AP Environmental Science Exam Review: Flashcards for Key Concepts, Exams of Environmental Science

Download AP Environmental Science Exam Review: Flashcards for Key Concepts and more Exams Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity! AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Anthropocentric CORRECT ANSWERS✅ regarding humans as most significant species; human-centered. Tragedy of the Commons CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the depletion of shared resources by people acting in individual interest. Triple Bottom Line CORRECT ANSWERS✅ approach to sustainability that meets environmental, economic, and social goals (business) Inorganic Compounds CORRECT ANSWERS✅ compounds that lack carbon and hydrogen atoms Organic Compounds CORRECT ANSWERS✅ compounds that contain carbon-based molecules Positive Feedback Loop CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when the response to a stimulus increases the original stimulus Negative Feedback Loop CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when the response to a stimulus decreases the effect of the original stimulus AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Overshoot CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when a population exceeds the long term carrying capacity for an environment Open System CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings Closed System CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a system that allows the exchange of energy (not matter)between the system and its surroundings Holistic CORRECT ANSWERS✅ emphasizing the functional relationship between parts and the whole Hectare CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a unit of surface area equal to 100 ares Ecological Footprint CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the earth Sustainable Development CORRECT ANSWERS✅ development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Instrumental Value CORRECT ANSWERS✅ value based on its usefulness to humans Remediation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ containment, treatment or removal of contaminated groundwater Nitrification CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the process by which nitrites and nitrates are produced by bacteria in the soil Denitrification CORRECT ANSWERS✅ conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas Ammonification CORRECT ANSWERS✅ decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia Niche CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the status of an organism within its environment and community Ecotone CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Autotroph CORRECT ANSWERS✅ organism that makes its own food Heterotroph CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition; cannot make food Interspecific Competition CORRECT ANSWERS✅ competition between members of different species Intraspecific Competition CORRECT ANSWERS✅ competition between members of the same species Net Primary Productivity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem Gross Primary Productivity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the rate at which energy is produced in an ecosystem Indicator Species CORRECT ANSWERS✅ species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Keystone Species CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem Resource Partitioning CORRECT ANSWERS✅ difference of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community Umbrella Species CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a species that impacts the survival of many species Euphotic Zone CORRECT ANSWERS✅ layer of water where sunlight is sufficient for photosynthesis to occur Thermal Stratification CORRECT ANSWERS✅ vertical temperature layering Salinization CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the buildup of salts in surface soil layers Oligotrophic CORRECT ANSWERS✅ system in which productivity and nutrient content are low AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Replacement Fertility Rate CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the average number of children that couples in a population must have to replace themselves Zero Population Growth CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when the birth rate equals the death rate Demographic Transition CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the general pattern of demographic change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates Exponential Growth CORRECT ANSWERS✅ occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate Biotic Potential CORRECT ANSWERS✅ maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions Population Density CORRECT ANSWERS✅ number of individuals per unit area Doubling Time CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the time required for a population to double in size AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Demography CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the scientific study of population characteristics Crude Birth Rate CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population Crude Death Rate CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population Population Explosion CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century Graying CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a term used to indicate that a large amount of a society's population is becoming elderly Generation Time CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the period between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation Igneous Rock CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Sediment Rock CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a type of rock formed from sediment is deposited in layers and compacted Metamorphic Rock CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat/pressure/reactions Coreolis Effect CORRECT ANSWERS✅ water moves clock wise in the northern hemisphere, counter clockwise in the southern Intrusive CORRECT ANSWERS✅ rocks that form from magma below the surface Extrusive CORRECT ANSWERS✅ rocks that form when lava cools and solidifies on the surface Divergent Plates CORRECT ANSWERS✅ plates moving away from each other in opposite directions Convergent Plates CORRECT ANSWERS✅ tectonic plates that collide with each other AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Inorganic Fertilizer CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an agricultural product applied to the soil (mined or synthetically manufactured material) Desertification CORRECT ANSWERS✅ degradation of land because of human actions( excessive crop planting, grazing and tree cutting) Erosion CORRECT ANSWERS✅ condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind Structure (soil) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ -O horizon -A-mineral matter and hummus -E - leached of color -B - clay accumulation from above -C horizon - partially altered bedrock Excessive Irrigation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ over irrigation of a specific area that leads to salinization AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Acidity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a measure of how acid a solution is- the lower the pH, the greater this is Animal Manure CORRECT ANSWERS✅ dung/urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer Green Manure CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a growing crop that is plowed under to enrich soil LD-50 CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population "Snow White Syndrome" CORRECT ANSWERS✅ production of visually appealing products for consumers through pesticides/fertilizers Biomagnification CORRECT ANSWERS✅ buildup of pollutants at higher levels of the food chain Bioaccumulation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the build up of a substance as it passes through a food chain AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Rachel Carson CORRECT ANSWERS✅ author of Silent Spring; helped influence environmental awareness and banning of DDT Food Irradiation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the treatment of foods with gamma radiation kill potentially harmful pathogens and increase shelf life Bacillus thuringensis CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a biological insecticide Carcinogen CORRECT ANSWERS✅ any substance that produces cancer Mutagen CORRECT ANSWERS✅ physical or chemical agent that causes mutations Teratogen CORRECT ANSWERS✅ any factor that can cause a birth defect Endocrine Disruptor CORRECT ANSWERS✅ acts as hormones and disrupts the reproductive process Radon CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a radioactive gaseous element AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Industrial Solid Waste CORRECT ANSWERS✅ produced by mines, agriculture, and industries Life-Cycle Analysis CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the assessment of the effect a product has on the environment Source Reduction CORRECT ANSWERS✅ reducing waste at the source, producing less waste Bioremediation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the use of living organisms to detoxify and restore Sanitary Landfill CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a low area where waste is buried between layers of earth Asbestos CORRECT ANSWERS✅ mineral used extensively in insulation, causes respiratory issues SOX CORRECT ANSWERS✅ produced by chemical interacting between sulfur and oxygen; acid rain, secondary pollutant AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers NOX CORRECT ANSWERS✅ nitrous oxides (created through burning fossil fuels); photochemical smog CFCs CORRECT ANSWERS✅ chlorofluorocarbons; destroy ozone layer VOCs CORRECT ANSWERS✅ used in paints, stains; create ozone Particulate Matter CORRECT ANSWERS✅ reduces visibility and respiratory irritation Fecal Coliform CORRECT ANSWERS✅ indicator of sewage contamination Albedo CORRECT ANSWERS✅ percent of solar radiation reflected by a surface Ozone CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a colorless gas; separated by "good ozone" and "bad ozone" AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Kyoto Protocol CORRECT ANSWERS✅ binding commitments for the reduction of four greenhouse gases and two groups of gases Hypoxic CORRECT ANSWERS✅ low level of oxygen Aerosols CORRECT ANSWERS✅ small particles in atmosphere Photochemical Smog CORRECT ANSWERS✅ mixture of ozone and other chemicals; when pollutants react Industrial Smog CORRECT ANSWERS✅ smog resulting from industry emissions/burning of fossil fuels. Nonpoint Source CORRECT ANSWERS✅ widely spread source of pollution; not specific Turbine CORRECT ANSWERS✅ provides mechanical energy to a generator AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Wilderness Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ allowed Congress to set aside land for reservation Safe Water and Drinking Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ protects drinking water from toxic contamination through discharge Convention on the Law of the Sea CORRECT ANSWERS✅ defines rights and responsibilities of nations in use of world's oceans; promotes peaceful use of oceans Food Security Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ tax-related provisions; provides support for crops, energy, livestock, etc. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ governs sale/use of pesticides in the United States Stockholm Declaration CORRECT ANSWERS✅ focused on creating international environmental policy AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ encourages response, requires reporting of toxic contamination Montreal Protocol CORRECT ANSWERS✅ banned production of aerosols, redution of CFCs Taylor Grazing Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ prevents overgrazing/soil degredation; providers improvements, development Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ regulates labeling of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species CORRECT ANSWERS✅ international legislation controlling exploitation of endangered species Occupational Safety and Health CORRECT ANSWERS✅ protects the welfare of people engaged in work or employment Clean Water Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ created to make surface waters swimmable and fishable; set standards for water AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Questions and answers Clean Air Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ emission standards for cars/limits for release of air pollutants Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act CORRECT ANSWERS✅ requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land