Anthropology Terminology and Concepts: From Natural Philosophy to Cultural Relativism, Quizzes of Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Download Anthropology Terminology and Concepts: From Natural Philosophy to Cultural Relativism and more Quizzes Introduction to Cultural Anthropology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Anthroplogy DEFINITION 1 Study of man/culture. Holistic, Comparitive, Field Based. Bio cultural. TERM 2 Patterns DEFINITION 2 Descriptive: what'sthere, central tendency, distribution, historical.Associative- correlations TERM 3 Natural Philosophy DEFINITION 3 Plato/ Aristotle: deductive reasoning. Empiricism- observation and introduction. TERM 4 Deduction DEFINITION 4 General statements to specific TERM 5 Induction DEFINITION 5 Specific statemntsto general TERM 6 Sources of Data DEFINITION 6 Material observation Biological observation Behavioral observation Direct Communication Participant- observation TERM 7 Gods Registrar (Carl Linneaus Binomial System of classification) DEFINITION 7 1758-binomial system of classification,an epitome of the Great Chain of Being. TERM 8 Georges Cuvier DEFINITION 8 1796- demonstrated that fossils are the remains of extinct species did not believein evolution. supported the idea of uniformitism. TERM 9 The Comte de Bouffon DEFINITION 9 Early concept of uniformitism,did not believe in evolution TERM 10 Transformational Evolution DEFINITION 10 Jean Baptiste Lamark, Traits developed during life are pasedto offspring. TERM 21 Independent Assortment DEFINITION 21 There are over 8 milionpossible combinations of chromosomes in an individuals gamestes.Reshuffling' existing genetic variation within a population TERM 22 Genetic Variation DEFINITION 22 New variation: mutationWithin population: Recombination or independent assortmentBeetween Population: gene flow or drift / flow effects TERM 23 Genetic Drift DEFINITION 23 Random changes in allele frequencies through timeleads to decrease of variations in populationsvariation beetweenpopulations TERM 24 Gene Flow DEFINITION 24 Rapidly decreasing as gene flow increases TERM 25 Culture DEFINITION 25 Symbolic Patterned Learned Shared TERM 26 Elements of Culture DEFINITION 26 Transmission- intaitivelearning/ teaching Memory Reiteration-application/ expression Inovation selection/usefulness TERM 27 Talcott Parsons DEFINITION 27 The behavioral system of biological needs. Personality system- Individuals characteristics affecting functioning Social System- patterns of how society interacts Cultural System- norms and values that regulate social action symbolically . TERM 28 Leslie White DEFINITION 28 Claimed Culture has three components: Technology Sociology Ideology TERM 29 Cultulal relativism DEFINITION 29 NOT cultural determinism Not approval Agency- individual self ( power to choose)/ TERM 30 Classification DEFINITION 30 Phenetics- groups by oveallphenotypictraitsCladistics- Groups by ancestor decendentrelationships TERM 31 Homology DEFINITION 31 Same structure, different function TERM 32 Analogy DEFINITION 32 Different structure same function TERM 33 Clade DEFINITION 33 A grouping that includes a common ancestor and all of its decendentsliving and extinct. TERM 34 Aboreal Adaptation DEFINITION 34 Generalized skeletal structure enhanced touch binocular vision reduced smell TERM 35 Dietary Plasticity DEFINITION 35 Primitive tooth types / reduced # of traits TERM 46 Canine Teeth DEFINITION 46 Human teeth have reduced in size because we dontneed them as tools or weapons anymore. TERM 47 Humans & Apes DEFINITION 47 Roughly 98% of human and chimp DNA is Identical TERM 48 Brain Size DEFINITION 48 Our brains are larger than other primates A brain this big cantfully develop inside the womb TERM 49 homozygous DEFINITION 49 Having two of the same allele in a gene pair. TERM 50 Heterozygous DEFINITION 50 Having two different allesin the same gene pair. TERM 51 R- Complex DEFINITION 51 (Reptilian complex) A primitive portion of the brain involved in self-preservation behaviors such as mating, aggressiveness, and territoriality. TERM 52 Limbic System DEFINITION 52 A portion of the brain involved in emotions such as fear, rage and care for young. TERM 53 Neocortex DEFINITION 53 A portion of the brain involved in conscious thought, spatial reasoning and sensory perception TERM 54 Historical archaeology DEFINITION 54 Historical archaeology is a form of archaeology dealing with places, things, and issues from the past or present when written records and oral traditions can inform and contextualize cultural material. TERM 55 Forensic Anthropology DEFINITION 55 The process of understanding ancient skills and technologyiesby reproduingthem. TERM 56 Diurnal DEFINITION 56 Active during the day TERM 57 Prehensile DEFINITION 57 Having the ability to grasp with a tail. TERM 58 Opposability DEFINITION 58 The ability to touch the thumb to the tips of the other fingers on same hand. TERM 59 Prognathism DEFINITION 59 The jutting forward of the lower face/ jaw area. TERM 60 Melanin DEFINITION 60 The pigment larglyresponsible for human skin color TERM 71 The first stone tools DEFINITION 71 Cut marks on bones show that flakes were used for butchering meat. TERM 72 Trajectory of tool manufacturing DEFINITION 72 Increases in functional specialization over time it got more complex Starting with flakes -> blades TERM 73 Oldowan tools DEFINITION 73 Simple flakes and core Begins CA2.5 Mya earliest known. TERM 74 Archeulean Tools DEFINITION 74 Homo Erectus Named for the cave site in France Date from 1.8 to 300 kya Bifacial core tool ( both sides) More cutting edge than Oldowan tools TERM 75 The Neandertal Tool Kit DEFINITION 75 Middle paleolithic Levallois technique- removing flakes from specciallyprepared cores and modifying them into knives, spear points. Flake technology has greater diversity in functional types. TERM 76 Upper Paleolithic tools DEFINITION 76 Blade technology: max cutting edge, wide diversity of functional form.Bone toolsBMH(behavioraly modern humans) tools sometimes decorated. TERM 77 Homo Erectus DEFINITION 77 Known in Africa 1.8 MYA Larger brains than Au. and earlier homo Started spreading beyond africa TERM 78 Neandertals DEFINITION 78 Evolved from H. Erectus used teeth as tools more than later humans. had capacity to speak ... same as modern humans. Hyoid bone. TERM 79 Orgins of clinal variation DEFINITION 79 Micro evolutionary process Mutations Genetic Drift Gene Flow Sexual selection TERM 80 European Encounters DEFINITION 80 European reaction to differences in physical appearance cultural inventory cultural practices TERM 81 Mutation DEFINITION 81 Sickle cell anemia caused by the mutation of a single nucleotideThe homozygous genotype is potentially fatal combined with Sickle cell anemia.Heterozygous genotype confers protection against malaria. TERM 82 Human Skin Color DEFINITION 82 Polygenic Trait Determined by interaction between several traits Darker skin contains more melanin : melanin block UVradiation which destroys folic acid and stimulates Vitamin D Evolved in Africa when our ancestors lost their Ape hair Selection for lighter skin : evolved independently in several parts of Eurasia TERM 83 Identity DEFINITION 83 Has three parts Biology,Individual, and culture.Biology: Sex,genetics,enviromental effectsIndividual: behavior, life events, internalizationCulture: gender roles, social control, history, political issues TERM 84 Lewis Henry Morgan DEFINITION 84 1818-1881Came up with three catagoriesof social organization : savagry,barbarism, civilization TERM 85 Social Org: food DEFINITION 85 Evolutionary: stone tool development, expensive tool development.Cultural significance: commonality: what'sgood to eat ?Sociality: cooperativeeffortHunting: gathering societies