil Wears Prada, 2006. pable of acknowledging the sheer beauty and wonder of what to them is only a dangerous jungle full of teeth and claws. Meanwhile the indigenous good are taller (e.g. greater) than the humans, with the actual physical ability to become one with nature, and the resource of seemingly unconditional love and respect, weeping even for predatory monsters killed in self-defence.134 In the case of the 2005 rendering of War of the Worlds (as in the original 1989 novel135), Creation itself beats the alien invad- ers, who succumb to bacteria that humans are immune to; defeated “by the tiniest creatures that God in his wisdom put upon this earth”.136 The opposition between the natural and the unnatural is also present in the Star Wars-universe, where the physical damage caused by the Dark Side of the Force reflects its “unnatural” quality137. An acclaimed property of this Dark Side is the reversal of death, which serves as a main motivator for the character Anakin Skywalker to turn evil.138 The motive of resurrection as a marker of evil is not uncommon; the main villain in the cinematic saga around Tolkien’s Middle Earth is in the Hob- bit films referred to as the “Necromancer”, and is resurrected from (at least physical) death139. The same goes for Harry Potter-villain Lord Voldemort, whose resurrection involves a dark ritual, death and mutilation.140 The woe of monsters such as the vampires in I am Legend is defined by their very quality of undeadness.141 The motif or resurrection, however, has an ambiguous quality: as with moral deviance, its good- ness or evil lies not in its nature but rather depends on the entitlement of the subject in question. In accordance with the already discussed Messiah-imagery, characters such as the lion Aslan or boy wiz- ard Harry Potter142 may well be portrayed to rise from the dead without negating their goodness.143 6.4 Compromise Mirroring the above discussed depiction of the negotiation of skotos, film advocates the confrontation with evil, yet seldom goes so far as to suggest that a compromise with the adversary may be possible. With good and evil thus defined as a matter of identity rather than perspective, openness towards the enemy is not portrayed as a realistic possibility. On the contrary, punishment of the villain is generally deemed necessary, or at least accepted, even when the punishing authority itself is morally question- able, as in the case of the weirdly scary character of Willy Wonka and his cruel punishment of misbe- 134 cf. Avatar, 2009. 135 Herbert G. Wells, 1898. The War of the Worlds. London (UK): William Heinemann. 136 cf. War of the Worlds, 2005. 137 cf. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, 2005 138 cf. ibid. 139 cf. e.g. The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, 2014. 140 cf. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, 2006. 141 cf. I am Legend, 2007. 142 cf. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, 2011 143 cf. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 2005.; cf. also e.g. cf. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, 2011. 46 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 3 – Good and Evil in the contemporary Western feature film 47 having children.144 When Iron Man-villain Obadiah Stane kills the terrorist with who he is revealed to have cooperated earlier145, the audience may detest Stane for his treachery, but the execution itself seems fair. The concept of punishment for ill deed applies even where it would not in real life, namely when it is associated with possession or illness; their obvious insanity redeems neither the Batman-villains Joker and Two-Face146, nor the tragically possessed creature Gollum147. The analysed canon seems to largely follow the credo expressed by the Hangover-character Marshall: “You don’t talk to madness. If you’re lucky, you trap it in the trunk of your limo and you kill it.”148 As opposed to defeat and punishment, surrender is at times explicitly associated with lack of nobility. Child protagonist Peter Pevensie even has to kill an enemy agent to be made a knight of the realm of Narnia149, Avatar protagonist Jake Sully fails in his mission as an arbiter between human and Na’vi leaving violent conflict as the only possibility150, and Spartan king Leonidas rather has his men bru- tally slaughtered than giving in to the demands of is adversary Xerxes151. 144 cf. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, 2005. 145 cf. Iron Man, 2008. 146 cf. The Dark Knight, 2008. 147 cf. The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, 2012. 148 cf. The Hangover Part III, 2013. 149 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 2005. 150 cf. Avatar, 2009. 151 cf. 300, 2006. Directed by Zack Snyder. US: Warner Brothers/Hollywood Gang Productions/Atmosphere Entertain- ment MM/Nimar Studios. Chapter 4 Social and Political Discourse Case study I: Speeches of US presidential nominees This case study is based on the analysis of three speeches of each held by the two main contenders in the 2016 presidential campaign of the United States, Hillary Clinton (D) and Donald Trump (R). The analysis is conducted on the base of transcripts of the respective speeches published by online news media, that have been edited according to video recordings of the events which can be found on the online platform YouTube. All six transcripts can be found in appendices II and III. 1. Social functional themes 1.1 Group cohesion Raising the issue of group cohesion in its most elementary form, both candidates assign prominent positions to the institution of the family: Donald Trump has himself introduced by his daughter and makes a point of presenting his wife and children1, while Hillary Clinton, who refers to the entire citi- zenry as “our American family”2, extensively thanks her family members, friends and colleagues for their contribution, voicing her pride and love3. She also keeps referring to her mother4 — a tool later 1 cf. Donald Trump, 2015. [Speech announcing his bid for the presidential elections 2016, as held at Trump Tower, New YorkCity, on Tuesday, June 16th, 2015]. Video available online through: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_q61B- DyPk> [Accessed 16 June 2016]; see Appendix IIa for full transcript. (Appendix IIa:A028); Trump, 2016b [Speech ac- cepting the nomination as the official Republican candidate to the presidential elections, as held on August 7th, 2016 at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland Ohio]. Video recording available online through: <https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=4CVTuOyZDI0> [Accessed 22 August 2016]; see Appendix IIc for full transcript. (Appendix IIc:A028). 2 Clinton, 2015. [Speech launching her campaign for the nomination to the presidential elections 2016, as held on Roosevelt Island, New York, on Tuesday, June 13th, 2015]. Video recording available online through: < https://youtu.be/- i8vdM15K6c> [Accessed 19 June 2016]; see Appendix IIIa for full transcript. (Appendix IIIa:A039). 3 cf. Clinton, 2016b [Speech accepting her nomination as the Democratic Party’s candidate for US presidential elec- tions, as held on July 29th 2016, at the Democratic National convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.] Video recording available online through: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnXiy4D_I8g> [Accessed 20 September 2016]; see Ap- pendix IIIc for full transcript. (Appendix IIIc:A045). 4 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A033; A040); Clinton, 2016a [Speech announcing her victory in the presidential primary elections, as held on June 7th 2016, in Brooklyn, New York]. Video Recording available online through: < https:// 48 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil 3. Malevolence 3.1 Antagonists and villains Clinton initially avoids presenting a singular villain (while “traditional threads from countries like Russia, North Korea, and Iran” and “new powers such as China” are identified in her launch speech in passing65). In the later stages of her campaign, however, she concentrates on Trump as the villain, who, so Clinton, lacks respect66, is a ridiculous fear-monger and more concerned about his own great- ness rather than that of his country.67 Trump, on the other hand, explicitly names a number of assumed outside aggressors right at the beginning of his campaign. These are “Islamic terrorism”68, the Chinese, who “kill us [the US]” eco- nomically69, and Mexico, which “sends its people”, most of whom, according to Trump, are criminals: “They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.”70 Villains identified by Trump, however, also include his political enemies. President Obama accord- ingly is a false Messiah, a “negative force”71, a leader who pretended to bring (but in the end did not deliver) “real change”72. Trump suggests that Hillary Clinton’s “bad instincts and her bad judgement […] are what caused so many of the disasters unfolding today”, her “legacy” being “death, destruc- tion, terrorism and weakness”.73 3.2 Puppet mastery, conspiracy, betrayal Trump also employs the theme of the puppet master, as when his assumed villain Mexico is within only one sentence exposed as the assumed puppet of the real enemy: “It’s coming from more than Mexico. It’s coming from all over South and Latin America, and it’s coming probably — probably — from the Middle East.”74 The identity of this puppet master is then identified as Islam, as represented by Daesh and Iran, who “[are] going to take over the Middle East”.75 65 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A037). 66 cf. Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A053; A054). 67 cf. Clinton 2016a (Appendix IIIb:A043); 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A054; cf. also A047). 68 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A002). 69 cf. ibid. 70 ibid. 71 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A005). 72 cf. Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A015). 73 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A021). 74 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A002). 75 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A003). However, the theme finds even further application referring to Hillary Clinton: “Big business, elite media and major donors are lining up behind the campaign of my op- ponent […]. She is their puppet, and they pull the strings.”76 He also claims that incumbent administration of lying and betraying the people77, and that “the Rus- sians, [and] the Saudis”, bribed Clinton in her function as Secretary of State.78 3.3 Dishonesty Trump claims to “present the facts plainly and honestly” as opposed to Clinton, who supposedly “lies […] in every different form”79, and in contrast to “the corporate spin, the carefully crafted lies, and the media myths [of] the Democrats”. Furthermore, he maintains that “[we] cannot afford to be so politi- cally correct anymore”80, stressing that he is not one of the “politicians” who “rigged” the “system” to stay in power.81 The general assumption that politicians are not trustworthy also resonates in Clintons speech as she, former secretary of state and former first lady and thus very much part of the political es- tablishment, stresses that her skill and understanding does not originate from politics but “from my [Clinton’s] own family”82, a qualification she follows up with references to her extra-political career and qualities83, such as her Christian faith, socio-political engagement and leadership qualities. Her family background of honest, hard-working people84 also serves to invoke the theme of democratic entitlement, while she demonstrates her honesty by admitting to her own short-comings and mis- takes85. In contrast, she portrays Trump as false, pretending to go forward, while moving (the system) backward.86 He, so Clinton claims, “goes against everything we stand for”87, pretends to create jobs while putting personal gain before paying honest workers88, and pretends to put “America first” while 76 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A022). 77 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A003ff). 78 cf. Trump, D. 2016a (Appendix IIa:A016) — interestingly, Clinton also laments corruption, if in a less explicit con- text (cf. Clinton, 2015 [Appendix IIIa:A038]). 79 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A022). 80 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A019). 81 cf. Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A016). 82 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A033). 83 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A034). 84 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A030). 85 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A040). 86 cf. Clinton, 2016a (Appendix IIIb: A043). 87 ibid. 88 cf. Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A052). 54 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study I 55 avoiding taxes89. 4. Woe 4.1 Systemic shortcomings Clinton, while not denying the existence of exploitative malevolence90, attributes the lamented disem- powerment on systemic woe, stating that “we can blame historic forces beyond our control for some of this”91, bringing to mind Leibniz’ ideas of the necessary evil92. However, she claims that change can indeed be accomplished through cooperation “with Congress and every willing partner across our country”93. Such change, according to Clinton, is necessary in the form of “reforming our government and revitalizing [sic] our democracy”94. However, she abstains from applying the puppet master- theme, accusing the Republicans of making use of woe, reproducing it rather than engineering it.95 Howbeit, Trump’s frequently repeated claim that “the system” (which not only includes political élites, but also the press96) is “rigged”97 leaves no doubt that it is not only dysfunctional (thus woeful), but also malevolently made and kept that way, specifically by “the Clintons”98. 4.2 Illness, weakness, and incompetence Trump, also draws on the theme of woe as illness: causing “suffering”99, “crime and violence […] afflicts”100 the US, he argues, which is “dying”101, and on the way to “becoming a third world country”102, unless we (the US economy) “really […] get going”103. Referring to problems with Oba- macare, Trump associates individual ill health with systemic dysfunction.104 Clinton to him is a defec- 89 cf. Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A052). 90 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A033). 91 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A032). 92 cf. Leibniz, 1710:184 (section 8). 93 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A032). 94 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A038). 95 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A033). 96 cf. Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A023). 97 cf. e.g. Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A015); Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A022, A023). 98 Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A016). 99 ibid. 100 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A019). 101 Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A010). 102 ibid. 103 Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A012). 104 cf. Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A027f). tive opponent of “many problems and […] tremendous mistakes”105, who has “turned the politics of personal enrichment into an art form”106. The incumbent Obama administration is portrayed as weak and incapable107. According to him, it is presiding over a régime of incompetence, a system of “politicians [who] are all talk no actions”108. The Republican here displays some apparent inconsistency, as these politicians are still evidently held to be competent enough to manipulate the democratic system and disenfranchise the “American people”.109 Clinton on the other hand accuses Trump of offering “zero solutions”.110 She contrasts long-term sustainability against short-term profit focuses more on the woeful of the situation than assuming a malevolent puppeteer111, to her, not the system as a whole is faulty, but only a small number of ac- tors112. At will, she argues, “time-tested values were replaced by false promises”.113 5. Heroes Both candidates understand their nomination to be less a matter of their own ambition, but service to the American people.114 In opposition to Trump (and even predating the later single combat between the two candidates) Clinton, however, is careful to emphasise her altruism115 by referring to her commitment to child wel- fare116, as well as political achievements117, and maintaining that no single champion can take on the job of the government alone118. She promises to stand for the common man, to “have [the] back” of all those that “feel like [they]’re out there on [their] own”119 105 Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A015). 106 Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A016). 107 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A006; A012). 108 Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A004; cf. also pp A006, A008). 109 cf. Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A016). 110 Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A051). 111 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A032; A040). 112 cf. ibid. 113 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A031). 114 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A004), 2016b (Appendix IIc:A015); Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A032), 2016a (Appendix IIIb:A042; A043), 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A047). 115 cf. also Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A055). 116 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A034); Clinton 2016c (Appendix IIIc:A048f). 117 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A037). 118 cf. Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A047; A054). 119 Clinton, 2016a (Appendix IIIb:A042). 56 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study I 57 However, she abstains from overemphasising her personal importance and infallibility120 but rather stresses the common cause and the need for Trump’s opponents to work together121. Mean- while, Trump from the very beginning focuses his campaign on himself, who claims to “beat China all the time”122 and already acts as a direct opponent of the Islamists (if only on the economical field)123, who, as a president, “[nobody] would be tougher on”124. Trump portrays himself as a “truly great leader”125 and “America’s champion”126. Anything he does, he claims, will be great, in contrast to the incompetence of the current régime (and its continuation, should Clinton win). Under his lead- ership, the US is “only going to have great trade deals”127, he claims, qualifying his competence by stressing his wealth128. Like Clinton, he suggests being on a divine mission by claiming that he “will be the greatest jobs president that God ever created”129, however,this happens only in passing and is unlikely to be anything more than a figure of speech. The hero that Trump pictures himself to be is clearly a sacrificial one, who really had no choice but taking on the challenge, because everyone else is wrong, incompetent, or even malevolent.130 Without further discussing the theme, both candidates also touch on the image of the victim, most explicitly so Trump, who speaks of “the suffering in people’s eyes” an “the victims of illegal immigration”131, citing “parents whose children have been killed by illegal immigrants”132, and la- ments that “[as] usually, the United States has been picking up the cost” of the global war on terror.133 6. Further motifs Contrary to what might traditionally be expected, the point about climate change, which Clinton does make, hardly refers to the theme of technology versus nature, but indeed stresses the possibilities of- fered by modern scientific solutions such as “advanced biofuels […] cleaner power plants, smarter electric grids, greener buildings…”134, aiming to “make America the clean energy superpower of the 120 cf. e.g. Cinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A040). 121 cf. Clinton, 2016a (Appendix IIIb:A042). 122 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A002). 123 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A003). 124 Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A012). 125 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A005). 126 cf. Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A016). 127 Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A017). 128 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A005; A009f), cf. also Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A023). 129 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A005). 130 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A010). 131 Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A016); cf also Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A033; A034). 132 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A025). 133 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A024). 134 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A035); cf. also Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A050). 21st century.”135 Notably, the issue of climate change is not met by Clinton’s supporters with quite the same euphoria as for example her statements on social inequality136. Trump, albeit known for his scepticism towards climate change137, seems to avoid the issue in the selected speeches. Of notable relevance is the issue of diplomacy. Clinton denotes cooperation as good and neces- sary to tackle global challenges138, pointedly contrasting it to Trump’s proposed isolationism in claim- ing to “always seek common ground with friend and opponent alike”139 and that “bridges are better than walls”140. Her group cohesion-affirming strategy is not associated to a decisive announcement of military opposition against outside enemies, but repeatedly stresses the importance of diplomacy and international and multilevel partnership141. And even the otherwise belligerent Trump claims that his “preference is always peace”.142 Trump also colloquially employs terms referring to excrement, such as “pee-pee”143, a pun on the TPP, or “crap”144, in association to environmental legislation. 135 ibid.; Clinton 2016a (Appendix IIIb:A043). 136 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A035); Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A045). 137 cf. e.g. Clinton, 2016a (Appendix IIIb:A044). 138 cf. Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A046; A053). 139 Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A038). 140 Clinton, 2016a (Appendix IIIb:A043), cf. also Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A046). 141 cf. Clinton, 2015 (Appendix IIIa:A038f); Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc:A046; A052). 142 Trump, 2016a (Appendix IIb:A015). 143 Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIb:A017). 144 cf. Trump, 2015 (Appendix IIa:A006). 58 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study I 59 ment is called an “evil surprise” (“böse Überraschung”) and a “brutal Foul of us citizens”170 against which “resistance” (“Widerstand”) is necessary171. It lies in the nature of democracy that leadership is legitimised by public vote, the theme of entitlement is therefore tightly connected to the democratic principle. Accordingly, federal chancellor Merkel’s decision to follow the EU-commission’s proposi- tion of circumventing both chambers of the German parliament when it comes to accepting the terms of the new agreement, are described by Campact as treacherous, illegitimate, and catastrophic172. The as- sociation of TTIP with the term “Trojaner” (referring to the Trojan horse)173 illustrates the general feeling of mistrust and betrayal among the agreements’ op- ponents (cf. Fig.7). Accordingly, it is the assumed task of organisa- tions like Campact and its followers to demand that political powers live up to their ideals and will of their delegates and MP’s. Campact specifically addresses Bündnis 90/Die Grünen174, the CSU175 and the SPD176, suggesting that party leaders and democratic institutions neglect their duty and their democratic mandate, if deciding unfavourable, thus losing their legitimacy177. At the panel discussion held preceding the Hanover march178, this spirit is also shared by the protesters, who react with booing and hissing to SPD representor Matthias Miersch’s claim that his party be worthy of trust. This reaction by the audience is an expression of heartfelt betrayal. In similar vein Tobias Pflüger, representing Die Linke harvests considerable applause for attacking his co-panelist representing Bündnis90/Die Grünen concerning the positive attitude towards TTIP held by Winfried Kretschman, the Grüne prime minister of Baden-Württemberg. Despite venting their displeasure thus, however, the protesters seem less adamant to distance themselves from the accordingly identified traitors among their own lines than from said right wing groups, suggesting that the fixed value of group identity is an important factor in the motivation of the protest, that may at times eclipse specific political goals. 170 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016h (Appendix IV: A070): “brutale[s] Foul an uns Bürgerinnen und Bürgern”, cf. Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016f (Appendix IV: A067). 171 ibid. 172 Camapct e.V., info@campact.de, 2016g uses the terms “Wortbruch” (the breaking of one’s word), “Rechtsbruch” (a breaching of the law) and “Dammbruch” (the breaching of a dam) (cf. Appendix IV: A068). 173 cf. also Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016b (Appendix IV: A058). 174 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016d (Appendix IV: A063). 175 cf. Campact, 2016:14f. 176 Campact, 2016:13; cf. also Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016i (Appendix IV: A072f). 177 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016d (Appendix IV: A063); cf also Campact 2016:14. 178 A recording of the debate by the Russian news channel Russia Today/RT ruplty tv is available online through You- Tube: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae5SC_LtJtY> [Accessed 8 October 2016]. 2. Evil entities 2.1 Iconography Protesters clearly aim to bring their views across in a bold and simple fashion. One placard proclaims that: „TTIP und CETA sind böse” “TTIP and CETA are evil” Meanwhile others refer to motifs familiar from entertainment media. In one such case TTIP are supporters are personified as Mr. Burns (cf. Fig.8179), notorious villain from the US animated television se- ries The Simpsons (and the above mentioned feature length film of the same name), in another, US presi- dent Obama and German federal chancellor Merkel are portrayed as marionettes, using a logo known from the film The Godfather35 (cf. Fig. 9), while Campact, as mentioned above, cites The Magnificent Seven. Other examples show how elements of earlier strives have themselves become part of popular cul- ture in much the same way as these cinematic exam- ples. One such case is the giant banner portraying the stylised face of Barak Obama with the words “Yes we can stop TTIP!” installed and held up on an of- fice building by Greenpeace activists (cf. Fig.6). Re- markably, the banner, which also refers back to the already mentioned 2008 election campaign, adapts the positive spirit of hope connected to the early days of Obama’s presidency along with the slogan “Yes We Can” instead of turning it against him (as in for exam- ple: “No you can’t have TTIP”). 2.2 Unmasking evil There are, however, even more explicit images used to discredit the trade agreement: papier-maché figures associate TTIP (and similar agreements) with monsters, while one slogan refers to TTIP as a “Devilish Prayer”. This latter example is taken from one of several placards dedicated to the mission of recording the acronyms of the protested agreements, giving them an adjusted meaning. The “trans- lation” alluded to here accordingly runs: „Teuflisches Tischgebet Inkontinen- taler Psycho-Paten” “Devilish Prayer of Incontinental [sic] Psychopaths” 179180 179 Note that the photo in Figure 8 was taken at a demonstration in 2015 — the placard, however, is the same. 180 The Godfather, 1972. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola. US: Paramount Pictures/Alfran Productions. 64 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study II 65 Fig. 7: Wooden figure portraying the Trojan horse at the demonstration at Hanover. Fig. 8: Placard portraying Mr. Burns Fig. 9: Using imagery from The Godfather Fig. 10: Protesters dressed up as monsters representing freetrade agreements These depictions and associations serve to unmask what is perceived to be the true face of the protested evil. Other, more positive depictions are accordingly dismissed as false. The platform Campact also employs this approach, framing the protest movement and specifi- cally the April 24th demonstration as “Werbeunterbrechung”180: a supposedly objective re- cess from Merkel’s skewed “advertisement show” (“Werbeshow”181). In direct compari- sons, the acclaimed goodness, truthfulness and trustworthiness of Campact’s arguments is depicted in opposition to the illegitimate dishonesty of the adversary, as in the following statement: „Mit zunehmender Verzweifelung stellten SPD-Chef Sigmar Gabriel und EU-Handelskommissarin Ce- cilia Malmström fest, dass unsere Argumente stärker wahrgenommen werden als ihre TTIP-Schönfärbe- rei.” “SPD-leader Sigmar Gabriel and EU-trade commissioner Cecilia Malmström are realising with grow- ing despair that our arguments are better received than their TTIP-win- dowdressing.”182 181182183 2.3 Puppet mastery and evil entities Based on the assumption that the protested agreements serve powerful MNC’s rather than the Eu- ropean electorate, the themes of puppet mastery and conspiracy are clearly present. As mentioned above, placards may suggest that Merkel and Obama are manipulated by the hand of some obscure, hidden organisation associated to organised crime. Meanwhile, the Campact newsletter advertises a book entitled “Der Unfreihandel. Die heimliche Herrschaft von Konzernen und Kanzleien”184, which is also given away for free to donors185. Actions or features of the perceived adversary (the EU commission, the US government, or in- dividual politicians such as US president Obama, German Federal Chancellor Merkel, or the Federal Minister for the Economy Sigmar Gabriel) are frequently described using negatively connoted adjec- tives such as “evil” (“böse”), and “brutal”186. Reflecting the above democracy-entitlement-betrayal nexus, terms at times refer to perceived lack of respect for the electorate, as for example “brazen” (“dreist”187), or verbs like “[to] rob/steal” (“rauben”188). Alternatively, its representatives are por- trayed as panicky, irate malefactors, using terms such as “durchdrehen”189 181 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016c. (Appendix IV:A060) — The term, usually referring to advertisement inter- vals familiar from private television stations, is here used ironically in the sense of “advertisement-interruption”. 182 cf. ibid. 183 Campact, 2016:3, emphasis mine. 184 Roughly translating as “Un-free Trade. The Secret Reign of Corporations and Solicitors”. 185 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016d (Appendix IV: A063). 186 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016i (Appendix IV: A070). 187 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016a (Appendix IV: A056). 188 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016h (Appendix IV: A070). 189 cf. Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016g (Appendix IV: A072) — The term is perhaps best translated with the colloquial “[to] go ape”. 2.4 Illness, weakness, and incompetence As the latter example suggests, a clear distinction be- tween woe and malevolence as the theoretical frame- work at the base of this study would lead to expect is not consequently made. The above quoted multi lev- el-pun on the acronym TTIP (“Teuflisches Tischgebet Inkontinentaler Psycho-Paten”) for example, using the neologism incontinental instead of intercontinen- tal, suggest incontinence, a marker of weakness and senility, and “Psycho-Paten” (“Psycho-Godfather”) instead of “Psychopathen” (“psychopaths”) mixes quite freely concepts of illness (psychopathy) and ma- levolent scheming. Features of woe also frequently appear in Cam- pact’s newsletters, where for example EU trade com- missioner Malmström is described as “thin-skinned and unable to accept criticism”45. Other politi- cians supporting TTIP are also diagnosed with weakness, as when they are accused to “collapse” (“umzufallen”46) before the supporters of TTIP. Federal Chancellor Merkel and Federal Minister for the Economy Gabriel, are called “Wankelgemüter”47, a neologism perhaps best translated as “bendy- minds”. The protesters in Hanover also associated TTIP with illness using slogans like “Gib TTIP keine Chance”48, an adaption of “Gib AIDS keine Chance”49, the slogan used by the Federal Centre for Health Education (Bundeszentrale für Gesundheitliche Aufklärung50) to propagate the use of con- doms to prevent HIV-infections. Similarly, several banners carried by protesters use variations of the common German colloquialism in the expression of disapproval “[das] kotzt mich an”51, while slogans like “TTIP ist für’n A[rsch]”52 associate the trade agreement to excrement (cf. Fig. 11). At times, resistance against the evil entity represented by CETA and TTIP (and similar agreements), is presented as a categorical imperative in the Kantian sense – in Campact’s words: 190 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016c (Appendix IV: A057): “dünnhäutig und kritikunfähig”. 191 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016e (Appendix IV: A065). 192 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016f (Appendix IV: A066). 193 “Don’t give TTIP a chance”. 194 “Don’t give AIDS a chance”. 195 cf. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA), 2016. Gib AIDS keine Chance. HTML avialable through: <http://www.gib-aids-keine-chance.de>.[Accessed 15 June 2016]. 196 Roughly translating to: “I feel spewed upon by this”. 197 “TTIP is useless”, verbatim “for the arse”. 66 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study II 67 Fig. 11: Placard combing the association of excrement and disease “TTIP ist noch schlimmer als befürchtet – und muss jetzt sofort gestoppt werden!” “TTIP is even worse than we feared – and has to be stopped immediate- ly!”53 The alternative is suggested to be of fundamental evil in that it stands in opposition to ecological core values alluded to above. This quality is symbolised by the chlorine chicken, that has become something of a symbol for the discontinuation of regulations and consumer protection included in the agreements (cf. Fig.10) 198 Campact e.V., info@campact.de, 2016e (Appendix IV: A064). Case Study III: Facebook comments sections For Sweden, the case study concerns not a specific political issue, but the overall discourse among members of the digital social network Facebook. For practical reasons, the base of this study is a se- lection of comments left by users in reaction to articles posted by one news media outlet during one week. Since the users are treated as anonymous sources, the name of this outlet is not given. It can, however, be said that it is a widely circulated conservative newspaper. Due to the prominent role the Brexit debate has had in the Swedish public debate, the observed period is the week following the UK referendum, starting on June 22nd, 2016. The full transcript of analysed material can be found in Appendix V. 1. General observations While differing views are expressed, such which approve of or concur with the articles’ observations are clearly underrepresented in the comments section. Whether this is representative for the actual ratio of views among the audience, or simply because those that do agree with the respective article’s author, or simply feel informed by it, may not feel a need to interact beyond using the like-function or sharing the article in their own posts remains speculative. The negative comments, however, bear witness to a great variety among the article’s readership in terms of eloquence as well as ability of abstraction and political analysis. The predominant tone is on an intermediate level of communication, using somewhat formal language and betraying a certain level of insight, while allowing for some inaccuracy where convenient. 2. The Good 2.1 Punishment, liberty and democratic legitimacy As a central social functional theme, the tool of harsh punishment finds wide support, as demon- strated not only by [user 0458]’s call to “adjudicate” (“[ställa] inför rätta”)199 Liberals MP Birgitta Ohlsson, but also in reference to criminals such as rapists, who [user 0632] proposes to punish with “forcible castration with a blunt and rusty pair of scissors”200, and those volunteering as combatants in extremist groups in the MENA, whose citizenship should be revoked, as [user 0466] suggests.201 Democracy as the political manifestation of liberty seems to be universally accepted among us- ers as irreproachably good — however, they disagree on its nature, making no semantic difference between in the form of public referendums, and representative democracy, which is the most common form among Western states. Consequently, representative democratic systems are diagnosed with a lack of respect for the will of the people, or accused of being dictatorships: 199 cf. Appendix IV: A134. 200 Appendix IV: A164, (“tvångskastrering med slö rostig sax”). 201 cf. Appendix IV: A136. 68 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study III 69 ”[…] Vad skulle USA säga om rys- ka örlogsfartyg lade till i Halifax hamn?” “[…] what would [the] USA say if Russian navy vessels called at Hali- fax harbour?” [user 0005]229 ”Kunde de inte vila i något NATO- land istället för att komma hit med sina krigsfartyg?” “Couldn’t they have chilled out in some NATO country instead of coming here with their war ships?” [user 0522]230 3. Evil 3.1 Puppet masters and betrayal Accusations of unlicensed deviance are not only aimed at politicians but also at the news media, in- cluding the source of the articles in question. The underlying assumption seems to be that the system as a whole, including foreign and domestic powers, are conspiring against the common people. As motive for such conspiracy, personal enrichment is insinuated: ”Hur många ’journalister’ vaknar inte på morgnarna med 7 sorters mutor under huvudkudden i svensk massmedia?” “How many ‘journalists’ do not wake up in the morning with 7 kinds of bribes under their pillow in Swed- ish mass media?” [user 0142]231 In other cases, the assumed motivation is less clear: ”Svensk media ÄLSKAR demokrati - fast bara om folket röstar ‘rätt’. [journalist] hycklar på som van- ligt!” “Swedish media LOVES democ- racy – but only if the people votes ‘correctly’. [the journalist] is a hyp- ocrite, as usual!” [user 0497]232 The theme of betrayal serves as a kind of node here, connecting concepts of entitlement (or its lack- ing), democratic representation, and fixed values deriving from patriotic and nationalistic sentiments. This nexus find expression in statements such as the following: ”Margot bör ställas till svars som landsförrädare!!” “Margot should be held accountable as a traitor to the nation!!” [user 0459]234 230 Appendix V: A145, emphasis mine. 231 ibid., emphasis mine. 232 Appendix V: A178. 233 Appendix V: A173. 234 Appendix V: A135 — The reference is to the minister for foreign affairs Margot Wallström. ”Berätta helst om Sveriges sönder- fall, men, självklart, det är inte pk..” “Tell [us] rather about Sweden’s dis- integration, but, of course, that’s not PC..” [user 0440]235 There is, however, no suggestion of a single manipulative puppet master behind the conspiracy. 3.2 Naming and banning A theme familiar from Christianity that re-arises is that of the serpent, as when foreign minister Wall- ström is called a dragon236, and [user 0052] identifies banks as “lowly reptilians”237. There are also other references to the christian concept of hell, for example the image of “hell boiling over”238, or the usage of names of the devil: “Satana, perkele, faaan...” [user 0280]238 The terms “fan”240 and “jävla”241 enjoy particular popularity. Meanwhile references to the EU as “a bureaucratic and undemocratic colossus”242, or alternatively a “colossal bureaucratic monster”243, or simply “chaos” (“kaos”244) suggest that even older imagery such as the Leviathan is present. A special feature of the Swedish discourse is that the assumed evil entity made up by illegitimate government and untrustworthy press is explicitly acknowledged by critics rather than just implied. The term PC (“pk”) is often used as a short hand to refer to this assumed conspiracy245. The concept of political correctness is here not understood in its original meaning of avoiding verbal abuse or in- sincerity, but as a tool to suppress what is held to be the truth about certain things: “Ett val är ett val utom i vårt kära Absurdistan; där ska PK-maffian vinna till varje pris….” “A vote is a vote safe in our dear Ab- surdistan; here the PC-mafia has to win whatever the cost….” [user 0156]246 235 Appendix V A:156. 236 cf. Appendix V: A092, comment by [user 0170]. 237 Appendix V: A108 (“lågstående kräldjur”). 238 cf. Appendix V: A111 (“[...] pensionärer förråder de unga och Helvetet kokar över!”). 239 Appendix V: A112. 240 cf. Appendix V: A079; A088; A090; A100; A122; A125; A136; A137; A151; A183 (including divergent spellings). 241 cf. Appendix V: A078; A087; A130; A140; A158; A162; A164; A179; A198; A200 (including divergent spellings). 242 Appendix V: A154, comment by [user 0005], my translation (“En byråkratisk och odemokratisk koloss”); cf. also A172, comment by [user 0669] (“byråkratisk koloss”). 243 Appendix V: A154, comment by [user 0054], English in original. 244 Appendix V: A090; A113; A126; A159; A175; A177. 245 cf. Appendix V: A077; A078; A114; A122; A151; A156; A158; A160; A162; A179; A180; A188. 246 Appendix V: A151. 74 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study III 75 ”Haha popvänster springer storfi- nansens och globaliserings ärenden enbart för att motståndet inte är pk […]” “Haha the pop[ulist] left runs the er- rands of big business and globalisa- tion just because resistance is not pc […]” [user 0151]246 ”Känner mig dock illa till mods när Löfven styr med 37% av landets rös- ter, i dagens opinion under 30%... Men att styra i kraftig minoritet [sic] är inget PK gråter över” “[…] I do however feel uncomfort- able when Löfven runs [the country] with 37% of the country’s vote, less than 30% according to current opin- ion [polls]… But to govern with a strong minority [sic] is nothing the PC cries about” [user 0043]247 ”[…] det är först när verklighe- ten beskrivs utan politiskt korrekta skygglappar och välmenande om- skrivningar som funktionella poli- tiska verktyg kan utformas.” “[…] only when reality is described without politically correct blinders and well intended paraphrase can functioning political tools be de- signed.” [user 0006]248 This discourse seems to even be accepted by users with different views in so far that they hardly ever use the term in its original meaning. A similar shift seems to have happened concerning the term populism, which is used, at times inappropriately, by users from all camps to disqualify other users or their political champions, often synonymously with hypocrisy: ”Menas även populistiska ledare som Mona Sahlin, Åsa Romson och Hilary [sic] Clinton?” “Does this also include populist leaders such as Mona Sahlin, Åsa Romson and Hilary [sic] Clinton?” [user 0012]249 ”Ställ Birgitta Ohlsson inför rätta för att hon öppet erkänt att hon gömt flyktingar, trots att hon själv satt i riksdagen som stiftade lagarna som hon förväntade sig att medbor- garna skall följa. Birgitta Ohlsson är en riktig populist.” “Adjudicate Birgitta Ohlsson, she has openly confessed to hiding refu- gees, although she herself sat in the riksdag that drew up the law she ex- pected the people to uphold. Birgitta Ohlsson is a real populist.” [user 0458]251 Commonly, users claim, that those who do not agree with their views suffer from a misconception of reality, as the following examples from elude: 247 Appendix V: A180. Emphasis mine. 248 Appendix V: A179. 249 Appendix V: A074. 250 Appendix V: A075. 251 Appendix V: A134. ”Ett problem är att man lever i en annan verklighet... […]” “One problem is that one lives in a different reality… […]” [user 0007]252 ”[user 0424], du är en verklighets- förnekare.” “[user 0424], you are in denial of the truth.” [user 0176]253 In this spirit, groups are often vaguely defined with formulae such as “you or those like you”254, or defamatory terms such as “dull-leftists”255. Such identifications seem often arbitrary, as when a jour- nalist is accused by different users of being both a “leftist pixie” (“vänsternisse”) and a neo-liberal for authoring one and the same article.256 Alternatively, dissenting views are disqualified by repliers with accusations of extremism (such as “racist”257 “socialist”258, “immigration fanatic”259, “stalinists and nationalists”260, “fascist, racist, and plainly gender-apartheid [sic] ideology”261, or suggested na- zism262), or with the claim of being wrongly accused of such extremism oneself, as in the following examples: ”[…] Skrika [sic] ‘populism’ är un- gefär som at vråla rasist, dvs man har inget att komma med annat än känsloyttringar. […]” “Cry out [sic] ‘populism’ is almost the same [thing] as yelling racist, meaning you have nothing but your emotions to express. […]” [user 0008]263 ”Att nämna saker vid dess [sic] rätta namn ser jag som självklart. Från andra hållet kommer ju endast hittepå [sic] ord som pk-maffia! Och det kommer så fort man nämner den vidriga människosyn vissa uppvisar. […]” “To call things by its [sic] real name seems normal to me. The other side only has made-up terms like PC-ma- fia! And they come as soon as one names the despicable view of hu- man beings some express. […]” [user 0007]264 252 Appendix V: A074 253 Appendix V: A130. 254 cf. Appendix V: A147, comment by [user 0030] (“du eller dina lika”). 255 cf. Appendix V: A149, comment by [user 0547] (“dumvänstern”). 256 cf. Appendix V: A175, comments by [user 0685] and [user 0614]. 257 cf. Appendix V: A075; A088; A129; A150. 258 cf. Appendix V: A075; A085; A140; A181. 259 cf. Appendix V: A077, comment by [user 0028] (“invandringsfanatiker”). 260 cf. Appendix V: A177, comment by [user 0699], my translation (“stalinister och nationalister”). 261 cf. Appendix V: A188, comment referring to Islam by [user 0747] (“fascistisk, rasistisk och klart könsapartheid ideologi”). 262 cf. Appendix V: A130f, comments by [user 0424]. 263 Appendix V: A074. 264 Appendix V: A074. 76 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study III 77 ”[…] Men i Sverige verkar ordning- en vara att man ska följa [various supposedly left-wing news sources] - annars är man rasist, landsförrä- dare och dum i huvudet. […]” “[…] But in Sweden, the rule seems to be that you should follow [various supposedly left-wing news sources] – or you are a racist, a traitor to the nation or soft in the head.” [user 0029]265 ”Man bara måste älska att [media outlet] vill få alla Brexit-anhängare till antingen rasister eller nazister. Tragisk nyhetsrapportering.” “You just have to love [the fact] that [media outlet] wants to make either racists or nazis of all those that vot- ed for Brexit. Tragic [way of] news reporting.” [user 0497]266 In other cases, such negative terms are used ironically to much the same effect. For example: ”Du enar [sic] att befolkningen skulle ha något att göra med hur hela deras liv är? Befängt! Rasist!” “You [mean] that the population has something to do with what their [everyday] life is like? Ridiculous! Racist!” [user 0224]267 Similarly, positive terms may be used ironically too, or otherwise disqualified, to ridicule discursive dissent: ”[…] I Sverige kostar ett ensam- kommande ’barn’ ca 1Mkr/år […]” “[…] In Sweden, an unaccompanied [refugee] ‘child’ costs about 1 mil- lion SEK/year […]” [user 0411]268 ”[…] ’Flyktingarna’ tar sig friheten att VÄLJA vilket land de vill bosätta sig i […]” “[…] ‘Refugees’ take the liberty of CHOOSING which country they want to live in […]” [user 0228]269 ”Vi som inte gillar s k [sic] flykting- ar/unga män som har egen religiös agenda och inte heller utl [sic] tig- gare i alla gathörn tycker att EU ur- artat!” “We who don’t like so called refu- gees/young man with their own reli- gious agenda, nor [foreign] beggars in every street corner, think that the EU is degenerate!” [user 0027]270 Governements, and especially the Swedish government and the EU institutions are referred to as 265 Appendix V: A077. 266 Appendix V: A141. 267 Appendix V: A200. 268 Appendix V: A128. 269 Appendix V: A127. 270 Appendix V: A174. totalitarian régimes271. Notably, these comparisons and designations are seemingly assigned with un- wavering sincerity, and their negative associations assumed to be self-evident by some users. 3.3 Excrement, disease and incompetence A common theme is the identification of the perceived opposing power and its representors, as well as opposing voices as disgusting. Such feelings are expressed in terms such as “repulsive” (“äckligt”272, “vidrig”273), “junk” (“sopor”274) and “sewage” (“kloaken”275). Furthermore, there are associations of spewing276 and frequent reference to faeces, specifically “[to] shit” (“skit[a]”277). The latter term also occurs with high frequency in context in the phrase “skita i” (“to not care about”, verbatim: “to deficate into”)278, often used expressing assumptions or experiences of betrayal. Even more frequent is the use of expressions like “bullshit”279. A re-occurring theme is the association with sickness, both verbatim, when for example the sys- tem is referred to as “sick” (“sjukt”280), and indirectly, as when divergent views or adversary institu- tions are diagnosed with insanity as for example in the following: ”Ut ur Eu [sic] Det är bara att söka utträde ur detta galenskap.” “Out of [the] Eu [sic] The only way is applying to exit from this mad- ness.” [user 0389]281 ”Sjukt jävla galet!” “Bloody flipping mad!” [user 0631]282 In other cases, mere stupidity is suggested: ”Så är det när känslor tar över och förnuftet saknas.” “That’s what it’s like when emo- tions take over and common sense is missing.” [user 0579]283 271 cf. Appendix V: A105, comment by [user 0001]; also: A154 & A194, comments by [user 0005]; and A161; com- ment by [user 0334]. 272 cf. Appendix V: A124, comment by [user 0389]. 273 cf. Appendix IV: A075, comment by [user 0007]; A129, comment by [user 0414]. 274 cf. Appendix V: A122, comment by [user 0378]. 275 cf. Appendix V: A125, comment by [user 0394]. 276 cf. Appendix V: A094, comment by [user 0185]; A116, comment by [user 0262]. 277 cf. e.g. Appendix V: A099; A165; A185; A178; A193; A198; A200. 278 cf. Appendix V: A075; A080; A079; A095; A119. 279 cf. e.g. Appendix V: A182, comment by [user 0726], English in original; cf. also A090, A101, A108, A135, A163, A175, A178, A191 (“skitsnack”); A174f (“prata skit”); and A178 (“ordbajsen”). 280 cf. Appendix V: A074; A124; A127; A128; A164. 281 cf. Appendix V: A124. 282 Appendix V: A164. 283 Appendix V: A156. 78 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Case Study III 79 Infection — that is incorporated evil — is unsurprisingly dealt with harshly. Users in Case Study III would even use the term “traitor” (“landsförrädare”) as an insult.8 This theme of betrayal is per- haps the most important contribution to the framework put forward in Chapters 1 and 2. Admittedly, Jung listed the traitor as an archetype9; and in the figure of Judas Iscariot, betrayal features already in the NT. However, the Biblical material on that personage is ambiguous, not conclusively answering the question of whether Judas’ deed was a result of satanic obsession or indeed divine intervention, conductive to eschatological ends. Indeed, according to Heiligenthal, the Biblical judgement is com- paratively clement, suggesting that any other apostle would have been liable to the deed. This view may be reflected in the lenient treatment of supposedly disloyal comrades compared to right-wing sympathisers in Case Study II. This suggests that the theme is not as deeply anchored in human cogni- tion as its prevalence in politics and especially film could be held to indicate. As symbolised by the reference to vomiting, that which is understood to be evil, like a sickness, can only be met to be destroyed, or, if it has been incorporated needs to be expelled. A such attitude precludes the negotiation of skotos both on an individual as well as a social level. Accordingly, ex- amples of the negotiation of skotos are absent from the case studies, while frequent in film. This suggests that, while the recognition and negotiation of the shadow, following Jung10, is intellectually understood and depicted favourably, its realisation in social practice may just be too large a feat to be accomplished successfully. The recent mediated debate about Hillary Clinton’s illness11 demonstrates that admitting to or openly showing signs of weakness may lead to an immediate loss of trust among voters; the identification of weakness and disease as themes associated with evil is a contributing fac- tor. And while a true reconciliation with skotos as well as outside evil entities could be interpreted as bravery rather than a sign of weakness, Trump’s association of the Iran “nuclear deal” with incompe- tence and weak policy suggests the popularity of a different view.12 Furthermore, even in film, nego- tiation of shadow elements are seldom portrayed to be pursuing integration in the Jungian sense, but usually lead to renewed suppression of the skotos. This process is then often associated with health and healing. It is thus little surprising that the cohorts studied in Case Studies II and III displayed an almost unanimous attitude of non-compromise towards individuals and groups perceived as adversar- ies. All three case studies, as well as the selection of films contained many narratives of the necessity of punishment for unlicensed deviance. Since film can portray the suppressed and have the audience confront, even enjoy that which it may otherwise suppress (including skotal elements)13, it is little 8 The term seems to be popular especially in right-wing circles beyond national borders: PEGIDA supporters recently made the news by defaming German chancellor Merkel as “Volksverräter” (cf. ZDF heute, 2016. Tag der Deutschen Einheit. Merkel in Dresden lautstark beschimpft. [online] HTML available through: <http://www.heute.de/einheitsfeiern- in-dresden-merkel-angepoebelt-45481210.html> [Accessed 3 October 2016]. 9 cf. Frey-Rohn, 1960:196. 10 cf. Jung (Aion):9f. 11 cf. eg. Chris Graham, 2016. What would happen if Hillary Clinton dropped out of US election race after be- ing diagnosed with pneumonia?. In: The Telegraph [online]. HTML available through: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/2016/09/12/what-would-happen-if-hillary-clinton-drops-out-of-us-election-ra/> [Accessed 19 September 2016]. 12 cf. Trump, 2016b (Appendix IIc:A021). 13 cf. Grant, 2015:5. surprising that the punishment and destruction of evil are received as favourable, allowing the audi- ence to witness that to which it itself is not able. This also explains the rare portrayal of successful integration. The suggested off-screen death of villains common in films addressed to a young audi- ence, likely meant to avoid depicting violence, may well have the effect of reinforcing this narrative, portraying punishment as vital, while obscuring the woe it entails. Closely linked to this pro-active restrictive attitude towards assumed evil addressed in film is the hero’s position on violence. As has been observed above, there are essentially two types of heroes, those who are willing (or forced) to apply violence against evil and those who are not, yet may rely on others to do so. As the presidential office in the US includes the authority over the armed forces, an all-out refusal of violence could hardly be uttered by any presidential hopeful (the recent discus- sion concerning British Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn’s stance on the nuclear arsenal14 illustrates this issue). Case Studies II and III do not offer sufficient evidence for a conclusive concept of the subjects’ standing on the issue of such robust defence. However, the above discussed uncompromising attitude suggests a general preference of the pro-active hero type. This type’s strongmanship is just another expression of entitlement and licensed deviance to protect social cohesion, themes also supported across all genres of film. Hannah Arendt’s example of Germany’s unwillingness to have the war criminal Eichmann extradited from Israel out of fear of being unable of passing adequate judgement due to the abolition of capital punishment suggests that even ethically restrained individuals and so- cieties will support the pro-active stance if they may themselves remain innocent. The earlier identified theme of entitlement is especially relevant in the case studies, as, in a democracy, legitimacy is achieved through public vote. Doubting the legitimacy of the government (or even a single elected politician) thus means doubting the functioning and legitimacy of the entire system. The striking importance attached to names and “correct” naming of evil entities and increas- ing personal coherence and group cohesion by “recognising” the “real” evil circumstances is likely rooted in the human psyche. The assumption is that knowing the names of adversaries means know- ing their nature and thus gaining power of these entities. This conception can be found already in antiquity, where the name signified the essence of a being15, and where exorcisms were performed by calling the oppressive demon by its name16. Popular fairy tales such as Rumpelstilskin repeat that motif. In the political context, the principle translates easily to the tendency to give demeaning names (or names perceived as such) to the opponent, as when angered Facebook users speak of for example “PC people” (“pk-människor”), when TTIP protesters make up other names that the acronym of the trade agreement could stand for, or when Donald Trump gives unflattering nicknames to his oppo- 14 cf. Patrick Wintour, 2015. Jeremy Corbyn: I would never use nuclear weapons if I were PM. In: The Guardian. [online] HTML available through <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/30/corbyn-i-would-never-use-nuclear- weapons-if-i-was-pm> [Accessed 1 October 2015]. 15 cf. Rovira, 1977:141 (footnote); cf. also Gen. 2.19–23. 16 cf. Twelftree, 1993:92. 84 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 5– Evaluation 85 nents, such as “Crooked Hillary”17 or “Lying Ted”18 (a habit from which he however abstains in the speeches studied in Case Study I). There may also lie a certain motive of gaining self-coherence and recognition among one’s peers in the assumed cleverness of being able to recognise (an) evil’s true nature. Mocking the protested trade agreement with puns on its name would fulfil the double purpose of showing no fear for the enemy’s power, and banning it by using its “true” name. A similar example is the recent debate around how to refer to the insurgent Daesh-group.19 Simultaneously, the proper name of an entity holds a certain power in itself, as when in for ex- ample Harry Potter the name of the Dark Lord is not pronounced loudly out of fear. According to Twelftree, already the names of exorcists in antiquity (and specifically that of Jesus) were used as tokens of power.20 3. Summary and conclusion In association, the above themes now form a clear pattern that makes the discursive field of the good and evil duality a perfect object of political programmes and propaganda: According to the social functional assumption of theoretical framework, goodness is mainly defined by moral standards, which in turn are defined by society, increasing social cohesion. Outside (or inside) malefactors endangering this cohesion must be stopped in their endeavour, with punish- ment as a necessary evil. While it is inherent to the concept of punishment in itself to go beyond a society’s otherwise non-violent morality, the discourse identified in this study positions an entitled hero or champion as the one who is legitimised to step over the bounds of socially defined morality to protect it from other non-conformist powers (licensed deviance). While this type of champion is very prominent in the cinematic canon of the past ten years, it is less explicitly defined — albeit hinted at — in political communication. The mechanism of accepting a concept in some contexts, while hesitating or full out denying to accept it in others, however, is common, as the selective application of themes concerning the envi- ronment shows: the good is identified with nature (or Creation) as well as (civilised) order, while the woe may be represented by technology as well as (natural) chaos. Such selective perception collapses seemingly contradictive themes such as the prodigal saviour and the principle of free will inherent to democracy and liberty onto each other, reducing the evaluative spectrum to a bipolar, two-dimension- al concept: in all three case studies and most of the examined films, evil is clearly and unmistakably identified. Frequently, this is likely due to prosocial mechanisms or attempts to strengthen individual 17 e.g. Donald Trump (realDonaldTrump), 2016b. Crooked Hillary Clinton likes to talk about the things she will do but she has been there for 30 years - why didn’t she do them? 12 October 2016 (Twitter post). HTML available online through: <https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/786189446274248704> [Accessed 12 October 2016]. 18 e.g. Donal Trump (realDonaldTrump), 2016a. Lying Ted Cruz and lightweight choker Marco Rubio teamed up last night in a last ditch effort to stop our great movement. They failed! 26 February 2016 (Twitter Post). HTML available online through: <https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/703251956198875138> [Accessed 12 October 2016]. 19 cf. Louis Doré., 2015. Why Isis will hate it if we start calling them Daesh. In: The Independent. [online] HTML avail- able through: <http://indy100.independent.co.uk/article/why-isis-will-hate-it-if-we-start-calling-them-daesh--bkC822p_ zl> [Accessed 4 April 2016]. 20 cf. Twelftree, 1993:139f. power positions among peers, ideologising the narrative. The identification of evil as an invariably alien, exterior entity, however, has not only a social function, it may also be a necessary feature. As has been shown in Chapter 3, the more the audience knows about villains and their motives, the more it understands, the less extreme their evil is per- ceived. The relevance of the theme of betrayal also poses the danger that those willing to negotiate with the perceived evil are likely to be pictured or misperceived by their antagonists within their own ranks. The weak support for the theme of betrayal found in Chapters 1 and 2, as opposed to the evidence in Chapter 3 and the case studies, suggests that, albeit rooted in human nature, its power is a phenomenon of temporal currency, and strongly associated with an understanding of good and evil based on fixed values such as nationality. In answering the research question, it can thus be subsumed that many of the themes identi- fied in the religious and academic tradition of the West do indeed in some form or other reappear in contemporary film as well as political expression. However, there are also some notable variations, moving otherwise marginal themes, most prominently that of betrayal, to the centre stage, while de- creasing others such as the necessity of negotiation of skotos, or the value of natural environment (i.e. Creation). Such concepts are in many contexts accepted in theory, but less often adapted in discourse practise. 4. Prospects and suggestions for further study As has been noted, it is not within the scope of this study to determine the role that the studied dis- cursive actors and fields play in constituting discourse rather than just perpetuating it. However, there are certain hints that can be derived from the presented findings: 1. It would seem unlikely that the associations and themes that have the appearance of being rooted in the human psyche are brought about by active manipulation. 2. Since not all themes found in the discourse practice of film are adopted in the social practice observed in the case studies, film seems to play a subordinate role as a constitutive actor. 3. However, the constant reproduction of certain themes in political expression as well as film certainly makes it harder for the audience to adjust social practice, emancipating itself from potentially dangerous paradigms such as the pro-active stance. Politicians, especially those who, like Donald Trump, are often referred to as populists, can and will easily apply these themes to their benefit. Simplicity is here preferred to rational, factual explanations and solutions, which in a way in itself reflects the aspiring politician’s claim of chosenness: already the purity and divinity (then synonymous with righteousness and legitimacy) of Jesus of Nazareth was proven by the “Absence of Mechanical Devices [sic]”21 in his defeating evil powers. Socially de- fined, assumed malevolence seems to be more easily understood than a priori woe as it may in theory be resolved by defying the malefactor. Accordingly, the separation between woe and malevolence is 21 cf. Twelftree, 1993:156. 86 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Chapter 5– Evaluation 87 not consequently pursued in the case studies. All three case studies contained examples of actors being directly influenced by popular culture, further supporting the case made in the introduction. Not only did protesters in Case Study II refer to film and television; even Hillary Clinton cites lines from the musical Hamilton22, while [user 0396] in Case Study III for example quotes from a song by Strebers23, and [user 0291] in an obscure comment on the British Brexit vote refers to the television series Game of Thrones24: [user 0291]: “Winter is here . The night is dark and full of spoilers . Burying your head in the sand won’t make the problems go away.”25 A hint at the relevance of the cinematic discourse can be recognised in the disparities in cinematic taste between the studied cultures. Especially striking is the disproportionate popularity of the super- hero film in the US. It seems logical to assume that themes central to this genre are similarly impor- tant in political expression and overall culture of that nation. Indeed, the pro-active stance discussed above in detail is expressed by both presidential nominees, and with special emphasise by Donald Trump. It may well explain his success throughout the past year. The by both candidates most vocally expressed notion of destiny, which fits in so well with the concept of exceptionalism which could be considered a characteristic feature of US identity26, is also widely present in film. While it may at first sight not seem more typical of the US canon than the two others, this may well be considered a skew, and due to the large market share that US film has in German and Swedish cinemas. We should not forget that film also is a form of social practise, and as such a record and conserva- tion of discourse. This allows for additional observations on the development of discourse over time: one of the central themes found in this thesis, namely that of evil as disease which can only be cured or expelled, is expressed strikingly in the post-apocalyptic film I am Legend, in which Robert Neville a survivor of a viral pandemic has to fend off zombie-like vampires, aspiring to find a vaccine or cure. The film ends in a twist on the original story, with the hero sacrificing his life to get the completed se- rum to a colony of survivors, who are thus enabled to start a new human civilisation. Meanwhile, the original 1954 novel, has the new vampire race learn to cope with the disease, becoming, as Matheson puts it, “the new people of the earth”, and leaving Neville to instead give his life as the last human and killer of their loved ones27. It is not easily discerned whether it is a matter of zeitgeist which of the two versions seems appropriate.28 After all, in another modern take on a science-fiction classic, the 2011 22 cf. Clinton, 2016b (Appendix IIIc: A055) — Not to be confused with the earlier analysed film of the same name. 23 Appendix V:A179. 24 Game of Thrones, 2011. Creators: David Benioff, D.B. Weiss. US/UK: Home Box Office/Television 360/Grok! Stu- dio/Generator Entertainment/Bighead Littlehead. 25 Appendix V: A111, English in original. 26 cf. Lipset, 1996:50. 27 cf. Richard Matheson, 1954. I am Legend. 2001 paperback edition. London (UK): Victor Gollancz Ltd, The Orion Publishing Group Ltd.:160). 28 The 1964 version entitled The Last Man on Earth (Directed by Ubaldo Ragona, Sidney Salkow. US/IT: Associated Producers/Produzioni La Regina.) keeps comparatively close to the original, while the 1971 The Omega Man (Directed and 2013 prequels29 to the Planet of the Apes30, takes exactly the opposite angle, overthrowing human society. Notably, the protagonist apes are not the victorious outside aggressor bringing about the fall of the human race. Rather, the latter is accomplished once more by a virus of human creation. Accord- ingly both visions (the modern take on Matheson, as well as that on the Planet of the Apes) avoid the vision inert to their classical originals, which has mankind fall at the hands of a new, better society. Notably for instance the vision at the base of War of the Worlds, which assumes divine entitlement and a direct connection between Creation and human sovereignty over earth, remains unchanged by time.31 Studies concentrating on such developments and consistencies of narratives over time could help to understand social dynamics under the studied period and may even observe patterns that may enable us to make predictions about future developments. The set of themes that has been developed throughout this study could serve as a base or tool for such investigations. An investigation of the development of specific sentiments and narratives over time in specific societies, following for example the approach used in this study, or a qualitative variation, could serve to investigate the hegemonic function of discourse, an issue relevant considering the dominance of the US over the film market mentioned above. A candidate for such scrutiny are sentiments towards and negotiation of crime and punishment, which relates to several of the themes identified here, while, as Lipset points out, playing and exceptional role in the US as opposed to most other Western societies.32 Similarly, the findings could be applied to other contexts, such as for example the field of the news media, which have largely been ignored here, or other forms of public communication. It could also be combined with other tools and more linguistically oriented methodology such as van Dijk’s approach to CDA.33 Since the study has followed a qualitative approach in identifying the discursive themes, it would make sense for it to be followed up by further investigations, testing the findings’ validity against qualitative data. Such analyses could well be conducted on the same or similar material as the present one, or on different context, as suggested above. Also, certain fields of inquiry have been ignored or only marginally covered by this thesis. Accordingly, a repetition of or expansion upon this study from by Boris Sagal. US: Walter Seltzer Productions.) is closer to the 2008 version; non of these two films made it into the top-ten of the respective year. 29 Rise of the Planet of the Apes, 2011. Directed by Rupert Wyatt. US: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation/ Chernin Entertainment; Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, 2014. Directed by Matt Reeves. US: Chernin Entertainment. 30 Planet of the Apes, 1968. Directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. US: APJAC Productions/Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. 31 The 2006 movie (War of the Worlds, 2005) as well as the 1938 radio drama version (The War of the Worlds, 1938. [radio drama] Directed by Orson Welles. US:CBS Radio) adopted the ending of the original novel (H. G. Wells, 1897. 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SE: International Trad- ers/Pampas Produktion/TV4 Sweden. The Hangover, 2009. Directed by Todd Phillips. US/DE: Warner Brothers/Green Hat Films. The Hangover Part II, 2011. Directed by Todd Phillips. US: Warner Brothers/Green Hat Films. The Hangover Part III, 2013. Directed by Todd Phillips. US: Green Hat Films. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, 2011. Directed by David Yates. UK/US: Warner Brothers. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, 2006. Directed by Mike Newell. UK/US: Warner Broth- ers. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, 2009. Directed by David Yates. UK/US: Warner Brothers/Heyday Films. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, 2007. Directed by Nicholas Hooper. UK/US: Warner Brothers. Hitch, 2005. Directed by Andy Tennant. US: Columbia Pictures Corporation/Overbrook Enter- tainment. The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, 2012. Directed by Peter Jackson. US/NZ: Warner Broth- ers. The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, 2014. Directed by Peter Jackson. US/NZ: Warner Brothers. The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, 2013. Directed by Peter Jackson. US/NZ: Warner Brothers. Horton hears a Who!, 2008. Directed by Jimmy Hayward, Steve Martino. US: Bkue Sky Stu- dios/Twentieth Century Fox. Jurassic World, 2015. Directed by Collin Trevorrow. US: Univer- 98 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil References and Bibliography 99 Appendix I. Full List of analysed films Appendix I - List of Films A001 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 D E 1 H arry Potter and the G oblet of Fire Ice Age 2: The M eltdow n H arry Potter and the O rder of the Phoenix Keinohrhasen Ice Age: D aw n of the D inosaurs Avatar H arry Potter and the D eathly H allow s: Part 2 Intouchables Fack ju G öhte The H obbit: The Battle of the Five Arm ies Fack Ju G öthe II 2 M adagascar Pirates of the C aribbean: D ead M an’s C hest Pirates of the C aribbean: At W orld's End M adagascar: Escape 2 Africa H arry Potter and the H alf- Blood Prince H arry Potter and the D eathly H allow s: Part 1 Pirates of the C aribbean: O n Stranger Tides Skyfall The H obbit: The D esolation of Sm aug The H unger G am es: M ockingjay - Part 1 M inions 3 Star W ars: Episode III - R evenge of the Sith The D a Vinci C ode R atatouille Q uantum of Solace Vicky the Viking (W ickie und die starken M änner) The Tw ilight Saga: Eclipse Kokow ääh Ice Age: C ontinental D rift D jango U nchained M onsieur C laude Spectre 4 H itch Perfum e: The Story of a M urderer The Sim psons M ovie M am m a M ia! Angels & D em ons Inception The H angover Part II The H obbit: An U nexpected Journey D espicable M e 2 H ow to Train Your D ragon 2 H onig im Kopf 5 M r. and M rs. Sm ith C asino R oyale Shrek the Third H ancock Avatar Alice in W onderland The Tw ilight Saga: Breaking D aw n - Part 1 M adagascar 3: Europe's M ost W anted The H unger G am es: C atching Fire D er M edicus Star W ars: Episode VII - The Force Aw akens 6 M eet the Fockers D eutschland. Ein Som m erm ärchen M r. Bean's H oliday Earth Zw eiohrkükenI Tangled The Sm urfs The Tw ilight Saga: Breaking D aw n Part 2 Frozen Transform ers: Age of Extinction Fifty Shades of grey 7 W ar of the W orlds 7 Zw erge - D er W ald ist nicht genug Spider-M an 3 W ALL·E The Tw ilight Saga: N ew M oon Sex and the C ity 2 Transform ers: D ark of the M oon Ted The H angover Part III The W olf of W all Street Fast & Furious 7 8 The C hronicles of N arnia: The Lion, the W itch and the W ardrobe O ver the H edge Live Free or D ie H ard Kung Fu Panda 2012 D espicable M e Fast Five The D ark Knight R ises Fast & Furious 6 Vaterfreuden Jurassic W orld 9 The W hite M assai The D evil W ears Prada D ie W ilden Kerle 4 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the C rystal Skull U p Shrek Forever After The King's Speech Am erican R eunion Kokow ääh 2 G uuardians of the galaxy Inside O ut 10 Kingdom of H eaven C ars N ight at the M useum The D ark Knight Tw ilight G row n U ps Black Sw an Türkisch für Anfänger Schlussm acher R io II H unger G am es IV SE 1 H arry Potter and the G oblet of Fire Pirates of the C aribbean: D ead M an's C hest Pirates of the C aribbean: At W orld's End M am m a M ia! M illennium 1 - The G irl w ith the D ragon Tattoo Avatar H arry Potter and the D eathly H allow s: Part 2 Skyfall The H obbit: The D esolation of Sm aug H undraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann Spectre 2 Star W ars: Episode III - R evenge of the Sith The D a Vinci C ode H arry Potter and the O rder of the Phoenix Q uantum of Solace M illennium 2 - The G irl W ho Played w ith Fire H arry Potter and the D eathly H allow s: Part 1 Pirates of the C aribbean: O n Stranger Tides The H obbit: An U nexpected Journey The H unger G am es: C atching Fire The H obbit: The Battle of the Five Arm ies Star W ars: Episode VII - The Force Aw akens 3 M asjävlar Ice Age 2: The M eltdow n R atatouille Arn - R iket vid vägens slut H arry Potter and the H alf- Blood Prince Inception The Adventures of Tintin The D ark Knight R ises M onica Z Frozen M inions 4 M adagascar C asino R oyale G öta kanal 2 – Kanalkam pen Arn - Tem pelriddaren Ice Age: D aw n of the D inosaurs Snabba C ash False Trail (Jägarna 2) Ice Age: C ontinental D rift D espicable M e 2 The H unger G am es: M ockingjay - Part 1 En underbar jävla jul 5 The C hronicles of N arnia: The Lion, the W itch and the W ardrobe The C hronicles of N arnia: The Lion, the W itch and the W ardrobe Shrek the Third The D ark Knight Som m aren m ed G öran - En m idsom m arnattskom edi The Tw ilight Saga: Eclipse Tangled The Tw ilight Saga: Breaking D aw n Part 2 H undraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann H ow to Train Your D ragon 2 Jurassic W orld 6 C harlie and the C hocolate Factory C hicken Little The Sim psons M ovie Sex and the C ity M illennium 3 - The G irl W ho Kicked the H ornets' N est Alice in W onderland Änglagård - tredje gången gillt H am ilton: I nationens intresse Sune i G rekland - All inclusive Interstellar Fifty Shades of G rey 7 M r. & M rs. Sm ith H eartbreak H otel Arn – Tem pelridaren Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the C rystal Skull The Tw ilight Saga: N ew M oon Farsan The Tw ilight Saga: Breaking D aw n - Part 1 The H unger G am es The H obbit: An U nexpected Journey Sune i fjällen Inside O ut 8 Batm an Begins Borat Spider-M an 3 W ALL·E U p Toy Story 3 C ars 2 Puss in Boots W reck-It R alph Bam se och tjuvstaden The H unger G am es: M ockingjay - Part 2 9 Pistvakt C ars N ight at the M useum Kung Fu Panda Avatar Sex and the C ity 2 The King's Speech M arvel's The Avengers D jango U nchained G uardians of the G alaxy Fast & Furious 7 10 H ajar som hajar The D evil W ears Prada Live Free or D ie H ard The C hronicles of N arnia: Prince C aspian Angels & D em ons Alvin and the C hipm unks: The Squeakquel The Im portance of Tying Your O w n Shoes The Intouchables (Intouchables) Iron M an 3 The W olf of W all Street En m an som heter O ve U S 1 Star W ars: Episode III - R evenge of the Sith Pirates of the C aribbean: D ead M an's C hest Spider-M an 3 The D ark Knight Transform ers: R evenge of the Fallen Avatar H arry Potter and the D eathly H allow s: Part 2 M arvel's The Avengers Iron M an 3 The H unger G am es: M ockingjay - Part 1 Star W ars: Episode VII - The Force Aw akens 2 The C hronicles of N arnia: The Lion, the W itch and the W ardrobe C ars Shrek the Third Iron M an H arry Potter and the H alf Blood Prince Toy Story 3 Transform ers: D ark of the M oon The D ark Knight R ises The H unger G am es: C atching Fire G uardians of the G alaxy Jurassic W orld 3 H arry Potter and the G oblet of Fire X-M en 3: The Last Stand Transform ers Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the C rystal Skull U p Alice in W onderland The Tw ilight Saga: Breaking D aw n - Part 1 The H unger G am es D espicable M e 2 C aptain Am erica: The W inter Soldier Avengers: Age of U ltron 4 W ar of the W orlds N ight at the M useum Pirates of the C aribbean: At W orld's End H ancock The Tw ilight Saga: N ew M oon Iron M an 2 The H angover Part II Skyfall M an of Steel The LEG O M ovie Inside O ut 5 King Kong The D a Vinci C ode H arry Potter and The O rder of the Phoenix W ALL·E Avatar The Tw ilight Saga: Eclipse Pirates of the C aribbean: O n Stranger Tides The Tw ilight Saga: Breaking D aw n Part 2 M onsters U niversity The H obbit: The Battle of the Five Arm ies Fast & Furious 7 6 W edding C rashers Superm an R eturns The Bourne U ltim atum Kung Fu Panda The H angover Inception Fast Five The Am azing Spider-M an Frozen Transform ers: Age of Extinction Am erican Sniper 7 Batm an Begins Ice Age 2 : The M eltdow n 300 M adagascar: Escape 2 Africa Star Trek H arry Potter and the D eathly H allow s: Part 1 C ars 2 Brave G ravity M aleficent M inions 8 C harlie and the C hocolate Factory H appy Feet R atatouille Tw ilight M onsters vs. Aliens D espicable M e Thor The H obbit: An U nexpected Journey Fast & Furious 6 X-M en: D ays of Future Past The H unger G am es: M ockingjay - Part 2 9 M adagascar C asino R oyale I Am Legend Q uantum of Solace Ice Age: D aw n of the D inosaurs Shrek Forever After R ise of the Planet of the Apes Ted O z The G reat and Pow erful Big H ero 6 The M artian 10 M r. & M rs. Sm ith O ver the H edge The Sim psons M ovie H orton H ears a W ho! The Blind Side H ow to Train Your D ragon C aptain Am erica: The First Avenger M adagascar 3: Europe's M ost W anted Star Trek Into D arkness D aw n of the Planet of the Apes C inderella Sources: www.uis.unesco.org http://www.ffa.de/filmhitlisten.html pro.boxoffice.com/numbers/all_time http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Statistics/ Appendix II. Speeches by US Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump a. Donald Trump’s speech announcing his bid for the presidential elections 2016, as held at Trump Tower, New YorkCity, on Tuesday, June 16th, 2015.1 Wow. Whoa. That is some group of people. Thousands. So nice, thank you very much. That’s really nice. Thank you. It’s great to be at Trump Tower. It’s great to be in a wonderful city, New York. And it’s an honor to have everybody here. This is beyond anybody’s expectations. There’s been no crowd like this. And, I can tell you, some of the candidates, they went in. They didn’t know the air-conditioner didn’t work. They sweated like dogs. They didn’t know the room was too big, because they didn’t have anybody there. How are they going to beat ISIS? I don’t think it’s gonna happen. Our country is in serious trouble. We don’t have victories anymore. We used to have victories, but we don’t have them. When was the last time anybody saw us beating, let’s say, China... in a trade deal? They kill us. I beat China all the time. All the time. When did we beat Japan at anything? They send their cars over by the millions, and what do we do? When was the last time you saw a Chevrolet in Tokyo? It doesn’t exist, folks. They beat us all the time. When do we beat Mexico at the border? They’re laughing at us, at our stupidity. And now they are beating us economically. They are not our friend, believe me. But they’re killing us economically. The U.S. has become a dumping ground for everybody else’s problems. [applause] Thank you. It’s true, and these are the best and the finest. When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best. They’re not sending you. They’re not sending you. They’re sending people that have lots of problems, and they’re bringing those problems with us. They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people. But I speak to border guards and they tell us what we’re getting. And it only makes common sense. It only makes common sense. They’re sending us not the right people. It’s coming from more than Mexico. It’s coming from all over South and Latin America, and it’s coming probably— probably— from the Middle East. But we don’t know. Because we have no protection and we have no competence, we don’t know what’s happening. And it’s got to stop and it’s got to stop fast. [applause] Islamic terrorism is eating up large portions of the Middle East. They’ve become rich. I’m in competition with them. 1 Based on the transcript published by Time online (available through: <http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-an- nouncement-speech/>), edited in accordance with video published by Donald Trump on YouTube (available through: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_q61B-DyPk>). A002 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix IIa - Speech Trump, 16 June 2015 A003 They just built a hotel in Syria. Can you believe this? They built a hotel. When I have to build a hotel, I pay interest. They don’t have to pay interest, because they took the oil that, when we left Iraq, I said we should’ve taken. So now ISIS has the oil... And what they don’t have, Iran has. And in 19— and I will tell you this, and I said it very strongly, years ago, I said— and I love the military, and I want to have the strongest military that we’ve ever had, and we need it more now than ever but I said, “Don’t hit Iraq”. Because you’re going to totally destabilize the Middle East. Iran is going to take over the Middle East, Iran and somebody else will get the oil, and it turned out that Iran is now taking over Iraq. Think of it. Iran is taking over Iraq, and they’re taking it over big league. We spent 2 trillion Dollars in Iraq, 2 trillion. We lost thousands of lives—thousands!—in Iraq. We have wounded soldiers, who I love, I love — they’re great — all over the place, thousands and thousands of wounded soldiers. And we have nothing. We can’t even go there. We have nothing. And every time we give Iraq equipment, the first time a bullet goes off in the air, they leave it. Last week, I read 2,300 Humvees— these are big vehicles! — were left behind for the enemy. 2,000? You would say maybe two, maybe four? 2,300 sophisticated vehicles, they ran, and the enemy took them. [Member of the audience: “We need Trump now!”] You’re right. [applause] Last quarter, it was just announced, our gross domestic product— a sign of strength, right? But not for us. It was below zero. Whoever heard of this? It’s never below zero. Our labor participation rate was the worst since 1978. But think of it, GDP below zero, horrible labor participation rate. And our real unemployment is anywhere from 18 to 20 percent. Don’t believe the 5.6. Don’t believe it. [applause] That’s right. A lot of people up there can’t get jobs. They can’t get jobs, because there are no jobs, because China has our jobs and Mexico has our jobs. They all have our jobs! But the real number, the real number is anywhere from 18 to 19 and maybe even 21 percent, and nobody talks about it, because it’s a statistic that’s full of nonsense.. [Member of the audience: “We want jobs now!”] Our enemies are getting stronger and stronger by the way, and we as a country are getting weak- er. Even our nuclear arsenal doesn’t work. It came out recently they have equipment that’s 30 years old. They don’t know if it worked. And I thought it was horrible when it was broadcast on television, because boy, does that send signals to Putin and all of the other people that look at us and they say, “That is a group of people, and that is a nation that truly has no clue, they don’t know what they’re doing. They don’t know what they’re doing.” We have a disaster called the big lie: Obamacare. Obamacare. Yesterday, it came out that costs are going for people up 29, 39, 49, and even 55 percent. And Appendix IIa - Speech Trump, 16 June 2015 A005A004 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil deductibles are through the roof. You have to be hit by a tractor, literally, a tractor, to use it, because the deductibles are so high, it’s virtually useless. It is a disaster. And remember the 5 billion Dollar website? 5 billion we spent on a website, and to this day it doesn’t work. A 5 billion Dollar website. I have so many websites, I have them all over the place. I hire people, they do a website. It costs me 3 Dollars. 5 billion Dollar website. [Members of audience chanting: “We want Trump”] Well, you need somebody, because: politicians are all talk, no action. Nothing’s gonna get done. They will not bring us—believe me—to the promised land. They will not. As an example, I’ve been on the circuit making speeches, and I hear my fellow Republicans. And they’re wonderful people. I like them. They all want me to support them. They don’t know how to bring it about. They come up to my office. I’m meeting with three of them in the next week. And they don’t know—“Are you running? Are you not running? Could we have your support? What do we do? How do we do it?”— I like them. And I hear their speeches. And they don’t talk jobs and they don’t talk China. When was the last time you heard China is killing us? They’re devaluing their currency to a level that you wouldn’t believe. It makes it impossible for our companies to compete, impossible. They’re killing us. But you don’t hear that from anybody else. You don’t hear it from anybody else. And I watch the speeches— [member of audience shouts out indistinctly] thank you. I watch the speeches of these people, and they say the sun will rise, the moon will set, all sorts of wonderful things will happen. And people are saying, “What’s going on? I just want a job. Just get me a job. I don’t need the rhetoric. I want a job.” And that’s what’s happening. And it’s going to get worse, because remember, Obamacare really kicks in in ’16, twenty-sixteen. Obama is going to be out playing golf. He might be on one of my courses. I would invite him, I actually would say. I have the best courses in the world, so I’d say, you what, if he wants to—I have one right next to the White House, [applause] right on the Potomac. If he’d like to play, that’s fine. In fact, I’d love him to leave early and play, that would be a very good thing. [audience laughs] But Obamacare kicks in in 2016. Really big league. It is going to be amazingly destructive. Doc- tors are quitting. I have a friend who’s a doctor, and he said to me the other day, “Donald, I never saw anything like it. I have more accountants than I have nurses. It’s a disaster. My patients are beside themselves. They had a plan that was good. They have no plan now.” We have to repeal Obamacare, and it can be—and—and it can be replaced with something much better for everybody. Let it be for everybody. But much better and much less expensive for people and for the government. And we can do it. [applause, audience starts chanting “Trump”] So I’ve watched the politicians. I’ve dealt with them all my life. If you can’t make a good deal with a politician, then there’s something wrong with you. You’re certainly not very good. And that’s what we have representing us. They will never make America great again. They don’t even have a chance. They’re controlled fully— [members of audience shout out indistinctly] they’re controlled fully by the lobbyists, by the donors, and by the special interests, fully. Yes, they control them. Hey, I have lobbyists. I have to tell you. I have lobbyists that can produce anything for me. They’re great. But you know what? It won’t happen. It won’t happen. Because we have to stop doing things for some people, but for this country, it’s destroying our country. We have to stop, and it has to stop now. [members of audience shout out indistinctly, applause] Now, our country needs—our country needs a truly great leader, [members of audience shout out indistinctly] and we need a truly great leader now. We need a leader that wrote “The Art of the Deal.” [applause] We need a leader that can bring back our jobs, can bring back our manufacturing, can bring back our military, can take care of our vets. Our vets have been abandoned. [members of audience shouting “Yes”, applause] And we also need a cheerleader. You know, when President Obama was elected, I said, “Well, the one thing, I think he’ll do well. I think he’ll be a great cheerleader for the country. I think he’d be a great spirit.” He was vibrant. He was young—I really thought that he would be a great cheerleader. [member of audience shouts out “He’s not a leader] He’s not a leader. That’s true. You’re right about that. But he wasn’t a cheerleader. He’s actually a negative force. He’s been a negative force. He wasn’t a cheerleader; he was the opposite. We need somebody that can take the brand of the United States and make it great again. It’s not great again. [big applause] We need—we need somebody—we need somebody that literally will take this country and make it great again. We can do that. [big applause] And, I will tell you, I love my life. I have a wonderful family. They’re saying, “Dad, you’re going to do something that’s gonna be so tough.” You know, all of my life, I’ve heard that a truly successful person, a really, really successful per- son and even modestly successful cannot run for public office. Just can’t happen. And yet that’s the kind of mindset that you need to make this country great again. So ladies and gentlemen... [cheering] I am officially running... [cheering] for president of the United States [applause], and we are going to make our country great again. [big applause] It can happen. Our country has tremendous potential. We have tremendous people. We have people that aren’t working. We have people that have no incentive to work. But they’re going to have incentive to work, because the greatest social program is a job. And they’ll be proud, and they’ll love it, and they’ll make much more money than they would’ve ever made, and they’ll be—they’ll be doing so well, and we’re going to be thriving as a country, thriving. It can happen. [member of the audience shouts out indistinctly.] I will be the greatest jobs president that God ever created. I tell you that. [big applause] I’ll bring back our jobs from China, from Mexico, from Japan, from so many places. I’ll bring back our jobs, and I’ll bring back our money. Appendix IIa - Speech Trump, 16 June 2015 A011A010 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil But all of these politicians that I’m running against now, they’re trying to disassociate. I mean, you looked at Bush, it took him five days to answer the question on Iraq. He couldn’t answer the ques- tion. He didn’t know. I said, “Is he intelligent?” Then I looked at Rubio. He was unable to answer the question, is Iraq a good thing or bad thing? He didn’t know. He couldn’t answer the question. How are these people gonna lead us? How are we gonna—how are we gonna go back and make it great again? We can’t. They don’t have a clue. They can’t lead us. They can’t. They can’t even an- swer simple questions. It was terrible. But Saudi Arabia is in big, big trouble. Now, thanks to fracking and other things, the oil is all over the place. And I used to say it, there are ships at sea, and this was during the worst crisis, that were loaded up with oil, and the cartel kept the price up, because, again, they were smarter than our leaders. They were smarter than our leaders. There is so much wealth out there that can make our country so rich again, and therefore make it great again. Because we need money. We’re dying. We’re dying. We need money. We have to do it. And we need the right people. So Ford will come back. They’ll all come back. And I will say this, this is going to be an election, in my opinion, that’s based on: competence. [Member of the audience: “Yeah!”] Somebody said—thank you, darlin’—Somebody said to me the other day, a reporter, a very nice reporter, “But, Mr. Trump, you’re not a nice person.” [Member of the audience: “We don’t need nice!”] That’s true. But actually I am. I think I am a nice person. People that know me, like me. Does my family like me? I think so, right. Look at my family. I’m proud of my family. By the way, speaking of my family, Melania, Barron, Kai, Donnie, Don, Vanessa, Tiffany, Evanka did a great job. Did she do a great job? Great. Jared, Laura and Eric, I’m very proud of my family. They’re a great family. [big applause] So the reporter said to me the other day, “But, Mr. Trump, you’re not a nice person. How can you get people to vote for you?” I said, “I don’t know.” I said, “I think that number one, I am a nice person. I give a lot of money away to charities and other things. I think I’m actually a very nice person.” But, I said, “This is go- ing to be an election that’s based on competence, because people are tired of these nice people. And they’re tired of being ripped off by everybody in the world. And they’re tired of spending more money on education than any nation in the world per capita, than any nation in the world, and we are 26th in the world, 25 countries are better than us in education. And some of them are like third world countries. But we’re becoming a third word country, because of our infrastructure, our airports, our roads, everything. So one of the things I did, and I said, you know what I’ll do. I’ll do it. Because a lot of people said, “He’ll never run. Number one, he won’t want to give up his lifestyle.”—They’re right about that, but I’m doing it. Number two, I’m a private company, so nobody knows what I’m worth. And the one thing is that when you run, you have to announce and certify to all sorts of governmental authorities your net worth. So I said, “That’s OK.” I’m proud of my net worth. I’ve done an amazing job. I started off— thank you—I started off in a small office with my father in Brooklyn and Queens, and my father said—and I love my father. I learned so much. He was a great negotiator. I learned so much just sit- ting at his feet playing with blocks listening to him negotiate with subcontractors. But I learned a lot. But he used to say, “Donald, don’t go into Manhattan. That’s the big leagues. We don’t know anything about that. Don’t do it.” I said, “I gotta go into Manhattan. I gotta build those big buildings. I gotta do it, Dad. I’ve gotta do it.” And after four or five years in Brooklyn, I ventured into Manhattan and did a lot of great deals— the Grand Hyatt Hotel. I was responsible for the convention center on the west side. I did a lot of great deals, and I did them early and young. And now I’m building all over the world, and I love what I’m doing. But they all said, a lot of the pundits on television, “Well, Donald will never run, and one of the main reasons is he’s private and he’s probably not as successful as everybody thinks.” [member of audience shouts indistinctly] So I said to myself, you know, nobody’s ever going to know unless I run, because I’m really proud of my success. I really am. [applause] I’ve employed—I’ve employed tens of thousands of people over my lifetime. That means medi- cal. That means education. That means everything. So a large accounting firm and my accountants have been working for months, because it’s big and complex, and they’ve put together a statement, a financial statement, just a summary. But every- thing will be filed eventually with the government, and we don’t need extensions or anything. We’ll be filing it right on time. We don’t need anything. And it was even reported incorrectly yesterday, because they said, “He had assets of 9 billion.” So I said, “No, that’s the wrong number. That’s the wrong number. Not assets.” So they put together this. And before I say it, I have to say this. I made it the old-fashioned way. It’s real estate. You know, it’s real estate. It’s labor, and it’s unions good and some bad and lots of people that aren’t in unions, and it’s all over the place and building all over the world. And I have assets—big accounting firm, one of the most highly respected—9 billion 240 million Dollars. [member of audience shouts: “Yeah!”] And I have liabilities of about 500. That’s long-term debt, very low interest rates. In fact, one of the big banks came to me and said, “Donald, you don’t have enough borrowings. Could we loan you 4 billion Dollars”? I said, “I don’t need it. I don’t want it. And I’ve been there. I don’t want it.” But in two seconds, they give me whatever I wanted. So I have a total net worth, and now with the increase, it’ll be well over 10 billion Dollars. But here, a total net worth of—net worth, not assets, Appendix IIa - Speech Trump, 16 June 2015 A013A012 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil not—a net worth, after all debt, after all expenses, the greatest assets—Trump Tower, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, Bank of America building in San Francisco, 40 Wall Street, sometimes referred to as the Trump building right opposite the New York cen—many other places all over the world. So the total is 8,737,540,00 Dollars. Now I’m not doing that... [applause] I’m not doing that to brag, because you know what? I don’t have to brag. I don’t have to, believe it or not. I’m doing that to say that that’s the kind of thinking our country needs. We need that thinking. We have the opposite thinking. We have losers. We have losers. We have people that don’t have it. We have people that are mor- ally corrupt. We have people that are selling this country down the drain. So I put together this statement, and the only reason I’m telling you about it today is because we really do have to get going, because if we have another three or four years—you know, we’re at 18 trillion now. We’re soon going to be at 20 trillion. According to the economists—who I’m not big believers in, but, nevertheless, this is what they’re saying—that 24 trillion—we’re very close—that’s the point of no return. 24 trillion. We will be there soon. That’s when we become Greece. That’s when we become a country that’s unsalvage- able. And we’re gonna be there very soon. We’re gonna be there very soon. [member of audience shouts indistinctly] So, just to sum up, I would do various things very quickly. I would repeal and replace the big lie, Obamacare. [member of audience shouts: “Yeah!”, applause] I would build a great wall, and nobody builds walls better than me, believe me, and I’ll build them very inexpensively, I will build a great, great wall on our southern border. And I will have Mexico pay for that wall. [member of audience shouts: “Yeah!”, applause] Mark my words. Nobody would be tougher on ISIS than Donald Trump. Nobody. [applause] I will find—within our military, I will find the General Patton or I will find General MacArthur, I will find the right guy. I will find the guy that’s going to take that military and make it really work. Nobody, nobody will be pushing us around. [member of audience shouts: “Yeah!”, applause] I will stop Iran from getting nuclear weapons. And we won’t be using a man like Secretary Kerry that has absolutely no concept of negotiation, who’s making a horrible and laughable deal, who’s just being tapped along as they make weapons right now, and then goes into a bicycle race at 72 years old, and falls and breaks his leg. I won’t be doing that. And I promise I will never be in a bicycle race. That I can tell you. [applause] I will immediately terminate President Obama’s illegal executive order on immigration, imme- diately. [applause] Fully support and back up the Second Amendment. [applause] Now, it’s very interesting. Today I heard it. Through stupidity, in a very, very hard core prison, interestingly named Clinton—two vicious murderers, two vicious people escaped, and nobody knows where they are. And a woman was on television this morning, and she said, “You know, Mr. Trump,” and she was telling other people, and I actually called her, and she said, “You know, Mr. Trump, I always was against guns. I didn’t want guns. And now since this happened”— it’s up in the prison area—“my husband and I are finally in agreement, because he wanted the guns. We now have a gun on every table. We’re ready to start shooting.” I said, “Very interesting.” So protect the Second Amendment. [applause] End—end Common Core. Common Core should— [applause] it is a disaster. Bush is totally in favor of Common Core. I don’t see how he can possibly get the nomination. He’s weak on immigra- tion. He’s in favor of Common Core. How the hell can you vote for this guy? You just can’t do it. We have to end education has to be local. Rebuild the country’s infrastructure. [member of audience shouts: “Yeah!”] Nobody can do that like me. Believe me. It will be done on time, on budget, way below cost, way below what anyone ever thought. I look at these roads being built all over the country, and I say I can build those things for one-third. What they do is unbelievable, how bad. You know, we’re building on Pennsylvania Avenue, the Old Post Office, we’re converting it into one of the world’s great hotels. It’s gonna be the best hotel in Washington, D.C. We got it from the General Services Administration in Washington. The Obama administration. We got it. It was the most highly sought after—or one of them, but I think the most highly sought after project in the his- tory of General Services. We got it. People were shocked, Trump got it. Well, I got it for two reasons. Number one, we’re really good. Number two, we had a really good plan. And I’ll add in the third, we had a great financial statement. Because the General Services, who are terrific people, by the way, and talented people, they wanted to do a great job. And they wanted to make sure it got built. So we have to rebuild our infrastructure, our bridges, our roadways, our airports. You come into La Guardia Airport, it’s like we’re in a third world country. You look at the patches and the 40-year- old floor. They throw down asphalt, and they throw—you look at these airports, we are like a third world country. And I come in from China and I come in from Qatar and I come in from different plac- es, and they have the most incredible airports in the world. You come to back to this country and you have LAX, disaster, you have all of these disastrous airports. We have to rebuild our infrastructure. Save Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security without cuts. Have to do it. [applause] Get rid of the fraud. Get rid of the waste and abuse, but save it. People have been paying in for years. And now many of these candidates want to cut it. You save it by making the United States, by making us rich again, by taking back all of the money that’s being lost. Renegotiate our foreign trade deals. Reduce our 18 trillion in debt, because, believe me, we’re in a bubble. We have artificially low interest rates. We have a stock market that, frankly, has been good to me, but I still hate to see what’s happening. We have a stock market that is so bloated. Be careful of a bubble because what you’ve seen in the past might be small potatoes compared to what happens. So be very, very careful. And strengthen our military and take care of our vets. So, so important. [member of audience Appendix IIb - Speech Trump, 7 June 2016 A015A014 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil shouts: “Yeah!”] Sadly, the American dream is dead. [member of audience shouts: “Yeah!” But if I get elected president I will bring it back bigger and better and stronger than ever before, and we will make America great again. Thank you. Thank you very much. [big applause] b. Donald Trump’s speech announcing his victory in the presidential primary elections, as held at the Trump National Golf Club Westchester in Briarcliff Manor, New York, on June 7th2 Wow, thank you very much. I’d like to begin by thanking the people of Montana, South Dakota, New Mexico, New Jersey and California. I’m truly honored by your support. Together, we accomplished what nobody thought was absolutely possible. And you know what that is. We’re only getting started and it’s going to be beautiful. Remember that. Tonight we close one chapter in history and we begin another. Our campaign received more primary votes than any GOP campaign in history. No matter who it is, no matter who they are, we received more votes. This is a great feeling. That’s a great feeling. This is not a testament to me, but a testament to all of the people who believed real change — not Obama change — but real change, is possible. You’ve given me the honor to lead the Republican party to victory this fall. We’re going to do it. We’re going to do it, folks. We’re going to do it. I understand the responsibility of carrying the mantle and I will never, ever let you down. Too much work, too many people, blood, sweat, and tears. Never gonna let you down. I will make you proud of your party and our movement. That’s what it is, a movement. Recent polls have shown that I’m beating Hillary Clinton and with all of her many problems and the tremendous mistakes that she’s made — and she has made tremendous mistakes — we expect our lead to continue to grow and grow substantially. To everyone who voted for me throughout this campaign: I want to thank you. I want to thank you very, very much. To those who voted for someone else, in either party, I’ll work hard to earn your support. And I will work very hard to earn that support. To all of those Bernie Sanders voters who have been left out in the cold by a rigged system of superdelegates, we welcome you with open arms. And by the way, the terrible trade deals that Bernie was so vehemently against — and he’s right on that — will be taken care of far better than anyone ever thought possible. And that’s what I do. We are going to have fantastic trade deals. We’re going to start making money and bringing in jobs. Now, I know some people say I’m too much of a fighter. My preference is always peace, how- ever. And I’ve shown that. I’ve shown that for a long time. I’ve built an extraordinary business on relationships and deals that benefit all parties involved. Always. My goal is always, again, to bring people together. But if I’m forced to fight for something I really care about, I will never, ever back down. And our country will never, ever back down. I’ve fought for my family, I’ve fought for more business, I’ve fought for my employees. And now, I’m going to fight for you, the American people. Like nobody has ever fought before. And I’m not a politician fighting, I’m me. You’re going to see some real good things happen. Just remember this, I’m going to be your champion. 2 Based on Tara Goldshan’s transcript published on Vox (available trough: <http://www.vox.com/2016/6/7/11880448/ donald-trump-victory-speech-transcript>) edited in accordance with Fox News broadcast published on YouTube (avail- able through: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSZxKC343rg>) Appendix IIc - Speech Trump, 8 August 2016 A021A020 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil But here, at our convention, there will be no lies. We will honor the American people with the truth, and nothing else. [applause, audience starts chanting again] These are the facts: Decades of progress made in bringing down crime are now being reversed by this Administra- tion’s rollback of criminal enforcement. Homicides last year increased by 17% in America’s fifty largest cities. That’s the largest increase in 25 years. [audience boos] In our nation’s capital, killings have risen by 50 percent. [audience boos] They are up nearly 60% in nearby Baltimore. In the President’s hometown of Chicago, more than 2,000 have been the victims of shootings this year alone. And almost 4,000 [according to original scrip: more than 3,600] have been killed in the Chicago area since he took office. [audience boos] The number of police officers killed in the line of duty has risen by almost 50% compared to this point last year. Nearly 180,000 illegal immigrants with criminal records, ordered deported from our country, are tonight roaming free to threaten peaceful citizens. [audience boos] The number of new illegal immigrant families who have crossed the border so far this year al- ready exceeds the entire total from 2015. They are being released by the tens of thousands into our communities with no regard for the impact on public safety or resources. [audience chants indistinctly] One such border-crosser was released and made his way to Nebraska. There, he ended the life of an innocent young girl named Sarah Root. She was 21 years-old, and was killed the day after graduating from college with a 4.0 Grade Point Average, number one in her class. Her killer was then released a second time, and he is now a fugitive from the law. I’ve met Sarah’s beautiful family. But to this Administration, their amazing daughter was just one more American life that wasn’t worth protecting. No more! One more child to sacrifice on the order and – on the – of open borders. What about our economy? Again, I will tell you the plain facts that have been edited out of your nightly news and your morning newspaper: Nearly Four in 10 African-American children are living in poverty, while 58% of African American youth are now not employed. 2 million more Latinos are in poverty today than when the President took his oath of office less than eight years ago. Another 14 million people have left the workforce entirely. Household incomes are down more than 4,000 dollars since the year 2000, that’s 16 years ago! Our trade deficit in goods reached nearly – think of this, think of this! – our trade deficit is eight hun- dred billion dollars – think of that! – nearly 800 billion dollars last year alone! We’re gonna fix this! The budget is no better. President Obama has doubled our national debt to more than 19 trillion dollars, and growing. And yet, what do we have to show for it? Our roads and bridges are falling apart, our airports are in Third World condition, and forty-three million Americans are on food stamps. Now let us consider the state of affairs abroad. Not only have our citizens endured domestic disaster, but they have lived through one interna- tional humiliation after another, one after another! We all remember the images of our sailors being forced to their knees by their Iranian captors at gunpoint. [audience boos] This was just prior to the signing of the Iran deal, which gave back to Iran 150 billion dollars and gave us absolutely nothing [audience boos] – it will go down in history as one of the worst deals ever negotiated. Another humiliation came when president Obama drew a red line in Syria – and the whole world knew it meant absolutely nothing. In Libya, our consulate – the symbol of American prestige around the globe – was brought down in flames. America is far less safe – and the world is far less stable – than when Obama made the deci- sion to put Hillary Clinton in charge of America’s foreign policy. [audience boos, applause, audience begins chanting: “lock her up!”] Let’s defeat her in November, okay? [applause] I am certain it was a decision that president Obama truly regrets. Her bad instincts and her bad judgment – something pointed out by Bernie Sanders – are what caused so many of the disasters un- folding today. Let’s review the record. [applause] In 2009, pre-Hillary, ISIS was not even on the map. Libya was stable. Egypt was peaceful. Iraq was seeing – and really a big, big – reduction in violence. Iran was being choked by sanctions. Syria was somewhat under control. After four years of Hillary Clinton, what do we have? ISIS has spread across the region, and the entire world. Libya is in ruins, and our Ambassador and his staff were left helpless to die at the hands of savage killers. Egypt was turned over to the radical Muslim brother- hood, forcing the military to retake control. Iraq is in chaos. Iran is on the path to nuclear weapons. Syria is engulfed in a civil war, and a refugee crisis now threatens the West. After fifteen years of wars in the Middle East, after trillions of dollars spent and thousands of lives lost, the situation is worse than it has ever been before. This is the legacy of Hillary Clinton: death, destruction, terrorism and weakness. [audience boos, applause] But Hillary Clinton’s legacy does not have to be America’s legacy. The problems we face now – poverty and violence at home, war and destruction abroad – will last only as long as we continue relying on the same politicians who created them in the first place. [applause] A change in leadership is required to produce a change in outcomes. Tonight, I will share with you my plan for action for America. The most important difference between our plan and that of our opponents, is that our plan will put America First. [chanting: “U-S-A”] Americanism, not globalism, will be our credo. As long as we are led by politicians who will not put America First, then we can be assured that other nations will not treat America with respect, the respect that we deserve. [applause] Appendix IIc - Speech Trump, 8 August 2016 A023A022 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil The American People will come first once again. My plan will begin with safety at home – which means safe neighborhoods, secure borders, and protection from terrorism. There can be no prosperity without law and order. [big applause] On the economy, I will outline reforms to add millions of new jobs and trillions in new wealth that can be used to rebuild America. A number of these reforms that I will outline tonight will be opposed by some of our nation’s most powerful special interests. That’s because these interests have rigged our political and economic system for their exclusive benefit. Believe me, it’s for their benefit. Big business, elite media and major donors are lining up behind the campaign of my opponent because they know she will keep our rigged system in place. [audience boos] They are throwing money at her because they have total control over every single thing she does. She is their puppet, and they pull the strings. That is why Hillary Clinton’s message is that things will never change. Never ever! [audience laughs] My message is that things have to change – and they have to change right now! [big applause] Every day I wake up determined to deliver a better life for the people all across this nation that have been ignored, neglected and abandoned. I have visited the laid-off factory workers, and the communities crushed by our horrible and unfair trade deals. These are the forgotten men and women of our country. And they are forgotten, but they’re not gonna be forgotten long. [applause] These are people who work hard but no longer have a voice. I am your voice. [big applause, chanting “We want Trump”] I have embraced crying mothers who have lost their children because our politicians put their personal agendas before the national good. I have no patience for injustice. [audience chanting “U-S- A”, then “We want Trump”, while a female protester with a banner is removed from the room]. How great are our police and how great is Cleveland! Thank you. I have no patience for injustice. No tolerance for government incompetence, of which there is so much, no sympathy for leaders who fail their citizens. When innocent people suffer, because our political system lacks the will, or the courage, or the basic decency to enforce our laws – or still worse, has sold out to some corporate lobbyist for cash – I am not able to look the other way, and I won’t look the other way. And when a Secretary of State illegally stores her emails on a private server, deletes 33,000 of them so the authorities can’t see her crime, puts our country at risk, lies about it in every different form and faces no consequence – I know that corruption has reached a level like never ever before in our country! [big applause, chanting] When the FBI Director says that the Secretary of State was “extremely careless” and “negligent,” in handling our classified secrets, I also know that these terms are minor compared to what she actu- ally did. They were just used to save her from facing justice for her terrible, terrible crimes. [booing, applause] In fact, her single greatest accomplishment may be committing such egregious crime and getting away with it – especially when others have paid so dearly. [applause] When that same Secretary of State rakes in millions of dollars trading access and favors to spe- cial interests and foreign powers I know the time for action has come. [applause] I have joined the political arena so that the powerful can no longer beat up on people that cannot defend themselves. Nobody knows the system better than me. [audience laughs] Which is why I alone can fix it. [applause] I have seen firsthand how the system is rigged against our citizens, just like it was rigged against Bernie Sanders – he never had a chance. Never had a chance. But his supporters will join our movement, because we will fix his biggest single issue: trade deals that strip our country of its jobs and strip us of our wealth as a country. [applause] Millions of Democrats will join our movement because we are going to fix the system so it works – and works fairly – for each and every American. In this cause, I am proud to have at my side the next Vice Presi- dent of the United States: Governor Mike Pence of Indiana. [big applause, Pence salutes] And a great guy. We will bring the same economic success to America that Mike brought to Indiana, which is amazing. He is a man of character and accomplishment. He is the man for the job. The first task for our new Administration will be to liberate our citizens from the crime and terrorism and lawlessness that threatens our communities. America was shocked to its core when our police of- ficers in Dallas were brutally executed. Immediately after Dallas, we have seen continued threats and violence against our law enforcement officials. Law officers have been shot or killed in recent days in Georgia, Missouri, Wisconsin, Kansas, Michigan and Tennessee. [booing] On Sunday, more police were gunned down in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Three were killed, and three were very, very badly injured. An attack on law enforcement is an attack on all Americans. [big applause] I have a message to every last person threatening the peace on our streets and the safety of our police: when I take the oath of office next year, I will restore law and order to our country. Believe me, believe me. I will work with, and appoint, the best prosecutors and law enforcement officials in the country to get the job done. In this race for the White House, I am the Law And Order Candidate. [big applause] The irresponsible rhetoric of our President, who has used the pulpit of the presidency to divide us by race and color, has made America a more dangerous environment than frankly I have ever seen and anyone in this room has ever watched or seen. This Administration has failed America’s inner cities. Remember, it has failed America’s inner cities. It’s failed them on education. It’s failed them on jobs. It’s failed them on crime. It’s failed them in every way and on every single level. When I am President, I will work to ensure that all of our kids are treated equally, and protected equally. Every action I take, I will ask myself: does this make life better for young Americans in Bal- timore, in Chicago, in Detroit, in Ferguson who have really, folks, the smae right to live out their Appendix IIc - Speech Trump, 8 August 2016 A025A024 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil dreams as any other child America? Any other child. [applause] To make life safe for all of our citizens, we must also address the growing threats we face from outside the country: we are going to defeat the barbarians of ISIS. And we’re going to defeat them fast. Once again, France is the victim of brutal Islamic terrorism. Men, women and children viciously mowed down. Lives ruined. Families ripped apart. A nation in mourning. The damage and devastation that can be inflicted by Islamic radicals has been proven over and over – at the World Trade Center, at an office party in San Bernardino, at the Boston Marathon, and a military recruiting center in Chattanooga, Tennessee. And many, many other locations. Only weeks ago, in Orlando, Florida, 49 wonderful Americans were savagely murdered by an Islamic terrorist. This time, the terrorist targeted: LGBTQ community. No good. And we’re gonna stop it. [applause, indistinct chanting] As your President, I will do everything in my power to protect our LGBTQ citizens from the violence and oppression of a hateful foreign ideology. Believe me. [indistinct chanting] And I have to say, as a Republican, it is so nice to here you cheering for what I just said. Thank you. [applause] To protect us from terrorism, we need to focus on three things. We must have the best, absolutely the best, gathering of intelligence anywhere in the world. The best. We must abandon the failed policy of nation building and regime change that Hillary Clinton pushed in Iraq, Libya, Egypt and Syria. Instead, we must work with all of our allies who share our goal of destroying ISIS and stamping out Islamic terrorism, and doing it now, doing it quickly, we’re going to win, going to win fast. [applause, indistinct chanting] This includes working with our greatest ally in the region, the State of Israel. [big applause] Recently, I have said that NATO was obsolete. Because it did not properly cover terror. And also that many of the member countries were not paying their fair share. As usually, the United States has been picking up the cost. Shortly thereafter it was announced that NATO will be setting up a new program to combat terror. A new step in the right direction. [applause] Lastly, and very importantly, we must immediately suspend immigration from any nation that has been compromised by terrorism until such time as proven vetting mechanisms have been put in place. We don’t want them in our country! [big applause, chanting “U-S-A”} My opponent has called for a radical 550% increase in Syrian – think of this, think of this! This is not believable, but this is what’s happening, a 550% increase in Syrian refugees on top of existing massive refugee flows coming into our country already under the leadership of President Obama. She proposes this despite the fact that there’s no way to screen these refugees in order to find out who they are or where they come from. I only want to admit individuals into our country who will support our values and love our people. [big applause] Anyone who endorses violence, hatred or oppression is not welcome in our country and never ever will be. [applause] Decades of record immigration have produced lower wages and higher unemployment for our citizens, especially for African-American and Latino workers. We are going to have an immigration system that works, but one that works for the American people. [applause] On Monday, we heard from three parents whose children were killed by illegal immigrants. Mary Ann Mendoza, Sabine Durden, and my friend Jamiel Shaw. They are just three brave repre- sentatives of many thousands who have suffered so greatly. Of all my travels in this country, nothing has affected me more – nothing even close, I have to tell you – than the time I have spent with the mothers and fathers who have lost their children to violence spilling across our borders, which we can solve! We have to solve it! [applause, chanting] These families have no special interests to represent them. There are no demonstrators to protect them, and certainly none to protest on their behalf. My opponent will never meet with them, or share in their pai, believe me. Instead, my opponent wants Sanctuary Cities. [booing] But where was sanc- tuary for Kate Steinle? [applause] Where was the Sanctuary for the children of Mary Ann, Sabine and Jamiel? Where was the sanctuary for all the other – ah, it’s so sad to even be talking about it, ‘cause we could solve this problem so quickly – where was the sanctuary for all of the other Americans who have been so brutally murdered, and who have been suffering so, so horribly? These wounded Ameri- can families have been alone. But they are not alone any longer. [applause chanting] Tonight, this candidate and the whole nation stand in their corner to support them, to send them our love, and to pledge in their honor that we will save countless more families from suffering and the same awful fate. We are going to build a great border wall to stop illegal immigration [applause], to stop the gangs and the violence, and to stop the drugs from pouring into our communities. [applause] I have been honored to receive the endorsement of America’s Border Patrol Agents, and will work directly with them to protect the integrity of our lawful, lawful, lawful immigration system, lawful. By ending catch-and-release on the border, we will stop the cycle of human smuggling and violence. Illegal border crossings will go down. We will stop it It won’t be happening very much any more, believe me. [applause] Peace will be restored. By enforcing the rules for the millions who overstay their visas, our laws will finally receive the respect they deserve. Tonight, I want every American whose demands for immigration security have been denied – and every politician who has denied them – to listen very, very closely to the words I am about to say. On January 20th of 2017, the day after I take the oath of office, [applause] Americans will finally wake up in a country where the laws of the United States are enforced. [applause] We are going to be considerate and compassionate to everyone. But my greatest compassion will be for our own strug- gling citizens. [applause, chanting “U-S-A”] [Trump joins in chanting “U-S-A”] My plan is the exact opposite of the radical and dangerous immigration policy of Hillary Clinton. Americans want relief from uncontrolled immigration, which is what we have now. Communities Appendix IIIa - Speech Clinton, 13 June 2015 A031A030 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix III. Speeches by US Democratic Party presidential nominee Hillary Clinton a. Hillary Clinton’s speech launching her campaign for the nomination to the presidential elections 2016, as held on Roosevelt Island, New York, on Tuesday, June 13th, 2015.4 Thank you so very, very much. It is wonderful to be here with all of you. To be in New York with my family, with so many friends, including so many New Yorkers who gave me the honor of serving them in the Senate for eight years. To be right across the water from the headquarters of the United Nations, where I represented our country many times. To be here in this beautiful park dedicated to Franklin Roosevelt’s enduring vision of America, the nation we want to be. And in a place with absolutely no ceilings. You know, President Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation’s unmatched aspi- rations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad. His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed. One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama, and another is my husband, Bill Clinton. Two Democrats guided by the — Oh, that will make him so happy. They were and are two Democrats guided by the fundamental American belief that real and lasting prosperity must be built by all and shared by all. President Roosevelt called on every American to do his or her part, and every American an- swered. He said there’s no mystery about what it takes to build a strong and prosperous America: “Equality of opportunity… Jobs for those who can work… Security for those who need it… The end- ing of special privilege for the few… [applause] The preservation of civil liberties for all… a wider and constantly rising standard of living.” That still sounds good to me. It’s America’s basic bargain. If you do your part you ought to be able to get ahead. And when everybody does their part, America gets ahead too. That bargain inspired generations of families, including my own. It’s what kept my grandfather going to work in the same Scranton lace mill every day for 50 years. It’s what led my father to believe that if he scrimped and saved, his small business printing dra- pery fabric in Chicago could provide us with a middle-class life. And it did. When President Clinton honored the bargain, we had the longest peacetime expansion in history, a balanced budget, and the first time in decades we all grew together, with the bottom 20 percent of 4 Based on Sam Frizell’s transcript published by Time (available through: <http://time.com/3920332/transcript-full- text-hillary-clinton-campaign-launch/>), edited in accordance with the video recording published by Hillary Clinton on YouTube (available through: < https://youtu.be/-i8vdM15K6c>). workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 percent. When President Obama honored the bargain, we pulled back from the brink of Depression, saved the auto industry, provided health care to 16 million working people, and replaced the jobs we lost faster than the historical average after a financial crash. But, it’s not 1941, or 1993, or even 2009. We face new challenges in our economy and our de- mocracy. We’re still working our way back from a crisis that happened because time-tested values were replaced by false promises. Instead of an economy built by every American, for every American, we were told that if we let those at the top pay lower taxes and bend the rules, their success would trickle down to everyone else. [booing] What happened? Well, instead of a balanced budget with surpluses that could have eventually paid off our national debt, the Republicans twice cut taxes for the wealthiest, borrowed money from other countries to pay for two wars, and family incomes dropped. You know where we ended up. Except it wasn’t the end. As we have since our founding, Americans made a new beginning. You worked extra shifts, took second jobs, postponed home repairs… you figured out how to make it work. And now people are beginning to think about their future again – going to college, start- ing a business, buying a house, finally being able to put away something for retirement. So we’re standing again. But, we all know we’re not yet running the way America should. You see corporations making record profits, with CEOs making record pay, but your paychecks have barely budged. While many of you are working multiple jobs to make ends meet, you see the top 25 hedge fund managers making more than all of America’s kindergarten teachers combined. And, often paying a lower tax rate. [booing] So, you have to wonder: “When does my hard work pay off? When does my family get ahead?” “When?” I say now. [cheering] Prosperity can’t be just for CEOs and hedge fund managers. Democracy can’t be just for billionaires and corporations. [cheering] Prosperity and democracy are part of your basic bargain too. You brought our country back. Now it’s time — your time to secure the gains and move ahead. Appendix IIIa - Speech Clinton, 13 June 2015 A033A032 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil And, you know what? America can’t succeed unless you succeed. [applause] That is why I am running for President of the United States. [big applause and cheering, audience chanting “Hillary”] Here, on Roosevelt Island, I believe we have a continuing rendezvous with destiny. Each Ameri- can and the country we cherish. I’m running to make our economy work for you and for every American. For the successful and the struggling. For the innovators and inventors. For those breaking barriers in technology and discovering cures for diseases. For the factory workers and food servers who stand on their feet all day. [cheering] For the nurses who work the night shift. [cheering] For the truckers who drive for hours and the farmers who feed us. [cheering] For the veterans who served our country. [cheering] For the small business owners who took a risk. For everyone who’s ever been knocked down, but refused to be knocked out. [cheering] I–I’m not running for some Americans, but for all Americans. [cheering] Our country’s challenges didn’t begin with the Great Recession and they won’t end with the recovery. For decades, Americans have been buffeted by powerful currents. Advances in technology and the rise of global trade have created whole new areas of economic activity and opened new markets for our exports, but they have also displaced jobs and undercut wages for millions of Americans. The financial industry and many multi-national corporations have created huge wealth for a few by focusing too much on short-term profit and too little on long-term value… too much on complex trading schemes and stock buybacks, too little on investments in new businesses, jobs, and fair com- pensation. [cheering] Our political system is so paralyzed by gridlock and dysfunction that most Americans have lost confidence that anything can actually get done. And they’ve lost trust in the ability of both govern- ment and Big Business to change course. Now, we can blame historic forces beyond our control for some of this, but the choices we’ve made as a nation, leaders and citizens alike, have also played a big role. Our next President must work with Congress and every other willing partner across our entire country. And I will do just that [cheering, applause] …to turn the tide so these currents start working for us more than against us. At our best, that’s what Americans do. We’re problem solvers, not deniers. We don’t hide from change, we harness it. But we can’t do that if we go back to the top-down economic policies that failed us before. Americans have come too far to see our progress ripped away. Now, there may be some new voices in the presidential Republican choir [audience laughing, booing], but they’re all singing the same old song… A song called “Yesterday.” [applause] You know the one — all our troubles look as though they’re here to stay… [audience laughing] and we need a place to hide away… They believe in yesterday. And you’re lucky I didn’t try singing that, too, I’ll tell you! [cheering] These Republicans trip over themselves promising lower taxes for the wealthy and fewer rules for the biggest corporations without regard for how that will make income inequality even worse. We’ve heard this tune before. And we know how it turns out. Ask many of these candidates about climate change, one of the defining threats of our time, [ap- plause] and they’ll say: “I’m not a scientist.” [audience laughing] Well, then, why don’t they start listening to those who are? [applause] They pledge to wipe out tough rules on Wall Street, rather than rein in the banks that are still too risky, courting future failures. In a case that can only be considered mass amnesia. They want to take away health insurance from more than 16 million Americans without offering any credible alternative. [booing] They shame and blame women, rather than respect our right to make our own reproductive health decisions. [big applause] They want to put immigrants, who work hard and pay taxes, at risk of deportation. [booing] And they turn their backs on gay people who love each other. [big applause, cheering] Fundamentally, they reject what it takes to build an inclusive economy. It takes an inclusive so- ciety. What I once called “a village” [shouting: yeah] that has a place for everyone. Now, my values and a lifetime of experiences have given me a different vision for America. I believe that success isn’t measured by how much the wealthiest Americans have, but by how many children climb out of poverty… [big applause] How many start-ups and small businesses open and thrive… How many young people go to college without drowning in debt… [cheering, applause How many people find a good job, how many families get ahead and stay ahead. I didn’t learn this from politics. I learned it from my own family. My mother taught me that everybody needs a chance and a champion. She knew what it was like Appendix IIIa - Speech Clinton, 13 June 2015 A035A034 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil not to have either one. Her own parents abandoned her, and by 14 she was out on her own, working as a housemaid. Years later, when I was old enough to understand, I asked what kept her going. You know what her answer was? Something very simple: Kindness from someone who believed she mattered. The 1st grade teacher who saw she had nothing to eat at lunch and, without embarrassing her, brought extra food to share. The woman whose house she cleaned letting her go to high school so long as her work got done. That was a bargain she leapt to accept. And, because some people believed in her, she believed in me. That’s why [cheering, applause] …I believe with all my heart in America and in the potential of every American. To meet every challenge. To be resilient, no matter what the world throws at you, to solve the toughest problems. I believe we can do all these things because I’ve seen it happen. As a young girl, I signed up at my Methodist Church to babysit the children of Mexican farm- workers, while their parents worked in the fields on the weekends. And later, as a law student, I advo- cated for Congress to require better working and living conditions for farm workers whose children deserved better opportunities. [applause] My first job out of law school was for the Children’s Defense Fund. [cheering, applause] I walked door-to-door to find out how many children with disabilities couldn’t go to school, and to help build the case for a law guaranteeing them access to education. [applause] As a leader of the Legal Services Corporation, I defended the right of poor people to have a law- yer. And saw lives changed because an abusive marriage ended or an illegal eviction stopped. In Arkansas, I supervised law students who represented clients in courts and prisons, organized scholarships for single parents going to college, led efforts for better schools and health care, and personally knew the people whose lives were improved. As Senator, I had the honor of representing brave firefighters, police officers, EMTs, construction workers, and volunteers [applause] who ran toward danger on 9/11 and stayed there, becoming sick themselves. It took years of effort, but Congress finally approved the health care they needed. There are so many faces and stories that I carry with me of people who gave their best and then needed help themselves. Just weeks ago, I met another person like that, a single mom juggling a job and classes at com- munity college, while raising three kids. She doesn’t expect anything to come easy. But she did ask me: What more can be done so it isn’t quite so hard for families like hers? I want to be her champion and your champion. [applause] If you’ll give me the chance, I’ll wage and win Four Fights for you. The first is to make the economy work for everyday Americans, not just those at the top. [ap- plause] To make the middle class mean something again, with rising incomes and broader horizons. And to give the poor a chance to work their way into it. [applause] The middle class needs more growth and more fairness. Growth and fairness go together. For lasting prosperity, you can’t have one without the other. Is this possible in today’s world? [shouting: yes] I believe it is or I wouldn’t be standing here. [cheering, applause] Do I think it will be easy? Of course not. But, here’s the good news: There are allies for change everywhere who know we can’t stand by while inequality increases, wages stagnate, and the promise of America dims. We should welcome the support of all Americans who want to go forward together with us. [cheering, applause] There are public officials who know Americans need a better deal. Business leaders who want higher pay for employees, equal pay for women [big applause] and no discrimination against the LGBT community either. [big applause] There are leaders of finance who want less short-term trading and more long-term investing. There are union leaders who are investing their own pension funds in putting people to work to build tomorrow’s economy. We need everyone to come to the table and work with us. In the coming weeks, I’ll propose specific policies: To reward businesses who invest in long term value rather than the quick buck – because that leads to higher growth for the economy, higher wages for workers, and yes, bigger profits, everybody will have a better time. I will rewrite the tax code so it rewards hard work and investments here at home, not quick trades or stashing profits overseas. [small applause] I will give new incentives to companies that give their employees a fair share of the profits their hard work earns. [applause] We will unleash a new generation of entrepreneurs and small business owners by providing tax relief, cutting red tape, and making it easier to get a small business loan. We will restore America to the cutting edge of innovation, science, and research by increasing both public and private investments. [cheering, applause] And we will make America the clean energy superpower of the 21st century. [cheering, applause] Appendix IIIa - Speech Clinton, 13 June 2015 A041A040 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil dent in the history of the United States! [extensive cheering] And — and the first grandmother as well. And one additional advantage: You won’t see my hair turn white in the White House. I’ve been coloring it for years! [cheering] So I’m looking forward to a great debate among Democrats, Republicans, and Independents. I’m not running to be a President only for those Americans who already agree with me. I want to be a President for all Americans. And along the way, I’ll just let you in on this little… secret. I won’t get everything right. Lord knows I’ve made my share of mistakes. Well, there’s no shortage of people pointing them out, erm… [audience laughing] And I certainly haven’t won every battle I’ve fought. But leadership means perseverance and hard choices. You have to push through the setbacks and disappointments and keep at it. I think you know by now that I’ve been called many things by many people [audience laughing] — “quitter” is not one of them. [cheering] Like so much else in my life, I got this from my mother. When I was a girl, she never let me back down from any bully or barrier. In her later years, Mom lived with us, and she was still teaching me the same lessons. I’d come home from a hard day at the Senate or the State Department, sit down with her at the small table in our breakfast nook, and just let everything pour out. And she would remind me why we keep fighting, even when the odds are long and the opposition is fierce. I can still hear her saying: “Life’s not about what happens to you, it’s about what you do with what happens to you – so get back out there.” [applause] She lived to be 92 years old, and I often think about all the battles she witnessed over the course of the last century — all the progress that was won because Americans refused to give up or back down. She was born on June 4, 1919 — before women in America had the right to vote. But on that very day, after years of struggle, Congress passed the Constitutional Amendment that would change that forever. The story of America is a story of hard-fought, hard-won progress. And it continues to- day. New chapters are being written by men and women who believe that all of us — not just some, but all — should have the chance to live up to our God-given potential. Not only because we’re a tolerant country, or a generous country, or a compassionate country, but because we’re a better, stronger, more prosperous country when we harness the talent, hard work, and ingenuity of every single American. I wish my mother could have been with us longer. I wish she could have seen Chelsea become a mother herself. I wish she could have met Charlotte. I wish she could have seen the America we’re going to build together. [small applause] An America, where if you do your part, you reap the rewards. Where we don’t leave anyone out, or anyone behind. An America where a father can tell his daughter: yes, you can be anything you want to be. Even President of the United States. [big applause] Thank you all. God bless you. And may God bless America. Appendix IIIb - Speech Clinton, 7 June 2016 A043A042 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil b. Hillary Clinton’s speech announcing her victory in the presidential primary elections, as held on June 7th 2016, in Brooklyn, New York5 It’s wonderful to be back in Brooklyn here in this beautiful building. [applause] It may be hard to see tonight, but we’re all standing under a glass ceiling right now. [big applause] But don’t worry. We’re not smashing this one. Thanks to you, we’ve reached a milestone. The first time in our nation’s history that a woman will be a major party’s nominee. [inaudible due to big applause] Tonigh... Tonight’s victory is not about one person. It belongs to generations of women and men who struggled and sacrificed and made this moment possible. In our country, it started right here in New York, a place called Seneca Falls in [applause] 1848, when a small but determined group of women and men came together with the idea that women deserved equal rights, and they set it forth in something called the Declaration of Sentiments, and it was first time in human history that that kind of declaration occurred. So we all owe so much to those who came before, and tonight belongs to all of you. [big applause] I want to-... I wanna thank all the volunteers, community leaders [applause], the activists and or- ganizers who supported our campaign in every state and territory. And thanks especially to our friends in New Jersey [applause] for such a resounding victory tonight. Thanks for talking to your neighbors, for making contributions. Your efforts have produced a strong majority of the popular vote and vic- tories in a majority of the contests and, after tonight, a majority of pledged delegates. [big applause] I want to thank all the people across our country who have taken the time to talk with me. I learned a lot about you. And I’ve learned about those persistent problems and the unfinished promise of America that you’re living with. So many of you feel like you’re out there on your own, that no one has your back. Well, I do. [applause] I hear you. I see you... And as your president, I will always have your back. [applause] I want to congratulate Senator Sanders for the extraordinary campaign he has run. [big applause] He has spent his long career in public service fighting for progressive causes and principles and he’s excited millions of voters, especially young people. And let there be no mistake: Senator Sanders, his campaign, and the vigorous debate that we’ve had about how to raise incomes, reduce inequality, and increase upward mobility, have been very good for the Democratic Party and for America. [applause] This has been a hard fought, deeply felt campaign. But whether you supported me or Senator Sanders or one of the Republicans, we all need to keep working [member of audience shouts indis- tinctly] toward a better, stronger America. Now I know it never feels good to put your heart into a cause or a candidate you believe in and to come up short. I know that feeling well. [audienc laughs, applause] But as we look ahead to the battle that awaits, let’s remember all that unites us. We all want an 5 Based on Tara Goldshan’s transcript published on Vox (available through: <http://www.vox.com/2016/6/8/11880172/ hillary-clinton-historic-victory-speech>) edited in accordance with Fox News broadcast, online on YouTube (https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-PzhOqo2BM) economy with more opportunity and less inequality, where Wall Street can never wreck Main Street again. We all want a government that listens to the people, not the power brokers, which means get- ting unaccountable money out of politics. [applause] And we all want a society that is tolerant, inclu- sive, and fair. We all believe that America succeeds when more people share in our prosperity. When more peo- ple have a voice in our political system. When more people can contribute to their communities. We believe that cooperation is better than conflict, unity is better division, empowerment is better than resentment and bridges are better than walls. [big applause] It’s a– ...it’s a simple but powerful idea: we believe that we are stronger together. And the stakes in this election are high, and the choice is clear: Donald Trump is temperamental- ly unfit to be president and commander in chief! [big applause] Not just trying to build a wall between America and Mexico, he’s trying to wall off Americans from each other. When he says “let’s make America great again”, that is code for “let’s take America backwards.” [applause] Back to a time when opportunity and dignity we reserved for some not all. Promising his sup- porters an economy he cannot re-create. We however, we want to write the next chapter in American greatness. With a twenty-first century prosperity that lifts everyone who has been left out and left behind including those who may not vote for us but who deserve their chance to make a new begin- ning. [big applause] When Donald Trump says a distinguished judge born in Indiana can’t do his job [booing] be- cause of his Mexican heritage or he mocks a reporter with disabilities [booing] or calls women pigs [booing], it goes against everything we stand for. Because we want an America where everyone is treated with respect and where their work is valued. [applause] It’s clear that Donald Trump doesn’t believe we are stronger together; he has abused his opponents and their families, he has attacked the press for asking tough questions; denigrated Muslims and immigrants. He wants to win by stoking fear and rubbing salt in wounds. And reminding us daily just how great he is. [audience aughs, ap- plause] Well, we believe we should lift each other up, not tear each other down. [applause] We believe we need to give Americans a raise, not complain that hardworking people’s wages are too high. We believe we need to help young people struggling with student debt, not pile more on our national debt with giveaways to the super wealthy. [applause] We believe we need to make America the clean en- ergy superpower of the 21st century, [applause] not insist that climate change is a hoax. To be great, we can’t be small. We have to be as big as the values that define America. And we are a big-hearted, fair-minded country. We teach our children that this is one nation under God, indi- visible, with liberty and justice for all. [big applause] Not just for people who look a certain way or worship a certain way or love a certain way. For all; indivisible. [applause] This election is not, however, about the same old fights between Democrats and Republicans. This election is different. It really is about who we are as a nation. It’s about millions of Americans coming together. We are better than this. [applause] We won’t let this happen in America. And if you Appendix IIIc - Speech Clinton, 29 July 2016 A045A044 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil agree, whether you’re a Democrat, Republican, or independent, I hope you will join us in just a few weeks. We will meet in Philadelphia, [applause] which gave birth to our nation back in that hot sum- mer of 1776. Those early patriots knew they would all rise or fall together. Well, today that’s more true than ever. Our campaign will take the message to every corner of our country. We’re stronger when our economy works for everyone, not just those at the top. With good paying jobs and good schools in every zip code and a real commitment to all families and all regions of our nation. [applause] We are stronger when we work with our allies around the world to keep us safe; and we’re stronger when we respect each other, listen to each other, and act with a sense of common purpose. [applause] We’re stronger when every family and every community knows they’re not on their own. Because we are in this together. It really does take a village to raise a child. [applause] And to build a stronger future for us all. I learned this a long time ago from the biggest influence in my life, my mother. She was the rock from the day I was born until the day she left us. She overcame a childhood marked by abandonment and mistreatment and somehow managed not to become bitter or broken. My mother believed that life is about serving others. And she taught me never to back down from a bully, which it turns out was pretty good advice. [applause] This past Saturday would have been her 97th birthday; because she was born on June 4th, 1919, and some of you may know the significance of that date. On the very day my mother was born in Chicago, Congress was passing the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. [applause] That amendment finally gave women the right to vote. And [applause]… I really wish my mother could be here tonight. I wish she could see what a wonderful mother Chelsea has become and could meet our beautiful granddaughter Charlotte and, of course, I wish she could see her daughter become the Democratic Party’s nominee. [big applause] So yes... Yes, there are still ceilings to break for women and men for all of us. But don’t let any- one tell you that great things can’t happen in America. Barriers can come down. Justice and equality can win. Our history has moved in that direction, slowly at times, but unmistakably. Thanks to gen- erations of Americans who refuse to give up or back down. Now you are writing a new chapter of that story. This campaign is about making sure there are no ceilings, no limits on any of us, and this is our moment to come together. So please, join our cam- paign, volunteer, go to hillaryclinton.com. Contribute what you can. [applause] Text Join to 47246. Help us organize in all 50 states. [applause] Every phone call you make, every door you knock on will move us forward. Now I’m going to take a moment later tonight and in the days ahead to fully absorb the history we’ve made here. [applause] But what I care about most is the history our country has yet to write. Our children and grandchildren will look back at this time, at the choices that we’re about to make, the goals we will strive for, the principles we will live by. And we need to make sure that they can be proud of us. The end of the primaries is only the beginning of the work we’re called to do. But if we stand together, we will rise together – because we are stronger together. Let’s go out and make that case to America. Thank you! God bless you and bless America! [big applause] c. Hillary Clinton’s speech accepting her nomination as the Democratic Party’s candidate for US presidential elections, as held on July 29th 2016, at the Democratic National convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania6 Thank you! Thank you all very, very much! Thank you for that amazing welcome. Thank you all for the great convention that we’ve had. And Chelsea, thank you. I’m so proud to be your mother and so proud of the woman you’ve be- come. Thank you for bringing Marc into our family, and Charlotte and Aidan into the world. And Bill, that conversation we started in the law library 45 years ago, it is still going strong. [au- dience starts chanting: “Hillary”] …You know that conversation has lasted through good times that filled us with joy, and hard times that tested us. And I’ve even gotten a few words in along the way. On Tuesday night, I was so happy to see that my Explainer-in-Chief is still on the job. I’m also grate- ful to the rest of my family and the friends of a lifetime. For all of you whose hard work brought us here tonight. And to those of you who joined this campaign this week, thank you. What a remarkable week it’s been. [applause] We heard the man from Hope, Bill Clinton. And the man of hope, Barack Obama. [applause] America is stronger because of President Obama’s leadership, and I’m better because of his friend- ship. [applause] We heard from our terrific vice president, the one-and-only Joe Biden. [applause] He spoke from his big heart about our party’s commitment to working people, as only he can do. And First Lady Michelle Obama reminded us [applause] …that our children are watching, and the president we elect is going to be their president, too. And for those of you out there who are just getting to know Tim Kaine [applause] – you will soon understand why the people of Virginia keep promoting him: from city council and mayor, to Gover- nor, and now Senator. And he will make the whole country proud as our Vice President. [applause] And I want to thank Bernie Sanders. [big applause, audience starts chanting: “Bernie”] Bernie, your campaign inspired millions of Americans, particularly the young people who threw their hearts and souls into our primary. You’ve put economic and social justice issues front and center, where they belong. [applause] And to all of your supporters here and around the country: I want you to know, I’ve heard you. Your cause is our cause. [applause] Our country needs your ideas, energy, and passion. That is the only way we can turn our progressive platform into real change for America. [applause] We wrote it together – now let’s go out and make it happen together. [applause] My friends, we’ve come to Philadelphia – the birthplace of our nation – because what happened in this city 240 years ago still has something to teach us today. We all know the story. But we usually focus on how it turned out — and not enough on how close 6 Based on transcript published by the Los Angeles Times (available through: <http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na- pol-hillary-clinton-convention-speech-transcript-20160728-snap-htmlstory.html>) edited in accordance with PBS News- Hour video recording published on YouTube (available through: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnXiy4D_I8g>). Appendix IIIc - Speech Clinton, 29 July 2016 A051A050 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil saving us from the worst economic crisis of our lifetimes. [big applause] Our economy is so much stronger than when they took office. Nearly 15 million new private- sector jobs. Twenty million more Americans with health insurance. And an auto industry that just had its best year ever. [applause] Now that’s real progress but none of us can be satisfied with the status quo. Not by a long shot. We’re still facing deep-seated problems that developed long before the reces- sion and stayed with us through the recovery. I’ve gone around the country talking to working families. And I’ve heard from many who feel like the economy sure isn’t working for them. Some of you are frustrated, even furious. And you know what? Your’re right. It’s not yet working the way it should. Americans are willing to work and work hard. But right now, an awful lot of people feel there is less and less respect for the work they do. And less respect for them, period. Democrats, we are the party of working people. [applause] But we haven’t done a good enough job showing we get what you’re going through, and we’re going to do something to help. So I want to tell you tonight how we will empower Americans to live better lives. My primary mission as president will be to create more opportunity and more good jobs with ris- ing wages right here in the United States. [applause] From my first day in office to my last. Especially in places that for too long have been left out and left behind. From our inner cities to our small towns, from Indian Country to Coal Country. [applause] From communities ravaged by addiction to regions hollowed out by plant closures. And here’s what I believe. I believe America thrives when the middle class thrives. I believe our economy isn’t working the way it should because our democracy isn’t working the way it should. [big applause] That’s why we need to appoint Supreme Court justices who [applause] will get money out of politics and expand voting rights, not restrict them. And… if necessary we will pass a constitutional amendment to overturn Citizens United. [big applause] I believe American corporations that have gotten so much from our country should be just as patriotic in return. Many of them are. But too many aren’t. It’s wrong to take tax breaks with one hand and give out pink slips with the other. [applause] And I believe Wall Street can never, ever be allowed to wreck Main Street again. [applause] And I believe in science. [applause] I believe climate change is real and that we can save our planet while creating millions of good-paying clean energy jobs. [applause] I believe that when we have millions of hardworking immigrants contributing to our economy, it would be self-defeating and inhumane to try to kick them out. [applause] Comprehensive immigration reform will grow our economy and keep families together — and it’s the right thing to do. [applause] So whatever party you belong to, or if you belong to no party at all, if you share these beliefs, this is your campaign. [applause] If you believe that companies should share profits, not pad executive bonuses, join us. If you believe the minimum wage should be a living wage and no one working full time should have to raise their children in poverty, join us. [applause] If you believe that every man, woman, and child in America has the right to affordable health care, join us. [applause] If you believe that we should say “no” to unfair trade deals, that we should stand up to China, that we should support our steelworkers and autoworkers and homegrown manufacturers then join us. If you believe we should expand Social Security and protect a woman’s right to make her own health care decisions, then join us. [big applause] And yes, if you believe that your working mother, wife, sister, or daughter deserves equal pay, join us. [applause] That’s how we’re going to make sure this economy works for everyone, not just those at the top. Now-, you didn’t hear any of this — did you — from Donald Trump at his convention. [audience boos] He spoke for 70-odd minutes – and I do mean odd. [audience laughs, applause] And he offered zero solutions. But we already know he doesn’t believe these things. No wonder he doesn’t like talking about his plans. You might have noticed, I love talking about mine. [audience laughs] In my first 100 days, we will work with both parties to pass the biggest investment in new, good- paying jobs since World War II. [applause] Jobs in manufacturing, clean energy, technology and in- novation, small business, and infrastructure. If we invest in infrastructure now, we’ll not only create jobs today, but lay the foundation for the jobs of the future. And we will also transform the way we prepare our young people for those jobs. Bernie Sanders and I will work together to make college tuition-free for the middle class and debt-free for all! [applause] We will also — we will also — liberate millions of people who already have student debt. [applause] It’s just not right that Donald Trump can ignore his debts and students and families can’t refi- nance their debts. [applause] And something we don’t say often enough: Sure college is crucial, but a four-year degree should not be the only path to a good job. [applause] We will help more people learn a skill or practice a trade and make a good living doing it. [ap- plause] We will give small businesses, like my dad’s, a boost, make it easier to get credit. Way too many dreams die in the parking lots of banks. In America, if you can dream it, you should be able to build it. [applause] And we will help you balance family and work. And you know what, if fighting for affordable child care and paid family leave is playing the “woman card,” then deal me in! [audience joins in finishing sentence, applause, audience starts chanting: “Hillary”] Now- now, here’s the other thing. Now we’re not only, we’re not only going to make all these Appendix IIIc - Speech Clinton, 29 July 2016 A053A052 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil investments, we’re going to pay for every single one of them. And here’s how: Wall Street, corpora- tions, and the super-rich are going to start paying their fair share of taxes. [applause] This is — this is not because we resent success. But when more than 90 percent of the gains have gone to the top one percent, ten that’s where the money is. And we are going to follow the money. [ap- plause] And if companies take tax breaks and then ship jobs overseas, we’ll make them pay us back. And we’ll put that money to work where it belongs: creating jobs here at home! Now – I imagine some that some of you are sitting at home thinking, well that all sounds pretty good, but how are you going to get it done? How are you going [audience starts chanting: “Hillary”] to break through the gridlock in Washington? Well, look at my record. I’ve worked across the aisle to pass laws and treaties and to launch new programs that help millions of people. And if you give me the chance, that’s exactly what I’ll do as president. But then — but then I also imagine people are thinking there, but Trump, he’s a businessman. He must know something about the economy. Well, let’s take a closer look, shall we? In Atlantic City, 60 miles from here, you will find con- tractors and small businesses, who lost everything, because Donald Trump refused to pay his bills. [booing] Now remember what the President said last night — don’t boo, vote. [applause] But think of this. People who did the work and needed the money, not because he couldn’t pay them, but because he wouldn’t pay them. He just stiffed them. And you know that sales pitch he’s making to be your president? Put your faith in him – and you’ll win big? That’s the same sales pitch he made to all those small businesses. Then Trump walked away, and left working people holding the bag. He also talks a big game about putting America first. Well please explain what part of America First leads him to make Trump ties in China, not Colorado. [applause] Trump suits in Mexico, not Michigan. Trump furniture in Turkey, not Ohio. Trump picture frames in India, not Wisconsin. Donald Trump says he wants to make America great again – well, he could start by actually mak- ing things in America again. [big applause] Now, the choice we face in this election is just as stark when it comes to our national security. [audience chanting: “Hillary”] You know, anyone — anyone reading the news can see the threats and turbulence we face. From Baghdad and Kabul, to Nice and Paris and Brussels, from San Bernardino to Orlando, we’re dealing with determined enemies that must be defeated. So it’s no wonder that people are anxious and looking for reassurance. Looking for steady leadership. Wanting a leader who under- stands we are stronger when we work with our allies around the world and care for our veterans here at home. [applause] Keeping our nation safe and honoring the people who do that work will be my highest priority. I’m proud that we put a lid on Iran’s nuclear program without firing a single shot. [applause] Now we have to enforce it, and we must keep supporting Israel’s security. [applause] I’m proud that [audience starts chanting: “Hillary”] we shaped a global climate agreement – now we have to hold every country accountable to their commitments, including ourselves And I’m proud to stand by our allies in NATO against any threat they face, including from Rus- sia. [applause] I’ve laid out my strategy for defeating ISIS. We will strike their sanctuaries from the air, and sup- port local forces taking them out on the ground. We will surge our intelligence so that we detect and prevent attacks before they happen. We will disrupt their efforts online to reach and radicalize young people in our country. It won’t be easy or quick, but make no mistake – we will prevail. Now Donald Trump, Donald Trump says, and this is a quote, “I know more about ISIS than the generals do....” No, Donald, you don’t. [big applause] He thinks that he knows more than our military because he claimed our armed forces are “a disaster.” [booing] Well, I’ve had the privilege to work closely with our troops and our veterans for many years, including as a Senator on the Armed Services Committee. And I know how wrong he is. Our military is a national treasure. We entrust our commander-in-chief to make the hardest deci- sions our nation faces. Decisions about war and peace. Life and death. A president should respect the men and women who risk their lives to serve our country [applause] – including Captain Khan and the sons of Tim Kaine and Mike Pence, both Marines. So just ask yourself: Do you really think Donald Trump has the temperament to be commander- in-chief? [audience shouting: “no”] Donald Trump can’t even handle the rough-and-tumble of a presi- dential campaign. He loses his cool at the slightest provocation — when he’s gotten a tough question from a reporter, when he’s challenged in a debate, when he sees a protestor at a rally. Imagine, if you dare imagine, imagine him in the Oval Office facing a real crisis. A man you can bait with a tweet is not a man we can trust with nuclear weapons. [applause] I can’t put it any better than Jackie Kennedy did after the Cuban Missile Crisis. She said that what worried President Kennedy during that very dangerous time was that a war might be started – not by big men with self-control and restraint, but by little men – the ones moved by fear and pride. [applause] America’s strength doesn’t come from lashing out. It relies on smarts, judgment, cool resolve, and the precise and strategic application of power. That’s the kind of commander-in-chief I pledge to be. [applause] And if we’re serious about keeping our country safe, we also can’t afford to have a President who’s in the pocket of the gun lobby. [applause] I’m not here to repeal the 2nd Amendment. I’m not here to take away your guns. I just don’t want you to be shot by someone who shouldn’t have a gun in the first place. [big applause] We will work tirelessly with responsible gun owners to pass common-sense reforms and keep guns out of the hands of criminals, terrorists and all others who would do us harm. You know, for decades, people have said this issue was too hard to solve and the politics too hot to touch. But I ask you: how can we just stand by and do nothing? You heard, you saw, family members of people killed Appendix IIIc - Speech Clinton, 29 July 2016 A055A054 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil by gun violence on this stage. You heard, you saw, family members of police officers killed in the line of duty because they were outgunned by criminals. I refuse to believe we can’t find common ground here. We have to heal the divides in our country. Not just on guns. But on race. Immigration. And more. [applause] And that starts with listening, listening to each other. Trying, as best we can, to walk in each other’s shoes. So let’s put ourselves in the shoes of young black and Latino men and women who face the ef- fects of systemic racism, [big applause] and are made to feel like their lives are disposable. Let’s put ourselves in the shoes of police officers, kissing their kids and spouses goodbye every day and heading off to do a dangerous and necessary job. We will reform our criminal justice system from end-to-end, and rebuild trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve. [ap- plause] And we will defend, we will defend all our rights – civil rights, human rights and voting rights... women’s rights and workers’ rights... [applause] LGBT rights and the rights of people with disabili- ties! And we will stand up against mean and divisive rhetoric wherever it comes from. For the past year, many people made the mistake of laughing off Donald Trump’s comments – excusing him as an entertainer just putting on a show. They thought he couldn’t possibly mean all the horrible things he says – like when he called women “pigs.” Or said that an American judge couldn’t be fair because of his Mexican heritage. Or when he mocks and mimics a reporter with a disability; or insults prisoners of war like John Mc- Cain— a hero and a patriot who deserves our respect. [applause] Now, at first, I admit, I couldn’t believe he meant it either. It was just too hard to fathom – that someone who wants to lead our nation could say those things. Could be like that. But here’s the sad truth: There is no other Donald Trump. This is it. [applause] And in the end, it comes down to what Donald Trump doesn’t get: America is great – because America is good. [applause] So enough with the bigotry and the bombast. Donald Trump’s not offering real change. He’s of- fering empty promises. What are we offering? A bold agenda to improve the lives of people across our country; [applause] to keep you safe, to get you good jobs, to give your kids the opportunities they deserve. The choice is clear, my friends. Every generation of Americans has come together to make our country freer, fairer, and stronger. None of us ever have or can do it alone. I know that at a time when so much seems to be pulling us apart, it can be hard to imagine how we’ll ever pull together. But I’m here to tell you tonight — pro- gress is possible. I know. I know because I’ve seen it in the lives of people across America who get knocked down and get right back up. And I know it from my own life. [applause] More than a few times, I’ve had to pick myself up and get back in the game. Like so much else in my life, I got this from my mother, too. She never let me back down from any challenge. When I tried to hide from a neighborhood bully, she literally blocked the door. “Go back out there,” she said. And she was right. You have to stand up to bullies. [applause] You have to keep working to make things better, even when the odds are long and the opposition is fierce. We lost our mother a few years ago but I miss her every day. And I still hear her voice urging me to keep working, keep fighting for right, no matter what. [applause] That’s what we need to do together as a nation. And though “we may not live to see the glory,” as the song from the musical Hamilton goes, “let us gladly join the fight.” Let our legacy be about “planting seeds in a garden you never get to see.” That’s why we’re here...not just in this hall, but on this Earth. The founders showed us that. And so have many others since. They were drawn together by love of country and the selfless passion to build something better for all who follow. That is the story of America. And we begin a new chapter tonight. [applause] Yes, the world is watching what we do. Yes, America’s destiny is ours to choose. So let’s be stronger together, my fellow Americans. Let’s look to the future with courage and confidence. Let’s build a better tomorrow for our beloved children and our beloved country. And when we do, America will be greater than ever. Thank you and may God bless you and the United States of America! A060 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix IV - Newsletters by Campact e.V. A061 A062 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix IV - Newsletters by Campact e.V. A063 A064 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix IV - Newsletters by Campact e.V. A065 A070 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix IV - Newsletters by Campact e.V. A071 A072 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix IV - Newsletters by Campact e.V. A073 syn vissa uppvisar. Eller påtalar att sociala problem inte bara har med härkomst att göra utan med klyftor i samhället. Likes: 0 [user 0009] [user 0007] lustigt att din kommentar just befäste det du ville opponera emot. Känsloladdat och kontraproduktivt att möta med -men du då- gå vidare med att alla som inte har samma socialistiska syn som jag har vidrig människosyn, och avslutar med att avslöja att du själv tänker i rasistiska tankebanor. Du känner inte att du målat in dig i hörnet? Likes: 0 [user 0009] JA stoppa populismen så vi får bort löfven...NU! Likes: 0 [user 0010] Behövdes så många år innan media kom fram till att ” Bara konkreta förbättringar kan stoppa popu- lismen” ? Helt riktigt, populismen kan inte stoppas med mot propaganda... Likes: 1 [user 0011] Education you mean, right? Likes: 0 [user 0012] Menas även populistiska ledare som Mona Sahlin, Åsa Romson och Hilary Clinton? Likes: 3 [user 0013] Ja det är väl en självklarhet I Sverige idag upplever många svenska medborgare att våra politiker inte bryr sig och dom skiter i hemmaplan utan vill vara ”globala” En politiker måste lära sig att först ha ordning och reda på hemmaplan innan man söker sig vidare i världen T ex hur tänkte Alliansen när man lade ner vårt försvar i Sverige med hänvisning till att vårt försvar sköttes bäst genom att vi var i Afganistan Eller att vi kan ta emot alla flyktingar men vi ska inte titta på varken volymer eller kostnader Man ska alltid utgå från den enskilda familjen och sedan det regionala samhället och sedan national- staten Sverige och sedan EU som är en international region för EU:s medlemmar och där vi har fri rörlighet mellan EU länder av varor och tjänster Då kan man inte hävda att vi ska ha ett ansvar för personer från Asien och Afrika och att dom ska röra sig fritt och ta del av vårt välstånd Nej det ställer jag ute upp på Vi skall hjälpa efter förmåga men ta först hand om de egna i Sverige Likes: 3 [user 0014] När byggde en populist ett land? Aldrig hänt Likes: 0 [user 0015] Nar byggde en politiker ett land? Likes: 0 [user 0014] [user 0015] Alltid Likes: 0 [user 0015] [user 0014] Snarare aldrig. Individerna i form av individuel foretagsamhet har byggt ett framgangsrikt samhalle, Yrkes politker lever pa bidrag fran den arbetande massan. Dom flesta politikerna har ingen som halst kunskap att leda en kommun, eller ett land, for den delen. Do- nald Trump ar ett bra exempel pa en bra ledare med en bakgrund i privat foretagande. Obama och andra sidan, har varit en helt och hallet vardelos s.k ”ledare”, en f.d ”community organi- ser” i Chicago! Likes: 0 [user 0014] [user 0015] Tappade dig för gott när du drar upp Trump.. Likes: 0 Appendix V - Comments by Facebook Users A075A074 ...And Reconcile Us with Evil Appendix V. Excerpt from users’ commentary on one week of articles published on the online social network Facebook by a major Swedish news media outlet7 [Article on realpolitik and “populist leaders such as Trump, Farage or Åkesson”, 29 June 2016] [user 0001] Detta blir konsekvensen när politiker inte bryr sig om folket som gav dem jobbet. Likes: 1 [user 0002] Vänsterpopulismen är fruktansvärd skapare av våld i samhället.... Likes: 0 [user 0003] Exakt (tyvärr...)! Likes: 0 [user 0004] När du inte har argument, benämn då motståndaren för ”populist”. Likes: 0 [user 0005] Det var väl lite väl populistiskt av dig att uttrycka dig på det viset? Likes: 0 [user 0006] Att kalla någon för populist är samma sak som att säga att man saknar argument som fungerar i verkl- ligheten bortom ens ideologiska fantasibild av verkligheten. Det är något sjukt i den demokratiska de- batten när allt ”populister” behöver göra är att beskriva verkligheten för att vinna 20-30% av rösterna. Det är då dags för de gamla partierna att göra detsamma, för det är först när verkligheten beskrivs utan politiskt korrekta skygglappar och välmenande omskrivningar som funktionella politiska verktyg kan utformas. Likes: 6 [user 0007] Ett problem är att man lever i en annan verklighet... självklart finns problem i samhället och vissa är kopplade till mångkulturen. Men den enkla lösningen att stänga gränser och skicka ut folk är inte genomförbar varken praktiskt eller humanitärt. Sen är det en självklarhet att alla i landet skall leva efter samma lagar och den som bryter dessa skall dömas. Likes: 0 [user 0005] [user 0007] - är det inte en halmdocka du kommer dragandes med? Likes: 1 [user 0006] Som sagt, det var den största halmdocka jag sett idag! ”Humanitärt” är förresten ett milt sagt dåligt argument, och faller på sitt eget grepp som Hans Rosling klargjorde. Det är alltid humanare att spendera pengar på plats i riktiga flyktingläger än att bränna betydligt mer än hela UNCRs budget på att ta emot miljoner resursstarka ekonomiska folkvandringsmigranter, anhöriginvandrare, etc, utan en tillstymmelse till giltiga asylskäl eller ID-handlingar frånhela Afrika och Mellanöstern. Likes: 1 [user 0008] anser att detta är ett lågvattenmärke. Skrika ”populism” är ungefär som att vråla rasist, dvs man har inget att komma med annat än känsloyttringar. skärp er [name of source]! eller så kanske ni får färre prenumeranter. Likes: 12 [user 0007] Att nämna saker vid dess rätta namn ser jag som självklart. Från andra hållet kommer ju endast hittepå ord som pk-maffia! Och det kommer så fort man nämner den vidriga människo- 7 The sample was taken on June 30th. To protect the anonymity of the contributors of the material used in this case study, the names or pseudonyms of the according users, as well as the title of the respective article and the name of the media outlet will not be reproduced. For technical reasons, glyphs such as so-called emojis are not either reproduced. Where they constitute the entirety of a comment, they are replaced with the note “[emoji]”; articles with less then seven comments or with politically irrelevant contents are replaced with the note “[...]”. Otherwise, the material is reproduced as given.