AP Psychology Test Bank – Thinking & Language (Chapter 10), Study notes of Psychology

Download AP Psychology Test Bank – Thinking & Language (Chapter 10) and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Chap 10 - 1 Bryant-Taneda: AP Psychology Test Bank – Thinking & Language (Chapter 10) 1. A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the: A) confirmation bias. B) representativeness heuristic. C) belief perseverance phenomenon. D) framing effect. E) availability heuristic. 2. The English language has approximately ________ phonemes. A) 25 B) 30 C) 40 D) 45 E) 50 3. After spending 2 hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates: A) the belief perseverance phenomenon. B) the availability heuristic. C) insight. D) the framing effect. E) confirmation bias. 4. Psychologists are interested in artificial intelligence because: A) computers have minds but not emotions that cloud judgment. B) computer microchips operate almost exactly like the neurons of the brain. C) computers can simulate some human problem-solving strategies. D) of all the above reasons. 5. Neural network computers: A) can be programmed to mimic excitatory and inhibitory neural messages. B) have a greater capacity than conventional computers to learn from experience. C) are not limited to serial processing. D) can do all of the above. E) can do none of the above. 6. Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates: A) functional fixedness. B) confirmation bias. C) the framing effect. D) the availability heuristic. E) overconfidence. 7. Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the: Chap 10 - 2 A) framing effect. B) belief perseverance phenomenon. C) confirmation bias. D) representativeness heuristic. E) availability heuristic. 8. Professor Carr's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences people's assessments of financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent? A) developmental psychology B) biological psychology C) clinical psychology D) cognitive psychology E) personality psychology 9. A prototype is a: A) mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people. B) step-by-step procedure for solving problems. C) best example of a particular category. D) rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently. 10. Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to: A) allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning. B) cling to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. C) search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving. D) look for information that is consistent with one's beliefs. 11. Which of the following illustrates belief perseverance? A) Your belief remains intact even in the face of evidence to the contrary. B) You refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefs. C) You tend to become flustered and angered when your beliefs are refuted. D) You tend to search for information that supports your beliefs. E) Your beliefs tend to distort logical reasoning. 12. The study in which people who immigrated to the United States at various ages were compared in terms of their ability to understand English grammar found that: A) age of arrival had no effect on mastery of grammar. B) those who immigrated as children understood grammar as well as native speakers. C) those who immigrated as adults understood grammar as well as native speakers. D) whether or not English was spoken in the home was the most important factor in mastering the rules of grammar. 13. Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis states that: A) language is primarily a learned ability. B) language is partially an innate ability. C) the size of a person's vocabulary reflects his or her intelligence. D) our language shapes our thinking. 14. Phonemes are the basic units of ________ in language. A) sound Chap 10 - 5 28. Which of the following illustrates an application of artificial intelligence? A) a computer that enables apes to communicate with humans B) a computer-controlled system that simulates the sound of human voices C) a computer programmed to play chess D) All the above are applications of artificial intelligence. 29. The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a: A) prototype. B) phenotype. C) morpheme. D) phoneme. 30. If you want to be absolutely certain that you will find the solution to a problem you know is solvable, you should use: A) a heuristic. B) an algorithm. C) insight. D) trial and error. 31. After returning from a shopping trip with his mother, little Tommy reported, "I goed to the store and eated candy." Why might a behaviorist such as B. F. Skinner have had some difficulty explaining Tommy's incorrect grammatical construction? What does his error suggest about the process of language acquisition? 32. Mental set and functional fixedness are two types of: A) algorithms. B) heuristics. C) fixation. D) insight. 33. The problem-solving abilities of forest-dwelling chimpanzees are best illustrated by their naturally developed use of: A) sign language. B) hand tools. C) heuristics. D) artificial intelligence. 34. The dance of the honeybee illustrates that animals are capable of: A) communicating useful information. B) learning a sign language. C) following grammatical rules. D) all the above. 35. A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of: A) the availability heuristic. B) belief perseverance. C) an algorithm. Chap 10 - 6 D) the representativeness heuristic. E) functional fixedness. 36. Biologist Karl von Frisch won the Nobel prize for his discovery that honeybees communicate with each other by: A) varying the acoustic pitch of their buzzing noises. B) secreting chemical odors called pheromones. C) performing an intricate dance. D) leading other worker bees on lengthy flights to find nectar. 37. Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by: A) an unborn readiness to learn grammatical rules. B) their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents. C) the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities. D) the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly. 38. Experts in a field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics: A) guarantee solutions to problems. B) prevent mental sets. C) often save time. D) prevent fixation. E) do all of the above. 39. Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech? A) "a doggy" B) "eat apple" C) "to store" D) "ball pretty" 40. Even when Lepper, Ross, and Lau explained to high school students that prior viewing of a confusing film caused their poor performance on a problem-solving test, the students continued to see themselves as incompetent. This illustrates: A) the belief perseverance phenomenon. B) the framing effect. C) functional fixedness. D) the availability heuristic. E) the representativeness heuristic. 41. In relation to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as "75 percent lean" than to one referring to its "25 percent fat" content. This is an example of: A) the framing effect. B) confirmation bias. C) mental set. D) overconfidence. 42. Even though 18-month-old Jerry has not yet learned the words for different colors, he recognizes color differences just as accurately as his 4-year-old brother, who can name the different colors. This fact would most directly challenge: A) Chomsky's language acquisition theory. Chap 10 - 7 B) Bandura's social-cognitive theory. C) Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis. D) Skinner's language acquisition theory. 43. The tendency to incorrectly estimate that more people die from accidents and homicides than from strokes and diabetes best illustrates the influence of: A) the availability heuristic. B) confirmation bias. C) the framing effect. D) the representativeness heuristic. E) fixations. 44. In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of: A) algorithms. B) phonemes. C) prototypes. D) mental sets. 45. Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by: A) functional fixedness. B) the overconfidence phenomenon. C) mental set. D) her lack of a prototype for the solution. 46. In preparing her class presentation, "Updating Chomsky's Understanding of Language Development," Britney's outline includes all of the following evidence EXCEPT that: A) computer neural networks programmed to learn to form the past tense of irregular verbs can learn to do so, even without "inborn" linguistic rules. B) infants rapidly learn to detect subtle differences between simple sequences of syllables. C) infants can recognize color differences even before they can name different colors. D) children isolated from language during the first seven years of life never fully develop language. 47. The child who says "Milk gone" is engaging in ________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ________. A) babbling; syntax B) telegraphic speech; syntax C) babbling; semantics D) telegraphic speech; semantics 48. Rule-of-thumb strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called: A) semantics. B) heuristics. C) prototypes. D) algorithms. E) fixations. Chap 10 - 10 62. Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between thinking and language? A) "Real" thinking requires the use of language. B) People sometimes think in images rather than in words. C) A thought that cannot be expressed in a particular language cannot occur to speakers of that language. D) All of the above are true. 63. Unlike conventional computer systems, neural networks have a capacity for: A) following precise rules of logic. B) retrieving detailed facts from memory. C) using algorithms to solve problems. D) processing numerous informational units simultaneously. E) using heuristics to solve problems. 64. Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty: A) semantics. B) phonemes. C) nomenclature. D) morphemes. E) syntax. 65. Which of the following is NOT true of babbling? A) It is imitation of adult speech. B) It is the same in all cultures. C) It typically occurs from about age 4 months to 1 year. D) Babbling increasingly comes to resemble a particular language. E) Deaf babies babble with gestures. 66. Prototype is to category as ________ is to ________. A) rose; "flower" B) rock; "mountain" C) man; "woman" D) rope; "weapon" 67. Complete the following analogy: Rose is to flower as: A) concept is to prototype. B) prototype is to concept. C) concept is to hierarchy. D) hierarchy is to concept. 68. The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick that was out of reach into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultan's discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of: A) trial and error. B) heuristics. C) functional fixedness. D) mental set. E) insight. Chap 10 - 11 69. Syntax refers to the: A) sounds in a word. B) rules for grouping words into sentences. C) rules by which meaning is derived from sentences. D) overall rules of a language. 70. The value of generating positive first impressions in your initial interactions with a new employer is best underscored by the research on: A) overconfidence. B) the framing effect. C) the belief perseverance phenomenon. D) functional fixedness. E) the representativeness heuristic. 71. A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts, and the steps to follow is an example of a(n): A) prototype. B) algorithm. C) heuristic. D) mental set. 72. Your stand on an issue such as the use of nuclear power for electricity involves personal judgment. In such a case, one memorable occurrence can weigh more heavily than a bookful of data, thus illustrating: A) belief perseverance. B) confirmation bias. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) the availability heuristic. E) belief bias. 73. The basic units of cognition are: A) phonemes. B) concepts. C) prototypes. D) morphemes. 74. Many bilinguals experience a different sense of self, depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of: A) Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis. B) Skinner's language acquisition theory. C) Bandura's social-cognitive theory. D) Chomsky's language acquisition theory. 75. The linguistic relativity hypothesis is challenged by the finding that: A) chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language. B) people with no word for a certain color can still perceive that color accurately. C) the Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one. D) infants' babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard. Chap 10 - 12 76. Our capacity for thinking without language is best illustrated by: A) belief perseverance. B) parallel processing. C) the framing effect. D) artificial intelligence. E) functional fixedness. 77. Children first begin to use sounds to communicate meaning during the ________ stage. A) one-word B) two-word C) echoic D) telegraphic E) babbling 78. When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n): A) prototype. B) heuristic. C) concept. D) algorithm. 79. During a televised political debate, the Republican and Democratic candidates each argued that the results of a recent public opinion poll supported their party's platform regarding sexual harassment. Because both candidates saw the information as supporting their belief, it is clear that both were victims of: A) functional fixedness. B) mental set. C) belief bias. D) confirmation bias. 80. Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis emphasizes that: A) infancy is a critical period for language development. B) the grammatical rules of a language are constantly changing. C) our social status influences our linguistic proficiencies. D) language determines the way we think. 81. Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit: A) overconfidence. B) the framing effect. C) functional fixedness. D) the representativeness heuristic. E) the availability heuristic. 82. Researchers who are convinced that animals can think point to evidence that: A) monkeys demonstrate the ability to "count" by learning to touch pictures of objects in ascending numerical order. B) chimpanzees regularly use branches, stones, and other objects as tools in their natural habitats. C) chimps invent grooming and courtship customs and pass them on to their peers. D) all of the above occur. Chap 10 - 15 D) prototypes. E) linguistic relativity. 97. The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to: A) save time in arriving at solutions to problems. B) yield more accurate solutions to problems. C) minimize the overconfidence phenomenon. D) involve greater reliance on language skills. 98. A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to: A) accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions. B) accept as logical those conclusions that disagree with our own opinions. C) underestimate the accuracy of our knowledge. D) accept as logical conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts. 99. Which psychological specialty is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision making, concept formation, and forming judgments? A) developmental psychology B) social psychology C) clinical psychology D) cognitive psychology E) personality psychology 100. Regarding the relationship between thinking and language, which of the following most accurately reflects the position taken in the text? A) Language determines everything about our thinking. B) Language determines the way we think. C) Thinking without language is not possible. D) Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought. Answer Key - 01.01.24:AP Psychology 12:Chap 10.ef 1. E 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. E 7. E 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. D 18. D 19. C Chap 10 - 16 20. B 21. D 22. D 23. C 24. E 25. B 26. E 27. E 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. C 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. A 41. A 42. C 43. A 44. C 45. C 46. C 47. B 48. B 49. C 50. A 51. D 52. A 53. A 54. C 55. D 56. D 57. E 58. D 59. D 60. E 61. D 62. B 63. D 64. E 65. A 66. A 67. B 68. E 69. B 70. C 71. B 72. D 73. B 74. A 75. B Chap 10 - 17 76. B 77. A 78. C 79. D 80. D 81. A 82. D 83. D 84. D 85. C 86. C 87. C 88. D 89. D 90. D 91. E 92. C 93. C 94. D 95. B 96. B 97. A 98. A 99. D 100. D