Ap Human Geography Final Exam Study Guide, Exercises of Human Geography

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AP Human Geography Concepts & Terms Notes UNIT I: Geography, Its Nature & Perspectives US road map is not a thematic map Every meridian is the same length and has the same beginning and end According to environmental determinism, the physical environment causes social development Highest density: most in numbers Highest concentration: closest together Cloropleth map uses shading Five Themes of Geography: Location: Relative location Absolute location Place: Human Characteristics Physical Characteristics Human-Environmental Interaction: Humans adapt to the environment Humans modify the environment Humans depend on the environment Movement People Goods Ideas Regions Formal (uniform) Functional (nodal) Vernacular (perceptual) Culture: Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a group of people in tradition Hearth: Where an idea originates Acculturation: The spread of cultural traits from one society to another Globalization of Culture: Globalization due to interchanging beliefs and customs Globalization of Economy: Globalization due to business Reference Maps: Regular maps showing cities, boundaries, mountains, or roads Thematic Maps: Maps highlighting a particular feature or a single variable such as temperature, city, size, or acreage in potatoes (Gives extra information) Isoline Maps: Show lines that connect points of equal value Isolines are on topographic maps Choropleth Maps: Show the level of some variable within predefined regions, such as counties, states, or countries Dot Maps: Use a dot to represent the occurrence of some phenomenon in order to depict variation in density in a given area Cartograms: Maps that have distorted population Resolution: The amount of details or depth of a map Scale: Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface The three main types of scales are ratio (fraction) scales, bar scales, and written scales Small Scale: Depicts a large area (such as the state of Arizona) but with less detail Large Scale: Depicts a small area (such as downtown Phoenix) with great detail Cartography: The science of making maps Projection: The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map The most common type is the Robinson Projection However, maps depicting the entire world can distort shape, distance, relative size, and direction Toponym: The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface Has to be a natural feature Site: The physical character of a place Situation: The location of a place relative to other places (relative location) Meridian: An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles (longitude) The two main meridians are the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line Parallel: A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians (latitude) Spatial Distribution: The arrangement of phenomenon across the earth’s surface Distribution: The arrangement of a feature in a space Three types – density, concentration, pattern Density: The frequency of which something occurs. Arithmetic – the total number of objects in an area Physiological – the number of persons per unit area of suitable agricultural land Agricultural – number of farmers per area of farmland Concentration: The spread of something over a given area Clustered – close together Dispersed – far apart Pattern: The arrangement of objects in space Culture: Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a group of people in tradition Hearth: Where an idea originates Acculturation: The spread of cultural traits from one society to another Diffusion: The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another. Relocation – spreading through physical movement. Expansion – Spreading in a snowballing process Contagious– rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population – example - influenza Hierarchical- The spread from authority or power to other people – example – political leaders or hip hop music Stimulus– the spread of an underlying principal though the characteristic itself might diffuse – example – principals from Apple computer though the company diffused. Globalization of Culture: Globalization due to interchanging beliefs and customs Globalization of Economy: Globalization due to business Environmental Determinism: Physical environment dictates the social environment Possibilism: Humans have the ability to adjust to the environment UNIT II: Population Demography: The study of human populations Over Population: The definition of over population is having too many people and to little resources Carrying Capacity: The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support Doubling Time: The time it takes for a population to double Four most over populated regions/Sparsely populated regions in the world (Over populated): East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Western Europe East Asia: One fifth of the world’s people live in east Asia. The region borders the pacific ocean. East Asia includes: eastern China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and Taiwan. South Asia: Another one fifth of the world’s population lives in south Asia. South Asia includes: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia: The world’s third largest population cluster is in southeast Asia. A half billion people live in southeast Asia. The islands are: Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. Western Europe: World’s fourth largest population cluster. Contains one ninth of the world’s population. Most of Europe’s people live in cities. This region ranges from Monaco to Russia. Sparsely Populated Regions: Dry Lands- When an area is dry for farming not many people want to live there. These areas cover about 20% of the earth’s land surface. The largest desert region is the Sahara. Deserts lack sufficient water to grow crops to feed many people. Wet Lands- Wet lands are lands that receive high levels of precipitation. These areas are unfavorable for human life. A combination of rain and heat depletes nutrients from the soil which prevents growing crops. Cold lands- Cold lands are areas that are covered with ice or have permanently frozen ground. These regions have less precipitation than some deserts. These polar regions are unsuitable for crops and animals. High lands- Few people live at high elevations. The highest mountains in the world are steep, snowy, and sparsely settled. Some people prefer to live at higher elevations if the temperature and precipitation are uncomfortable at lower elevations. Population Increase: Doubling time- The number of years needed to double a population. Total fertility rate- The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years. Infant mortality rate- The annual number of deaths of infants under one year old. Life expectancy measures the number of years a newborn will be expected to live. The current estimated world human population is 6,379,157,361. This figure is extremely precise, however, since there is no complete database on the world's population, and humans are constantly being born (at the rate of about 3 per second) and dying. However, it is clear that the world's population continues to grow, in other words, more people are being born than people dying. Causes of Population Increase: Crude birth rate (CBR)- The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Ex: a (CBR) of 20 means that for every 1,000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a one year period. Crude death rate (CDR)- total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. The annual number of deaths per 1,000 population. Natural increase rate (NIR)- the percentage by which a population grows in a year. To compute you subtract CBR from CDR. Natural Increase: Natural- means a country’s growth rate excludes migration. About 80 million people are added to the world’s population each year. The historic high was in 1989 with 87 million. The number of people added each year has dropped slower than the NIR because the population base is much higher now than in the past. Fertility: TFR total fertility rate- the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49). Mortality: Two useful measures of mortality in addition to the crude death rate already discussed are the infant mortality rate and life expectancy. Infant mortality rate (IMR)-the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Neo-Malthusians: Study Malthus’ theory They point out that the amount of farmland is decreasing while the population is increasing. Global Warming could interfere with food production. Both extensification and intensification of agriculture will lead to land degradation. Malthus’s Critics: Many geographers believe Malthus’ theory is very pessimistic because they based on a belief that the world’s supply is fixed not expanding. Malthus did not foresee the advancement in technology that would help mankind survive. Census- A complete enumeration of a population. Crude Birth Rate- The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Crude Death Rate- The total number of deaths in a year fro every 1,000 people alive in the society. Demographic Transition- The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. Demography- The scientific study of population characteristics. Dependency Ratio- The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force. Doubling Time- The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Epidemiologic Transition- Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Epidemiology- Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. Ecumene- The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Industrial Revolution- A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Infant Mortality Rate- The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society. Life Expectancy- The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. Medical Revolution- Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. Natural Increase Rate- The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Overpopulation- The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. Pandemic- Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Population Pyramid- A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. Sex Ratio- The number of males per 100 females in the population. Total Fertility Rate- The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. Zero Population Growth- A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. Migration: Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location Mobility: All types of movement from one location to another Circulation: Constant, short term, repetitive movements by an individual Emigration: Migration away from country Immigration: Migration into a country Net Migration: The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants Net In-Migration & Net Out-Migration Counterurbanization: Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs Reasons For Migration: Usually people migrate for economic reasons Although not as frequently, cultural and environmental reasons also induce migration Push factor: when people are forced out of an area Ex: Hurricane Katrina destroyed many peoples’ houses, so they were forced to move somewhere else. Pull factor: when people desire to move into a new location Ex: Better job opening in a new area, a good place to retire. Usually promises a better situation than the present one. Economic Push and Pull Factors: Pull- People emigrate to places with better job opportunities. They will also emigrate because of better natural resources. Metal and coal deposits might attract miners. A brand new industry or store could attract technicians, scientists, engineers, or other workers. Push- When a industry goes bankrupt, workers will lose their jobs and might be forced to move to a different area because of a job opportunity. Environmental Push and Pull Factors: Pull- people are attracted to areas with warm climates, mountainsides, and seasides. Push- certain physical conditions cause people to move to different areas like too much or too little water in an area can force people to move. Also an area that is storm prone can force people to migrate. Cultural Push and Pull Factors: The 2 main push factors are slavery and political instability. Millions of people were captured and shipped to many different countries as prisoners or slaves. People called refugees are forced to migrate form their countries because of fear of persecution because of their race, nationality, religion, or political opinion. Pull- people migrate for especially the lure of freedom. People are attracted to democratic countries that encourage individual choice in education, career, and a place of residence. Brain Drain: Large-scale emigration by talented people International & Internal Migration: International Migration- The permanent movement from one country to another. Internal Migration- Permanent movement within a particular country. Examples - International Migration- Moving to Russia from the United States, or from Africa to Australia. Internal Migration- Moving to Arkansas from Michigan, or from Georgia to California. Internal Migration- People living in India must migrate to a different part of India to escape the flooding that occurs near them. International Migration- Some Jewish people were able to escape the Nazis by migrating to the different countries away from them. Internal Migration: Permanent movement within a country. Divided into two types- Interregional migration- movement from one region of a country to another. Rust Belt and Sun Belt Intraregional migration- movement within on region International Migration: Divided into two types- Voluntary migration- implies that migrant has chosen to move for economic improvements. Forced migration- the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors. Economic push and pull factors usually induce voluntary migration. Whereas cultural factors usually compel forced migration Net Migration: The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. In-Migration: synonym of immigration, moving into a country Out-migration: leaving a country Countries with net out-migrations include Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Countries with net in-migrations include North America, Europe, and Oceania. Guest Workers: Workers who migrate to the MDCs of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs 10 most Spoken Languages in the World: Position Language Family Script Used Speakers (Millions) Where Spoken (Major) 1 Mandarin Sino-Tibetan Chinese Characters 885 China, Malaysia, Taiwan 2 English Indo-European Latin 332 USA, UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand 3 Spanish Indo-European Latin 322 South America, Central America, Spain 4 Arabic Afro-Asiatic Arabic 235 ME, Arabia, North Africa 5 Bengali Indo-European Bengali 189 Bangladesh, Eastern India 6 Hindi Indo-European Devanagari 182 North and Central India 7 Portuguese Indo-European Latin 170 Brazil, Portugal, Southern Africa 8 Russian Indo-European Cyrillic 170 Russia, Central Asia 9 Japanese Altaic Chinese Characters and 2 Japanese Alphabets 125 Japan 10 German Indo-European Latin 98 Germany, Austria, Central Europe Ideograms: The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English Religion, Culture, and Physical Environment People care deeply about their religion and draw from religion their core values and beliefs, an essential element of the definition of culture. Religious values are important in understanding not only how people identify themselves, as was the case with language, but also the meaningful ways that they organize the landscape. Like language, migrants take their religion with them to new locations, but although migrants typically learn the language of the new location, they retain their religion. Religion Hierarchy: A hierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units (has “rankings” amongst the religion). A good example is Roman Catholicism (Pope, Cardinals, Bishops). Universalizing Religion: A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location 3 Biggs – Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Christianity: Origin – Israel 2 billion adherents Known as Christians Mainly in Western Hemisphere and Europe Foundation based on the Ten Commandments Major branches- Catholics (50%). Protestants (25%), Eastern Orthodox (10%) Islam: Origin – Saudi Arabia 1.3 billion adherents Known as Muslims Foundation based on the Five Pillars Major branches- Sunnis (83%), Shiites (16%), Kurds (1%) Buddhism: Origin – NE India/Nepal 370 million adherents Known as Buddhists Mainly in China and SE Asia Foundation based on the Four Noble Truths Major branches- Mahayanists (56%), Theravadistis (38%), Tantrayanists (8%) Different from Christianity and Islam- you may also participate in another existing religion Ethnic Religion: A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated 2 Biggs – Hinduism and Judaism Hinduism: Origin – India/Pakistan 800 million adherents (3 rd largest overall) 97% live in India (80% of India’s pop.) Believe in several gods – Brahma being the main one Follow the Caste System Believe in Karma and Reincarnation Judaism: Origin – Israel 14 million adherents Mainly clustered in Israel and the US Also prevent in former USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania) Have similar roots as Christianity and Islam Ireland: The most troublesome religious boundary in Western Europe lies on Ireland. Most of Ireland is Roman Catholic, but Northern Ireland is 58% Protestant and 42% Roman Catholic. Israel/Palestine: After the 1973 war, the Palestinians emerged as Israel’s principle opponent. Israelis have no intention of giving up control of the Old City of Jerusalem, and Palestinians have no intention of giving up their claim to it. Religious Architectures: Christians – Churches Muslims – Mosques Hindus – Temples Buddhism – Pagodas Jews – Synagogues Religion Versus Communism: Organized religion was challenged in the 20 th century by the rise of communism in Eastern Europe and Asia. The three religions most affected were Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. US Distribution of Ethnicities: African American – (13%) Southeast Hispanic American – (13%) Southwest Asian American – (4%) West American Indian (Native American) – (1%) Southwest and Plains States Clustering of Ethnicities: Within a country, clustering of ethnicities can occur on two scales. Ethnic groups may live in particular regions of the country, and they may live in particular neighborhoods within cities. Sharecropper: A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops Ghettos: When the African American immigrants reached the big cities, they clustered in the one or two neighborhoods where the small numbers who had arrived in the 19 th century were already living. These areas became known as ghettos. The ghettos today have been through expansion. Ethnicity and Race: Race is biological. An example would be skin color, but its not just skin color. Ethnicity is the cultural aspect/category. An example would be a hearth. Separate But Equal Doctrine: The Separate But Equal Doctrine occurred in 1896. It allowed segregation of Blacks, Jews, and Roman Catholics. “White Flight”: “White Flight” comes from the Brown vs. Brown of Education doctrine in 1954, which eliminated segregation. ‘White Flight” is when whites left their homes to where they knew would be a dominate white area because they were scared of the blacks. South Africa Apartheid: Apartheid is the physical separation of different races into different areas. The white-dominated government of South Africa repealed the apartheid laws in 1991. In 1994, Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa. South Africa the country- Black- 76% White- 13% Asian- 3% Mixed- 13% Each with different legal status Nationality/Nationalism: Nationality is identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality. Nation-State: A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Have by far one dominate ethnicity/nationality – 1 country, 1 ethnicity Rostow’s Stages of Development Model: Rostow, in the 1950’s, made a 5 stage model of the international trade development approach. 1. The traditional society: the country has not yet started process of development 2. The preconditions for takeoff: the country initiates innovative economic activities 3. The takeoff: there is rapid growth in economic activities 4. The drive to maturity: modern technology diffuses 5. The age of mass consumption: the economy shifts to consumer goods The model assumes that LDCs will achieve development by moving to a higher stage in the model. The Four Dragons: Some of the first countries to adopt the international trade alternatives were South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and the then-British colony of Hong Kong (known as the four dragons). They promoted development by concentrating on producing manufactured goods, especially clothing and electronics. Self Sufficiency: The more popular development alternative for LDCs for most of the 20 th century Incomes in the countryside keep up with those in the city Reducing poverty is more important than creating wealthy consumers Fragile businesses can be independent and protected from businesses and governments in MDCs Set barriers limiting goods being imported International Trade: A country can develop economically by concentrating scarce resources on expansion of its distinctive local industries Transnational Corporation: A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located Centripetal Force: An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state Centrifugal Force: An attitude that tends to break or make people fall apart- fight UNIT V: Agricultural and Rural Land Use Agriculture=farming+livestock Before 12,000 BC- hunting and gathering- no agriculture Agricultural Hearths: Fertile Crescent- historical region watered by the Nile, Jordan, Euphrates, and Tigris Rivers. It is here that agricultural is thought to be first developed. Wild wheat and barley grew in abundance and tribes of nomad hunters and herders settled down along the banks of the rivers and became the world's first farmers. As population increased irrigation was developed. Around 5,000 B.C. the first cities were constructed in the southern part of the crescent valley, near the Persian Gulf, by people who became known as the Sumerians. Ethiopia (horn of Africa)- Before embracing full scale farming Ethiopians were mainly hunters and gatherers. They began to cultivate crops which eventually led to farming. When farming became more dependable and common irrigation was exploited. Nile Valley- the Nile Valley civilization developed along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. Its long narrow floodplain provided ideal conditions for settlement and development of stable communities. The annual flooding of the river (which was viewed as a gift from the gods) deposited nutrient rich silt over the land. The silt made the soil excellent for growing wheat flax and other crops. It is believed that many nomadic hunters settled the land. Around 5500BC hunting was mostly replaced by domesticating animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats, as well as growing cereal grains. China- By 5000 BC there were many agricultural communities spread throughout what is now China. There were many villages along rivers such as the Great Yellow River (Huang He). They hunted deer and other game, fished, and gathered food. They also raised domestic dogs, pigs, and chickens. With the flooding of rivers irrigation was an important thing to master. The Chinese also farmed rice. Southeast Asia- Prior to agriculture, hunting and gathering sufficed to proved food in Southeast Asia. It was here that the chicken and pig were domesticated and rice was farmed. Agricultural technology was exploited when population increased to the point that systematic intensive farming was necessary for survival. River plains and delta regions helped the process of agriculture and trade. Mesoamerica- From 8000 – 2000 the hunter gatherers in the region began to cultivate wild plants. This probably began so they would have food to rely on if hunting became bad or in the event of a drought. As time went on the cultivated plant foods became increasingly important to the people of Mesoamerica. The plants they grew were more reliable. Mesoamerica eventually went into a subsistence pattern based on the cultivation of plants. Probably the most important Mesoamerican agriculture is maize. Subsistence Agriculture: Self-sufficient, small in scale, low technology, Food production for local consumption- not for trade or sale Some are confined to small fields- very likely they do not own the soil they till Small fields-share cropper, low end money pull for agriculture Can promote cohesiveness within society, share land, food surpluses, personal wealth is restricted Cultivators are poor but free Subsistence farming is growing enough food for one person and their family. Not to make a profit or sell. Lots of subsistence farms grow things like tomatoes, corn, potatoes, cucumbers, and spinach. Some subsistence farms also have livestock. Plantation Farming: Regional, bigger scale, but not yet commercial Plantation farming is on a bigger scale than subsistence, but not yet commercial. These farms are for profit. Many plantations farm rubber, pine, spruce, and eucalyptus trees, oil palm, cotton, tea, and tobacco. Some are orchards, in which they would grow fruit, (that grow on trees). Shifting Cultivation: A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period Cultivation where tropical forests are removed by cutting and burning, ash contributes to soil fertility Clearings are usually abandoned after a few years for newly cleared land (150-200 million people) Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land Pastoral Nomadism: A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals They live in dry climates Ranching: A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area Semi-arid or arid land MDC’s Transhumance: The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures Commercial Farming: Aka agribusiness- a system of economic and political relationships that organize food production from the development of the genetic makeup of the seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product- not just farming also development, harvesting, canning, and selling of crops- is an example of a company that incorporates primary, secondary, and tertiary job sectors Mass profit, almost all diary products are from commercial farming Ex. Mayfield These farms are made for mass profit. They use genetically modified plants, and sometimes animals. They grow the worlds largest crops like wheat, rice , corn, and pretty much everything you find in Kroger. They also raise animals like cows, pigs, and chickens. Almost all dairy products come from a commercial farm. The Von Thunen Model: Agricultural land use 1826 The black dot represents a city 1 (white)- dairy and market gardening 2 (green)- forest for fuel 3 (yellow)- grains and field crops 4 (red)- ranching Dark green=wilderness where agriculture is not profitable Crop Rotation: The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil Slash-and-burn Agriculture: Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris Desertification: Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting 1 st Agricultural Revolution: 12,000 yrs ago, Neolithic era Fertile Crescent, China, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America Accompanied by a modest population explosion Domestication- animals (about 40 species today) occurred after people became more sedentary 2 nd Agricultural Revolution: 1871-1914 Resulted from the Industrial Revolution- produced new technology that helped with the agricultural progress a lot Ex. tractor, cotton gin Ghettoization: Started in Europe Legal restriction of people to certain areas Used to be legalized but not anymore Ghettos refer to areas where populations of mixed income are confined to a certain area even though they might have the means and desire to move Can be economic or social “ghettos” Industrialization and Urbanization: The growing of industry and the growing of population and population density of a city One promotes the other The Industrial Revolution promoted Urbanization Megalopolis: A Greek word meaning great city D.C. Geographer Jean Gottmann named the region in the northeastern US- large metropolitan areas so close together that they now form one continuous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to south of Washington- Megalopolis Primate Cities: Having more than twice the population of the second largest city Center of culture for country Draws citizens because they feel they have to be apart of the city to be successful Most likely to become capital (ex. Paris, France) Not every country has a primate city Can have primate cities on large and small scales California’s primate city is Los Angeles America lacks a primate city Rank Size Rule: 2 nd largest city is ½ of 1 st 3 rd largest city is 1/3 of 1 st 4 th largest city is ¼ of 1 st World Cities: Have a large population density because of technology high rise They are cities that have great influence on the whole world They become a world city because they are in the center of the global economic system Highest Tier of World Cities- London, Tokyo, and New York (world’s business capital) 2 nd Tier- Chicago, Washington and Los Angeles Megacities: Over 10 million people Experience a sudden rise in population where the infrastructure can’t support the population for a time For the most part Megacities are in LDC’s because the people there are forced to go to urban areas to find work Central Place Theory: Walter Christaller created the central place theory to explain the size and spacing of cities that specialize in selling goods and services The theory consisted of two basic concepts: 1. Threshold- the minimum market 2. Range- the maximum distance- the amount of distance a person is willing to drive to the threshold Concentric Zone Model: A general model that cities are based upon that Burgess developed in 1925 The plan of a city (urban planner) may be based on the concentric zone model Relates the distance to the city to how wealthy a family is The wealthier you are the bigger land you have and the farther away from the city you are 6 Concentric Zones: Zone 1- CBD Zone 2- immediately adjacent to CBD (factories and manufacturing plants- where things are produced without much pollution- not nasty) Zone 3- contains poorest segments of the urban population, low income housing areas, low income people have factory jobs and do not use car for transportation Zone 4- working class Zone 5- middle class, not struggling, higher quality housing Zone 6- high class, expensive housing The zones expand- build out not up The concentric zone model has two main problems: outdated and only applies to America Sector Model: Has arms that extend from the CBD instead of circles CBD still in center of city Lower income still near manufacturing areas Transportation and manufacturing most likely along an “arm” Multiple Nuclei Model: Attributes: Differential Accessibility- people don’t just go to the same CBD all the time- they go to different places Land Use Compatibility- related businesses are close together, centripetal forces Land Use Incompatibly- conflicting businesses are sent apart from each other, centrifugal forces Location Suitability- suitable for certain activities Transportation; 40 percent of all trips made into or out of a CBD occur during four hours of the day- two in the morning and two in the afternoon In larger cities, public transportation is better than motor vehicles- cheaper, less polluting, and more energy-efficient Americans prefer to commute by car Infrastructure: What makes a city work or operate Example- electricity, sewers, road ways Suburbanization: The growth of suburbs was constrained by transportation problems The invention of the railroad in the 19 th century enabled people to live in suburbs and work in the central city Many so-called streetcar suburbs built in the 19 th century still exist and retain unique visual identities Hinterland: Same as range in the central place theory Area around the city that the city serves The farthest distance a city is willing to serve