Emotions & Health: Linking Basic Emotions, Physiology, & Health Impact, Slides of Introduction to Psychology

Download Emotions & Health: Linking Basic Emotions, Physiology, & Health Impact and more Slides Introduction to Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Emotions and Health Docsity.com EMOTIONS Distinct Emotions Approach: 10+ Basic emotions Joy, Interest/excitement, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Fear, Shame, Guilt Docsity.com E 9 ° > = Q 6 ° a Disgust Highly adaptive, often food-related Marked by aversion towards something distasteful Ensures people select & reject appropriate food Facial expression: * wrinkling nose * gaping expression But psychology of disgust extends beyond role in food recognition => model for acquisition of values Docsity.com Would you use toothbrush again? ….even if it was dropped into boiling water & sterilized? Docsity.com Disgust Elicitors: 4 broad categories 1. Core disgust elicitors Objects potentially capable of contaminating foods Roaches, flies, feces Docsity.com Disgust Elicitors: 4 broad categories 2. Animal-reminder disgust elicitors Reminders of animal origins => threatens sense of mortality “Terror Management Theory” E.g., death, poor hygiene, bizarre forms of sexual behavior Docsity.com Disgust Elicitors: 4 broad categories 3. Sociomoral disgust Emotional reaction due to moral sense E.g., rape, violence, murder Docsity.com Fear Susan Mineka: Learning by observation •Wild monkeys afraid of snakes • lab monkeys NOT afraid of snakes Wild-reared Lab-reared Docsity.com Fear Predisposed to some fears * Snakes, spiders, cliffs * But NOT cars, electricity, bombs Docsity.com Te ee ee Ce ee ee Le eee ae a eee) a eee Dogsity.com 1. James-Lange Theory Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Interpretation of event evokes autonomic changes in body=>emotion arises from perception of these changes * contrasts with common sense view! * e.g,. We decide we are sad because we cry, smiling makes us happy Different patterns of autonomic response elicit different emotions (e.g., “butterflies” & anxiety) But is this plausible? Docsity.com 2. Cannon-Bard Theory Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) • Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: – physiological responses – subjective & cognitive aspects of emotion Docsity.com 3. Schacter-Singer two-factor theory • subjects not warned about physiological arousal attributed it to either euphoria or anger • subjects in either: o euphoria conditon (playful confederate) o anger condition (insulting questionnaire) “which member of your immediate family does not bathe or wash regularly” “with how many men (other than your father) has your mother had extramarital relationships? 4 or fewer, 5-9, 10 or more” • subjects told either: o would have physiological effect o would not have physiological effect injected student volunteers with hormone epinephrine (mimics effects of arousal for 20-30 mins.) Schacter-Singer Experiment Docsity.com + t oO — 2 S = < oe S o o 5 A Condition 1: High bridge Condition 2: Low bridge Implications for horror movies, amusement-park rides, etc. 39% called woman 9% called woman Docsity.com Facial Feedback Theory (Ekman) Subjects directed to pose expressions Sensory feedback from the expression contributes to the emotional feeling Docsity.com What are Emotions? • What are emotions? – A motivated state consisting of • Physiological arousal • Expressive behaviors • Cognitive/Conscious Experience • Nature and Nurture side: – Everyone has emotions → Nature side – Culture affects how we express them → Nurture side Docsity.com The 10 Basic Emotions: • Joy • Surprise • Anger • Contempt • Shame • Interest – Excitement • Sadness • Disgust • Fear • Guilt Docsity.com Biopsychology of Emotion: • The Brain: Key Areas – Limbic System • Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, Mating – Important Parts: • Hypothalamus – Changes in breathing/heart rate during “fight-or-flight” • Amygdala – Fear and Rage • Septum – Thin membrane in center of ventricle – Suppresses negative emotional states (e.g., fear) – Also: Frontal Lobe – “brake system” for amygdala Docsity.com Interesting Facts: • Positive emotions activate the left hemisphere more, while negative emotions activate the right hemisphere more. • Arousal and stress can actually help us, up to a certain point. – After we reach that point, performance declines – The point is different for easy and difficult tasks Docsity.com Yerkes-Dodson Curve: Performance level Low Arousal High Difficult tasks Easy tasks Docsity.com More Cool Facts: • Body language can convey a *lot* of information! • Body language and gestures mean different things in other cultures – Eye contact – “thumbs up” in Australia, Ghana →“Up yours” – “OK sign” in Brazil → Obscene • Facial expressions are similar all over the world – “Nature” component Docsity.com General Adaptation Syndrome • Alarm stage: immediate emergency response – Fight or flight • Resistance stage: prepared for longer attack – Immune system increases to max capacity • Exhaustion stage: body systems fail – Physiological and immune systems cannot maintain elevated response any longer – Resistance drops below normal levels, leaving the organism very vulnerable Docsity.com Cortisol: The Stress Hormone • Cortisol produces many of the body’s physiological responses to stress • Converts protein to glucose for energy • Regulates inflammation from injury • Activates sympathetic nervous system Docsity.com Stress • Sex differences in response to stress – Males: fight or flight • withdrawal – Females: tend and befriend • nurturing Docsity.com Eat for Immunity • Purple/Red: Grapes, grape products (red wine, grape juice), prunes, cranberries, blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, red peppers, plums, cherries, eggplant, red beets, raisins, red apples, red pears • Red: Tomatoes, pink grapefruit, watermelon • Orange: Carrots, mangos, apricots, cantaloupes, pumpkin, acorn squash, winter squash, sweet potatoes • Orange/Yellow: Orange juice, oranges, tangerines, yellow grapefruit, lemon, line, peaches, papaya, pineapple, nectarines • Yellow/Green: Spinach, collard, mustard greens, turnip greens, yellow corn, avocado, green peas, green beans, green peppers, yellow peppers, cucumber, kiwi, romaine lettuce, zucchini, honeydew melon, muskmelon • Green: Broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, bok choi, kale • White: Bananas, garlic, onions, leeks, celery, asparagus, artichoke, endive, chives, mushrooms Docsity.com The Importance of Touch Evolutionary perspective • Most primate species spend about 20% of their time grooming each other – Hygienic and social functions • In humans, language replaced grooming about 50,000 years ago – We spend 20% of our day talking Docsity.com The Importance of Touch • Language is very recent; the vast majority of human evolution occurred prior to the development of language • Our immune systems (and endocrine systems) evolved in a context of constant contact with other (grooming) • Touching other humans boosts the immune system (particularly skin to skin contact) • Also regulates growth, hormones, and development Docsity.com Massage Therapy • Reduces aggression, hostility, and anxiety • Reduces chronic pain (back, legs, etc.) • Improves attentiveness and cognitive performance • Improves neuromuscular function • Improves sleep patterns • Improves immune system functioning • Reduces the likelihood of relapse in cancer patients Docsity.com Why Massage Therapy Works • Massage therapy helps regulate serotonin and dopamine levels – Dopamine regulates motivation and pleasure – Serotonin decreases substance P (pain) and regulates sleep and mood • Massage therapy decreases cortisol levels – High cortisol levels kill natural killer cells, the front line of the immune system – Decreased cortisol → increased natural killer cells → better immune functioning Docsity.com What to focus on from Chapter 10 • How emotions are adaptive • Facial expressions • Theories of emotion • Physiological and neurological components of emotions (sympathetic nervous system) • Stress • The immune system • Behaviors affecting health (smoking, diet, exercise, etc.) Docsity.com