AP PSYCHOLOGY: Unit 8, Clinical Psychology, Slides of Psychology

Download AP PSYCHOLOGY: Unit 8, Clinical Psychology and more Slides Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 AP PSYCHOLOGY: Unit 8, Clinical Psychology Adapted from David Myers 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders ▪ Defining Psychological Disorders ▪ Understanding Psychological Disorders ▪ Classifying Psychological Disorders ▪ Labeling Psychological Disorders 5 Schizophrenia ▪ Symptoms of Schizophrenia ▪ Onset and Development of Schizophrenia ▪ Understanding Schizophrenia Personality Disorders ▪ Antisocial Personality Disorder ▪ Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder Rates of Psychological Disorders 6 Psychological Disorders I felt the need to clean my room … would spend four to five hours at it… At the time I loved doing it. Then I didn't want to do it any more, but I couldn’t stop… The clothes hung… two fingers apart… I touched my bedroom wall before leaving the house… I had constant anxiety… I thought I might be nuts. Marc, diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (from Summers, 1996) 7 Psychological Disorders People are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, and the abnormal. This fascination may be caused by two reasons: 1. During various moments we feel, think, and act like an abnormal individual. 2. Psychological disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts. 10 Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional 1. Deviant behavior (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest. 2. Deviant behavior must accompany distress. 3. If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder. In the Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal. C aro l B eck w ith 11 Understanding Psychological Disorders Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood. Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces) Jo h n W . V eran o 12 The Medical Model Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind. Dance in the madhouse. G eo rg e W esley B ello w s, D a n cer in a M a d h o u se, 1 9 0 7 . © 1 9 9 7 T h e A rt In stitu te o f C h icag o 15 Classifying Psychological Disorders The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders. The most recent edition, DSM-V (2013), describes 400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s. 16 Goals of DSM 1. Describe (400) disorders. 2. Determine how prevalent the disorder is. Disorders outlined by DSM-V are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar. Others criticize DSM-V for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.” 17 Labeling Psychological Disorders 1. Critics of the DSM-V argue that labels may stigmatize individuals. Asylum baseball team (labeling) E lizab eth E ck ert, M id d leto w n , N Y . F ro m L . G am w ell an d N . T o m es, M a d n ess in A m erica , 1 9 9 5 . C o rn ell U n iv ersity P ress. 20 Anxiety Disorders Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. 1. Generalized anxiety disorder 2. Panic disorder 3. Phobias 4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder 5. Post-traumatic stress disorder 21 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension. 2. Autonomic arousal. 3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. Symptoms 22 Panic Disorder Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It occurs more in the panic disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it. Symptoms 25 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress. 26 A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention. Brain Imaging Brain image of an OCD 27 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 1. Haunting memories 2. Nightmares 3. Social withdrawal 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. Sleep problems B ettm an n / C o rb is 30 The Learning Perspective Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced. Jo h n C o letti/ S to ck , B o sto n 31 The Learning Perspective Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes. 32 The Biological Perspective Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias. 35 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder. Chris Sizemore (DID) L o is B ern stein / G am m a L iaso n 36 DID Critics Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20th century. DID has not been found in other countries. Critics’ Arguments 1. Role-playing by people open to a therapist’s suggestion. 2. Learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety. 37 Mood Disorders Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms. 1. Major depressive disorder 2. Bipolar disorder 40 Bipolar Disorder Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. Multiple ideas Hyperactive Desire for action Euphoria Elation Manic Symptoms Slowness of thought Tired Inability to make decisions Withdrawn Gloomy Depressive Symptoms 41 Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase. Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway B ettm an n / C o rb is G eo rg e C . B eresfo rd / H u lto n G etty P ictu res L ib rary T h e G ran g er C o llectio n E arl T h eissen / H u lto n G etty P ictu res L ib rary 42 Explaining Mood Disorders Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: 1. Behavioral and cognitive changes 2. Common causes of depression 45 Suicide The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide. 1. National differences 2. Racial differences 3. Gender differences 4. Age differences 5. Other differences Suicide Statistics 46 Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. Jerry Irw in P h o to g rap h y 47 The Depressed Brain PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. C o u rtesy o f L ew is B ax ter an M ich ael E . P h elp s, U C L A S ch o o l o f M ed icin e 50 Depression Cycle 1. Negative stressful events. 2. Pessimistic explanatory style. 3. Hopeless depressed state. 4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection. 51 Schizophrenia The literal translation is “split mind” which refers to a split from reality. A group of severe disorders characterized by the following: 1. Disorganized and delusional thinking. 2. Disturbed perceptions. 3. Inappropriate emotions and actions. 52 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Positive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking) Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies) 55 Disturbed Perceptions A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently such hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory. L . B erth o ld , U n titled . T h e P rin zh o rn C o llectio n , U n iv ersity o f H eid elb erg A u g u st N atter, W itch es H ea d . T h e P rin zh o rn C o llectio n , U n iv ersity o f H eid elb erg P h o to s o f p ain tin g s b y K ran n ert M u seu m , U n iv ersity o f Illin o is at U rb an a -C h am p a ig n 56 Inappropriate Emotions & Actions A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (flat affect). Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia). 57 Onset and Development of Schizophrenia Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002). Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women. 60 Abnormal Brain Activity Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients. P au l T h o m p so n an d A rth u r W . T o g a, U C L A L ab o rato ry o f N eu ro Im ag in g an d Ju d ith L . R ap p o rt, N atio n al In stitu te o f M en tal H ealth 61 Abnormal Brain Morphology Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles. B o th P h o to s: C o u rtesy o f D an iel R . W ein b erg e r, M .D ., N IH -N IM H / N S C 62 Viral Infection Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development. 65 Psychological Factors Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed (Nicol & Gottesman, 1983). Genain Sisters The genetically identical Genain sisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus there are contributing environmental factors. C o u rtesy o f G en ain F am ily 66 Personality Disorders Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions. Spectrum of personality disorders ©NewScientist There are currently 10 personality disorders but psychiatrists think this diagnostic framework is in need of an overhaul CLUSTER PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS PREVALENCE IN DISORDER US POPULATION P ‘Paranoid Irrational suspicions and mistrust of others ‘Schizoid Lack of interest in social relationships | ODD BEHAVIOUR Pervasive disregard for the law and rights of others; may account for half of prison population in some countries i=Tel gel al ial Social inhibition; feelings of inadequacy Avoidant *Some people have overlapping diagnoses 70 Antisocial Personality Disorder A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath. Suffers from: Impulsivity: Behavior: Criminal behavior: Criminal Predispositions: Social relationships: Predisposition to Violence: Psychopath Lack of Empathy or Conscience High Erratic Tendency to leave clues and act on impulse Tendency for impulsive or opportunistic criminal behavior, excessive risk taking, impulsive or opportunistic violence Unable to maintain normal relationships High Sociopath Antisocial personality disorder Varied Controlled Tendency participate in schemes and take calculated risks to minimize evidence or exposure Tendency for premeditated crimes with controllable risks, criminal opportunism, fraud, calculated or opportunistic violence Tendency to appear superficially normal in social relationships, often social predators Varied 72 Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder Like mood disorders and schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder has biological and psychological reasons. Youngsters, before committing a crime, respond with lower levels of stress hormones than others do at their age.