AP Chemistry Course: Laboratory Experiments and Learning Objectives, Lecture notes of Chemistry

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AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 Curricular Requirements Page(s) CR1 Students and teachers use a recently published (within the last 10 years) college-level chemistry textbook. 1 CR2 The course is structured around the enduring understandings within the big ideas as described in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. 1 CR3a The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 1: Structure of matter. 6 CR3b The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 2: Properties of matter-characteristics, states, and forces of attraction. 7 CR3c The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 3: Chemical reactions. 4 CR3d The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 4: Rates of chemical reactions. 8 CR3e The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 5: Thermodynamics. 6 CR3f The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 6: Equilibrium. 9 CR4 The course provides students with the opportunity to connect their knowledge of chemistry and science to major societal or technological components (e.g., concerns, technological advances, innovations) to help them become scientifically literate citizens. 8 CR5a Students are provided the opportunity to engage in investigative laboratory work integrated throughout the course for a minimum of 25 percent of instructional time. 2 CR5b Students are provided the opportunity to engage in a minimum of 16 hands-on laboratory experiments integrated throughout the course while using basic laboratory equipment to support the learning objectives listed within the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 CR6 The laboratory investigations used throughout the course allow students to apply the seven science practices defined in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. At minimum, six of the required 16 labs are conducted in a guided-inquiry format. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 CR7 The course provides opportunities for students to develop, record, and maintain evidence of their verbal, written, and graphic communication skills through laboratory reports, summaries of literature or scientific investigations, and oral, written, and graphic presentations. 2 AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 1 Course Description This AP Chemistry course is designed to be the equivalent of the general chemistry course usually taken during the first year of college. For most students, the course enables them to undertake, as a freshman, second year work in the chemistry sequence at their institution or to register in courses in other fields where general chemistry is a prerequisite. This course is structured around the six big ideas articulated in the AP Chemistry curriculum framework provided by the College Board. [CR2] A special emphasis will be placed on the seven science practices, which capture important aspects of the work that scientists engage in, with learning objectives that combine content with inquiry and reasoning skills. AP Chemistry is open to all students that have completed a year of chemistry who wish to take part in a rigorous and academically challenging course. Big Idea 1: Structure of matter Big Idea 2: Properties of matter-characteristics, states, and forces of attraction Big Idea 3: Chemical reactions Big Idea 4: Rates of chemical reactions Big Idea 5: Thermodynamics Big Idea 6: Equilibrium Textbooks and Lab Books The College Board. AP Chemistry Guided Inquiry Experiments: Applying the Science Practices. 2013. Zumdahl, Steven and Susan Zumdahl. Chemistry, Eighth Edition. Belmont CA: Cengage Learning, 2012. [CR1] Demmin, Peter. AP Chemistry, Fifth Edition. New York: D&S Marketing Systems Inc., 2005. Vonderbrink, Sally. Laboratory Experiments for AP Chemistry. Batavia: Flinn Scientific, 2001. Randall, Jack. Advanced Chemistry with Vernier. Oregon: Vernier Software and Technology, 2004. Holmquist, Dan and Donald Volz. Chemistry with Calculators. Oregon: Vernier Software and Technology, 2003. Beran, Jo Allan. Laboratory Principles of General Chemistry, Seventh Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. Required Materials Graphing calculator, splash proof goggles, and a carbon capable laboratory notebook Labs The labs completed require following or developing processes and procedures, taking observations, and data manipulation. See lab list provided for lab details. Students communicate and collaborate in lab groups; however, each student writes a laboratory CR2—The course is structured around the enduring understandings within the big ideas as described in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. CR1—Students and teachers use a recently published (within the last 10 years) college-level chemistry textbook. AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 4 CR5b—Students are provided the opportunity to engage in a minimum of 16 hands-on laboratory experiments integrated throughout the course while using basic laboratory equipment to support the learning objectives listed within the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. CR6—The laboratory investigations used throughout the course allow students to apply the seven science practices defined in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. At minimum, six of the required 16 labs are conducted in a guided- inquiry format. CR3c—The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 3: Chemical reactions. 11. Applying mole concept to chemical equations (Stoich) 1.A.3:a, 1.E.1:b 12. Determine limiting reagent, theoretical and % yield 3.A.2:a Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Math & Measurement in Science LO 1.3; SP 2, 5 *Guided Inquiry: Physical and Chemical Properties LO 1.17, 1.18; SP 1, 3, 4, 6 Stoichiometry Lab LO 1.1, 3.3, 3.4; SP 2, 5 Unit 2: Types of Chemical Equations Class Periods (52 minutes): 8 Homework Sets Assigned: 4 Number of Quizzes: 3 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Electrolytes and properties of water 2.A.3:h 2. Molarity and preparation of solutions 1.D.3:c, 2.A.3:i, 2.A.3:j 3. Precipitation reactions and solubility rules 6.C.3:d 4. Acid Base reactions and formation of a salt by titration 1.E.2:f, 3.A.2:c 5. Balancing redox 3.B.3:a, 3.B.3:b, 3.B.3:c, 3.B.3:d 6. Simple redox titrations 1.E.2:f 7. Gravimetric calculations 1.E.2:e Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] pH Titration Lab LO 1.2; SP 2, 5 Bleach Lab LO 1.18, 3.8, 3.9; SP 2, 5 Activity: Online Redox Titration Activity LO 3.9; SP 1 Utilizing an eduweb lab simulation, students have the opportunity to manipulate various factors that influence a redox titration. [CR3c] Unit 3: AP Style Net Ionic Equations Class Periods (52 minutes): 8 Homework Sets Assigned: 6 Number of Quizzes: 4 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Redox and single replacement reactions 3.A.1, 3.B.3:e, 3.C.1:d 2. Double replacement reactions 3.A.1, 3.C.1:d 3. Combustion reactions 3.A.1, 3.B.3:e AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 5 4. Addition reactions 3.A.1, 3.B.1:a 5. Decomposition reactions 3.A.1, 3.B.1:a, 3.C.1:d Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Copper Reactions Lab LO 1.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 3.6, 3.10; SP 6 Unit 4: Gas Laws Class Periods (52 minutes): 8 Homework Sets Assigned: 5 Number of Quizzes: 3 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Measurement of gases 2. General gas laws - Boyle, Charles, Combined, and Ideal 2.A.2:a, 2.A.2:c 3. Dalton’s Law of partial pressure 2.A.2:b 4. Molar volume of gases and Stoichiometry 3.A.2:b 5. Graham’s Law 6. Kinetic Molecular Theory 2.A.2:d, 5.A.1 7. Real Gases and deviation from ideal gas law 2.A.2:e, 2.A.2:f, 2.A.2:g, 2.B.2:c, 2.B.2:d 8. Graham’s Law demonstration LO 2.6; SP 1, 6 Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Molecular Mass of a Volatile Liquid LO 2.4, 2.5, 5.2; SP 2, 5 Unit 5: Thermochemistry Class Periods (52 minutes): 8 Homework Sets Assigned: 5 Number of Quizzes: 3 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Law of conservation of energy, work, and internal energy 5.B.1, 5.E.2:a 2. Endothermic and exothermic reactions 3.C.2, 5.B.3:e, 5.B.3:f 3. Potential energy diagrams 3.C.2, 5.C.2:c, 5.C.2:d, 5.C.2:e 4. Calorimetry, heat capacity, and specific heat 5.A.2, 5.B.2, 5.B.3:a, 5.B.3:b, 5.B.4 5. Hess’s law 5.B.3:a 6. Heat of formation/combustion 5.C.2:g 7. Bond energies 2.C.1:d, 5.C.1, 5.C.2:a, 5.C.2:b CR5b—Students are provided the opportunity to engage in a minimum of 16 hands-on laboratory experiments integrated throughout the course while using basic laboratory equipment to support the learning objectives listed within the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. CR6—The laboratory investigations used throughout the course allow students to apply the seven science practices defined in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. At minimum, six of the required 16 labs are conducted in a guided- inquiry format. AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 6 Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] *Guided Inquiry: Hess’s Law Lab LO 3.11, 5.3-5.5, 5.7, 5.8; SP 2, 5, 3, 4, 6 Activity: Online Heating and Cooling Curve Simulations LO 5.6 & SP 1 Utilizing the eduweb lab simulation website, students heat an unknown and graph its temperature as it cools, giving them the ability to calculate the energy released. [CR3e] Unit 6: Atomic Structure and Periodicity Class Periods (52 minutes): 12 Homework Sets Assigned: 9 Number of Quizzes: 4 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Electron configuration and the Aufbau principle 1.B.2:a 2. Valence electrons and Lewis dot structures 1.B.2:c 3. Periodic trends 1.B.1:b, 1.B.1:c, 1.B.2:b, 1.B.2:d, 1.C.1:c, 1.D.1:b, 2.C.1:a, 2.C.1:b 4. Table arrangement based on electronic properties 1.C.1:a, 1.C.1:b, 1.C.1:d 5. Properties of light and study of waves 1.C.2:e, 1.D.3:a, 5.E.4:b 6. Atomic spectra of hydrogen and energy levels 1.B.1:d, 1.B.1:e, 1.D.3:b 7. Quantum mechanical model 1.C.2:d 8. Quantum theory and electron orbitals 1.C.2:c 9. Orbital shape and energies 1.C.2:b 10. Spectroscopy 1.D.2:a, 1.D.2:b, 1.D.2:c, 1.D.3:b Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Spectroscopy Lab LO 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.14, 1.15; SP 1, 6 Activity: Periodic Table Dry Lab LO 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13; SP 1, 5, 6 Students graph values for atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy to predict trends and explain the organization of the periodic table. [CR3a] CR5b—Students are provided the opportunity to engage in a minimum of 16 hands-on laboratory experiments integrated throughout the course while using basic laboratory equipment to support the learning objectives listed within the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. CR6—The laboratory investigations used throughout the course allow students to apply the seven science practices defined in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. At minimum, six of the required 16 labs are conducted in a guided- inquiry format. CR3a—The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 1: Structure of matter. CR3e—The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 5: Thermodynamics. AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 9 Unit 10: General Equilibrium Class Periods (52 minutes): 6 Homework Sets Assigned: 4 Number of Quizzes: 3 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Characteristics and conditions of chemical equilibrium 6.A.1, 6.A.3:a, 6.A.3:f 2. Equilibrium expression derived from rates 6.A.3:b 3. Factors that affect equilibrium 6.A.3:c 4. Le Chatlier’s principle 6.A.3:b, 6.B.1, 6.B.2, 6.C.3:e, 6.C.3:f 5. The equilibrium constant 6.A.3:d, 6.A.3.e, 6.A.4 6. Solving equilibrium problems 6.A.2 Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Determination of a Kc with Varied Initial Concentrations LO 5.17, 6.1-6.10; SP 2, 5 Activity: Online Gas Phase Equilibrium Activity LO 6.8, 6.9; SP 1, 6 In the online inquiry activity, students are able to manipulate the environment and produce stresses that verify the tendency of Le Chatelier’s principle. [CR3f] Unit 11: Acids and Bases Class Periods (52 minutes): 8 Homework Sets Assigned: 4 Number of Quizzes: 3 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Definition and nature of acids and bases 3.B.2, 6.C.1:c, 6.C.1:d, 6.C.1:e, 6.C.1:f 2. Kw and the pH scale 6.C.1:a, 6.C.1:b, 6.C.1:g 3. pH of strong and weak acids and bases 6.C.1:h 4. Polyprotic acids 6.C.1:n 5. pH of salts 6. Structure of Acids and Bases Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Determination of a Ka by Half Titration LO 2.2, 3.7; SP 2, 5 CR6—The laboratory investigations used throughout the course allow students to apply the seven science practices defined in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. At minimum, six of the required 16 labs are conducted in a guided- inquiry format. CR3f— The course provides students with opportunities outside the laboratory environment to meet the learning objectives within Big Idea 6: Equilibrium. CR5b—Students are provided the opportunity to engage in a minimum of 16 hands-on laboratory experiments integrated throughout the course while using basic laboratory equipment to support the learning objectives listed within the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 10 Unit 12: Buffers, Ksp, and Titrations Class Periods (52 minutes): 11 Homework Sets Assigned: 6 Number of Quizzes: 4 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Characteristics and capacity of buffers 6.C.2 2. Titrations and pH curves 6.C.1:i, 6.C.1:j, 6.C.1:k, 6.C.1:l, 6.C.1:m 3. Choosing Acid Base Indicators 4. pH and solubility 5. Ksp Calculations and Solubility Product 6.C.3:a, 6.C.3:b Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Types of Titrations LO 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, 6.16, 6.17; SP 2, 5, 6 *Guided Inquiry: Preparation of a Buffer LO 6.18, 6.19, 6.20; SP 2, 3, 4, 5 Molar Solubility and Determination of Ksp LO 6.21, 6.22, 6.23, 6.24; SP 2, 5, 6 Unit 13: Thermodynamics Class Periods (52 minutes): 10 Homework Sets Assigned: 5 Number of Quizzes: 3 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Laws of thermodynamics 2. Spontaneous process and entropy 5.E.1 3. Spontaneity, enthalpy, and free energy 5.E.2:c, 5.E.3, 4. Free energy 5.E.2:d, 5.E.2:e, 5.E.2:f, 6.C.3:c, 6.D.1:a 5. Free energy and equilibrium 5.E.2, 6.D.1:b, 6.D.1:c, 6.D.1:d 6. Rate and Spontaneity 5.E.2:e, 5.E.5 Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Solubility and Determination of ΔH°, ΔS°, ΔG° of Calcium Hydroxide LO 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.18, 6.25; SP 2, 5, 6 CR6—The laboratory investigations used throughout the course allow students to apply the seven science practices defined in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. At minimum, six of the required 16 labs are conducted in a guided- inquiry format. CR5b—Students are provided the opportunity to engage in a minimum of 16 hands-on laboratory experiments integrated throughout the course while using basic laboratory equipment to support the learning objectives listed within the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. AP® Chemistry Sample Syllabus 1 Syllabus 1029708v1 11 Unit 14: Electrochemistry Class Periods (52 minutes): 8 Homework Sets Assigned: 5 Number of Quizzes: 4 Number of Exams: 1 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: 1. Balancing redox equations 3.B.3:a, 3.B.3:b, 3.B.3:c, 3.B.3:d 2. Electrochemical cells and voltage 3.C.3:a, 3.C.3:b, 3.C.3:c, 5.E.4:a 3. The Nernst equation 3.C.3:d 4. Spontaneous and non-spontaneous equations 3.C.3:e 5. Chemical applications 3.C.3:f Teacher Demo: Lead Storage Battery Demonstration LO 3.12, 3.13, 5.15; SP 1 Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] Voltaic Cell Lab LO 3.12, 3.13, 5.16; SP 2, 5 AP Review Class Periods (52 minutes): Approximately 16 Homework Sets Assigned: 0 Number of Quizzes: 4 Number of Exams: 4 Topics Covered: Curriculum Framework Articulation: Review of ALL topics 1.A.2:c 4 AP Style Review Exams Mock AP Labs: [CR5b] & [CR6] The Green Crystal Lab LO 1.2, 2.7, 2.10, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 5.11; SP 2, 5, 6 AP Chemistry Lab List The following labs will be completed during the school year. Guided Inquiry Labs are indicated with an asterisk (*). Lab: Math and Measurement in Science & Density of an Organic Liquid Description: Students learn how to measure mass and volume with varied pieces of equipment and focus on the accuracy of those pieces of equipment in their calculation and determination of significant figures. Students also determine the identity of an unknown organic liquid using density determination. CR6—The laboratory investigations used throughout the course allow students to apply the seven science practices defined in the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework. At minimum, six of the required 16 labs are conducted in a guided- inquiry format. CR5b—Students are provided the opportunity to engage in a minimum of 16 hands-on laboratory experiments integrated throughout the course while using basic laboratory equipment to support the learning objectives listed within the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework.