APPLICATION OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION, Assignments of Chemistry

Download APPLICATION OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION and more Assignments Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Solvent Extraction Extraction is the transfer of solute from one phase to another phase. It is performed to concentrate the analyte or isolate analyte from interfering specie. Phase: It means specific region with a different composition than another region of system. Different physical phases of same substance(liquid water and water vapor) or same physical phase of different substances ( two immiscible solvents as in liquid water and liquid ether hexane). Applications • Extractions in Hydrometallurgy ( Extraction of metals) • Solvent extraction used in Hydrometallurgy using low grade feed for the extraction of metals including scarp, low grade ore waste leachates. This technique is widely used in after the developing of chelating acidic reagents. • Metal Ion- Extracting Complexes formation: • Metal cations: Cu+2,Ni+2, Co+2 etc. • Complex metal anions [Uo(So4)3]4-, [Mo8 O26] and others • Complex metal cations [MoO2]2+ • Neutral metal specie Uo2(No3)2 • Types of metal Extractants • Chelation Extractants • Advantages and disadvantages • They are more selective than ion- pair- or organic. • They are difficult to produce. • They are applied in the extraction of copper. • They can control the hydrogen cycle. Solvent Extraction in Nuclear chemistry and technology • It includes formation of fuel for nuclear reactors (uranium, thorium) • Treatment of nuclear waste. • Uranium Recovery: • The method used for recovery of uranium from its ores based on the nature of the ore. For the purification and recovery of uranium solvent extraction from the leaching liquors. • Di-(2-ethylexyl)phosphoric acid and mixture of trioctyl to tridecylamines are used for the recovery of uranium from sulfuric acid leach liquors. • Extraction from nitrate solution: • Tributyl phosphate (TBP) is used for the extraction of uranium from nitrate solution. Basically the concentration of uranium in rocks is higher than in seawater. Therefore many process are used for the extraction of uranium from phosphoric acid. • Thorium Extraction from its ores: • Thorium contain many isotopes (Th)232 which on decay produce beta emitted rays and produce (U) 233. (Th)232 is about three time larger world reserves than Uranium, So it must be found as a future energy source. Thorium is purified with TBP extractant after it dissolution in nitric acid. • Alkylamines are used for the purification of thorium when it is dissolved in sulfuric acid. Extraction in Analytical Determination Techniques • Method based on Spectrophotometric Detection • Other Detection Techniques (Atomic Absorption, Flame Emission Spectroscopy, X-Ray Fluorescence or Luminescence etc.) • Radiometric Techniques • Neutron Activation Analysis: • Isotope Dilution Radiometry: • Citric Acid: • High molecular weight amines and organophosphates are used for the extraction of citric acid. • Amino Acids Extraction: • Amino acids are changed into ionic forms by ion- pair extractant.