Understanding Hormone Action, Regulation, and Synthesis, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 two major regulatory systems are ______ system and ______ system DEFINITION 1 nervousendocrine TERM 2 organs of the endocrine system work by secreting chemical mesengers called _______ DEFINITION 2 hormones TERM 3 the NERVOUS system operates through a series of NEURONS that ________ affect target cells through the release of ___________ DEFINITION 3 directlyneurotransmitters TERM 4 the effects of the nervous system are almost _______ but are _____ lasting DEFINITION 4 immediateshort lasting TERM 5 the cells of the endocrine system ___ ____ come into close contact with target cells. instead they secrete ________ which then travel through the blood stream to reach the receptors on the target cells DEFINITION 5 do nothormones TERM 6 hormones require ______ to several ____ or days to elicit effects, but these effects are generally _____ lasting DEFINITION 6 secondshourslonger TERM 7 the endocrine system and the nervous system work ______ to increase each others effects DEFINITION 7 together TERM 8 hormones and neurotransmitters are ______ the only chemical signals in the body DEFINITION 8 not TERM 9 there are ____ different types of chemical signals DEFINITION 9 3 TERM 10 in the _______ signals, the hormone is secreted into the BLOOD and travels to DISTANT tissue DEFINITION 10 endocrine TERM 21 Steroids are Synthesized from ________ and are _____ & ______ hormones DEFINITION 21 cholesterol Gonadal & Adrenocortical hormones TERM 22 What are the 2 possible mechanisms of hormones, depending on their chemical nature? DEFINITION 22 1. Water-soluble hormones2. Lipid-soluble hormones TERM 23 Water-soluble hormones (hydrophillic) _______ readily cross phospholipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane DEFINITION 23 cannot TERM 24 hydrophillic hormones are _____ by the fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bi-layer DEFINITION 24 repelled TERM 25 hydrophillic hormones cross the plasma membrane of target cells by attaching to ______ on the plasma membrane DEFINITION 25 receptors TERM 26 Water-soluble hormones All _____-____based hormones, except thyroid hormone DEFINITION 26 amino- acid TERM 27 Water-soluble hormones All amino acidbased hormones, except _____ hormone DEFINITION 27 thyroid TERM 28 Water-soluble hormones are Coupled by ________ to intracellular second messengers that mediate target cells response DEFINITION 28 G-proteins TERM 29 Thyroid hormones are an exception to phobic / philic rule they are amino acid based but hydro-_____ DEFINITION 29 phobic TERM 30 2. Lipid-soluble hormones DEFINITION 30 Steroid & Thyroid hormones Travel attached to plasma proteins (bound) Can pass through plasma membrane Act on intracellular receptors that can directlyactivate genes on DNA TERM 31 G protein - cAMP signaling mechanism DEFINITION 31 1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor2. Receptor activates G protein (by replacing GDPGTP)3. G protein activates/inhibits adenylate cyclase enzyme (aka. adenylyl cyclase) TERM 32 G protein - cAMP signaling mechanism 1. Hormone (first messenger) ____ to receptor DEFINITION 32 binds TERM 33 G protein - cAMP signaling mechanism 2. Receptor activates G protein (by replacing ____ to ____) DEFINITION 33 GDPGTP TERM 34 3. G protein activates/inhibits A____ C_____ enzyme DEFINITION 34 adenylate cyclase(aka. adenylyl cyclase) TERM 35 Adenylate cyclase converts ATP ______ (second mmmmessenger) DEFINITION 35 cAMP TERM 46 Calcium (3rd messenger)Ca2+ DEFINITION 46 A. Alters enzymes or channels directly (Ca2+-dependent) ORB. Binds to the regulatory protein calmodulinActivated calmodulin activates other enzymes m(Ca2+/Calmodulin Kinases) TERM 47 Intracellular Receptors and Direct Gene Activation:Cell Permeable _____ hormones & _______ hormone DEFINITION 47 SteroidThyroid TERM 48 1 steroid diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to ____________ receptor DEFINITION 48 intracellular TERM 49 2. the receptor -hormone complex enters the _____ DEFINITION 49 nucleus TERM 50 The receptor hormone complex 3._______ a hormone response element (which is a specific _____ sequence usually a _______) DEFINITION 50 bindsDNAPromotor TERM 51 4.binding to the _____ initiates transcription of the gene to _______ DEFINITION 51 promotormRNA**final step5. the mRNA directs protein synthesis TERM 52 Target cells have ______ receptors to which the hormone binds DEFINITION 52 specificExamples: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) receptors are only on certain cells of the adrenal cortex Thyroxin receptors are on ~all cells TERM 53 Target Cell Activation Depends on 3 factors (how likely is hormone-receptor meeting (& sticking)?): DEFINITION 53 A. Blood levels of the hormone [concentration] Rate of synthesis/release Speed of inactivation & removal from the body B. Relative number of receptors on OR in the target cellC. Affinity of binding between receptor & hormone How well the hormone & receptor bind Lower affinity = Higher [hormone]Blood needed A major difference between isoforms of receptors TERM 54 Up-regulation DEFINITION 54 Target cells make more receptors TERM 55 Down-regulation DEFINITION 55 Target cells lose receptors TERM 56 Hormones Inactivation: Hormones are removed from the blood by: DEFINITION 56 Kidneys Liver Degrading enzymes at target cellHalf-lifeTime required for a hormones blood level to decrease by half TERM 57 Multiple hormones may interact on target cell : DEFINITION 57 Permissiveness: Hormone cannot exert its full effect without another hormone being present (need each other for maximum)Synergism: Multiple hormones produce the ~same effects on a target cell (same effect)Antagonism: Hormone opposes the action of another hormone (work against each other) TERM 58 _________: Hormone cannot exert its full effect without another hormone being present (need each other for maximum) DEFINITION 58 Permissiveness TERM 59 ________: Multiple hormones produce the ~SAME effects on a target cell (same effect) DEFINITION 59 Synergism TERM 60 _________: Hormone OPPOSES the action of another hormone (work against each other) DEFINITION 60 Antagonism TERM 71 A. Posterior pituitary (lobe): DEFINITION 71 Nerve fibers & glial-like supporting cells (most of) InfundibulumStalk TERM 72 B. Anterior pituitary (lobe) DEFINITION 72 Glandular tissue TERM 73 the hypothalamus works _____ with the pituitary gland DEFINITION 73 together TERM 74 The Posterior Pituitary DEFINITION 74 Axons of neurons in hypothalamus Nuclei in the hypothalamus synthesizeneurohormonesOxytocin & Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Neurohormones are transported to axon terminals in the posterior pituitary Neurohormones are Release to blood when neurons depolarize TERM 75 Oxytocin: ______-calcium mechanism DEFINITION 75 PIP-calcium mechanism TERM 76 Oxytocin: A. Stimulates ______ of uterus during childbirth (positive feedback from birth canal stretch, Development chapter) DEFINITION 76 contractions TERM 77 Oxytocin: B. Triggers milk ejection (____ ______) in women producing milk (_____ muscle contraction in breasts) DEFINITION 77 letdown reflexsmooth TERM 78 Oxytocin: C. Involved in mother-child bonding, sexual arousal, orgasm & _______ ________ in both males and females The _____ hormone DEFINITION 78 emotional bondingThe cuddle hormone TERM 79 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, vasopressin): ____receptors in hypothalamus detect changes in bloods solute concentration DEFINITION 79 Osmoreceptors TERM 80 If solute concentration is high (not enough water) DEFINITION 80 : Osmoreceptors depolarize & transmit impulses to other neurons ADH is synthesized and released: Inhibiting urine formation (Anti-di-urine) TERM 81 If solute concentration is low: DEFINITION 81 ADH is not released, allowing water loss (default) TERM 82 Alcohol ______ ADH release Lots of urine DEFINITION 82 inhibitsContributes to hangover dehydration TERM 83 ADH deficiency: DEFINITION 83 Diabetes insipidus--huge urine output & intense thirst TERM 84 ADH hypersecretion (after neurosurgery, trauma, or secreted by cancer cells): DEFINITION 84 Fluid retention TERM 85 Anterior Pituitary Hormones DEFINITION 85 Growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotropin) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Corticotropin) Prolactin (PRL)All are proteinsProduced by different cells for each hormoneAll, except PRL, are tropic (regulatory) hormones (regulate hormone secretion from other endocrine glands, slide 26) TERM 96 Regulation of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release DEFINITION 96 Stimulus: Triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stress Inhibitor: increased level of cortisol increased level of aldosterone TERM 97 Gonadotropins DEFINITION 97 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)&Luteinizing hormone (LH) TERM 98 FSH--stimulates..... DEFINITION 98 gamete (egg/sperm) production TERM 99 LH--promotes production of... DEFINITION 99 gonadal hormones (estrogen/progesterone; testosterone) TERM 100 Prolactin (PRL) Stimulates DEFINITION 100 milk production Blood levels rise toward the end of pregnancy TERM 101 Regulation of Prolactin (PRL) release DEFINITION 101 Stimulus:Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (suckling)Inhibitor:Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (dopamine) Released post-orgasm--Possibly causing libido after sex & refractory period TERM 102 the thyroid gland is butterfly shaped and has left and right ____ DEFINITION 102 lobes TERM 103 thyroid lobes are connected by a small band called ____ DEFINITION 103 isthmus TERM 104 microscopically, the thyroid gland is composed of multiple spheres known as thyroid ______ DEFINITION 104 follicles TERM 105 the thyroid follicles are bounded by a layer of _____ ______ _____ ______ referred to as follicle cells DEFINITION 105 simple cuboidal epithelial cells TERM 106 follicle cells produce _________ DEFINITION 106 thyroglobulin TERM 107 the interior of the thyroid follicle is filled with a protein rich, gelatinous material called ____ DEFINITION 107 colloid TERM 108 colloid contains a high concentration of ______ atoms which is required for thyroid hormone synthesis DEFINITION 108 iodine TERM 109 between the thyroid follicles like clusters of _____-_______ cells DEFINITION 109 parafollicular cells TERM 110 parafollicular cells plays... DEFINITION 110 no roles in thyroid hormone production