AP Psych Unit 8 - Clinical Psychology, Exams of Psychology

Download AP Psych Unit 8 - Clinical Psychology and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! AP Psych Unit 8 - Clinical Psychology Psychological Disorder - Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feelings, or behaviors Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of these key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity Medical Model - The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital DSM 5 - The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Edition, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Anxiety Disorders - Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. Includes: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia Generalized Anxiety Disorder - An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Free floating anxiety (chronic anxiety not associated with any specific situation or object. Panic Disorder - An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations Phobia - An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - An obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - A trauma-related dsiorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger four weeks or more after a traumatic experience Post-Traumatic Growth - Positive psychological chances as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises Somatoform Disorder - Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause, includes functional neurological symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder - A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found Illness Anxiety Disorder - A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as a symptom of a disease Dissociative Disorders - Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID) - A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Symptoms includes blackouts. Formerly called multiple personalities disorder. Depressive disorders - Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes includes depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Major Depressive Disorder - A deoressuve disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Mania - A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder - A bipolar and related disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depressing and the overexcited state of mania Schizophrenia - characterized by a disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions Delusions - False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Personality Disorders - Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Antisocial Personality Disorder - in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) psychodynamic therapy - therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight insight therapies - a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses client centered therapy - a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth. Also called person-centered therapy. active listening - empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client centered therapy unconditional positive regard - a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance behavior therapy - therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors counterconditioning - a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning exposure therapies - behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actualitiy) to the things they fear or avoid systematic desensitization - a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias virtual reality exposure therapy - an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking aversive conditioning - a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant states (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking) token economy - an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort or exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats cognitive therapy - therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Aaron Beck - sought to reverse patient's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations and futures using cognitive therapy Donald Meichenbaum - offered stress inoculation training: teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations cognitive behavioral therapy - a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy family therapy - therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members regression toward the mean - the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to regress toward their average meta-analysis - a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies evidence based practice - clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences biomedical therapy - prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system psychopharmacology - the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior antipsychotic drugs - drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder tardive dyskinesia - involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors antianxiety drugs - drugs used to control anxiety and agitation antidepressant drugs - drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters electroconvulsive therapy - a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an aenesthetized patient repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation - the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity psychosurgery - surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior lobotomy - invented by Egas Moniz, a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain resilience - the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma