AP Biology Equations and Formulas, Cheat Sheet of Biology

Download AP Biology Equations and Formulas and more Cheat Sheet Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Appendix A A1 Appendix A AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) x = mean n = size of the sample o = observed individuals with observed genotype e = expected individuals with observed genotype Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one. Standard Error Mean Standard Deviation Chi-Square chi-SquAre tAble Degrees of Freedom p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51 0.01 6.64 9.32 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09 lAwS of ProbAbility If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) If A and B are independent, then P (A and B) = P(A) x P(B) hArdy-weinberg equAtionS p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = frequency of the dominant allele in a population p + q = 1 q = frequency of the recessive allele in a population Metric PrefixeS Factor Prefix Symbol 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points Range = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum)