architecture reviewer, Study notes of Architecture

Download architecture reviewer and more Study notes Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - REVIEWERMIDTERM A Neolithic, megalithic temple complex on the Mediterranean island of Gozo. Erected in the Neolithic Age, which makes these temples more than 5500 years old and the world's second oldest manmade religious structures, after Göbekli Tepe. - Ggantija Monumental gates or entranceways to a specific space, usually to a temple or religious complex. They acted as a symbolic partition between the secular and religious parts of a city. - Propylea All visitors had to pass through this, the only entrance to the terrace, on their way to the Throne Hall to pay homage to the king. The Gate of Xerxes is also termed as? - The Gate of All Countries West Asian Architecture developed and flourished between the twin rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The name of this regionmeans “land between rivers.” This area is also known as the fertile crescent known for the remarkable fertility of the land ideal for human civilization to prosper. - Mesopotamia Also known as The Achaemenid Empire, it became an example for other empires. Ruled by Cyrus the Great and later on by Darius the Great. - Persian Civilization Shallow ground depression surrounded by posts with rings of mammoth bones and tusks - Pit House The Hanging Garden is said to be an example of a - Seven Storey Ziggurat A temple tower, built in several diminishing storeys, culminating in a summit shrine reached by a series of stairways. Also called: Step temple. - Ziggurat The city consisted of rectangular flat roofed houses packed together into a single architectural mass with no streets or passageways. Inhabitants moved across rooftops and descended into their homes through the roofs via ladders. - Catal Huyuk Example of rock cut tomb, free standing tomb, cut into the clis and featuring carvings of architectural façade. - Tomb of Darius the great It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed in lands and ages, also a record of man's eort to build beautifully. - History of Architecture The houses were usually punctuated by narrow openings that serve as entrances to houses. Houses have narrow streets between them. Street layout is irregular and “chaotic”, no canalization. - Summerian Architecture Use of columns is common in? - Persian Architecture Themost commonmaterial used in the architecture of the ancient Near east. - Bricks The _________was constructed by the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II circa 575 BCE. It was the eighth gate of the city of Babylon (in present-day Iraq) and was the main entrance into the city. It was part of Nebuchadnezzar's plan to beautify his empire's capital. Built into the double walls of the city fortification. The gate had a pair of projecting towers on each wall. All the facades of gates were faced with blue glazed bricks and ornamented with figures of heraldic animals- lions, bulls, and dragons - Ishtar Gate Dedicated to the seven planets, with glazed tiles in dierent colors. - Temple of Birs Erected against the wall of a cave. Made of animal or any organic material cover supported with 2 posts - Lean-to - Cairn Usually one flat top rectangular mound carrying the temple. Ex. White Temple - Archaic Ziggurat The palace was decorated with relief sculptures and glazed brick. It also has entrance portals flanked with statues of Lamassu (Human headed Upright megalith which is sometimes standing alone but there are instances that it is aligned with others. Human Intervention is a factor in the placement of these. - Menhir - Dolmen Era or Period is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered. - Paleolithic Age Constructed as a new capital for the Persian Empire. Surrounded by a fortification wall which encloses three terraces, remains of the great palaces of Darius and Xerxes. - Persepolis - StoneHenge The architecture of the ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile River in Northwest Africa from before 3000 B.C. to its annexation by Rome in 30 B.C., characterized by axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief. - Egyptian Architecture _____________________ __ is the means of communication, highway, and lifeline in Egypt. - Nile River He is the first recorded architect in history. His name is known to have established the tradition of monumental stone architecture in Egypt. He served as a vizier, a chief ocial, high priest andmaster builder to Pharaoh Djoser whose reign consisted of many substantial building projects in ancient Egypt. - Imhotep The scarcity of forests in the region prevented the use of _____ as building material in ancient Egypt, which then led to the massive use of _______ and _____ as primary construction materials. - Wood/Stone/Mud-brick The largest of the three major pyramids is located at the Dahshur necropolis. Named for the rusty reddish hue of its red limestone stones, it is also the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after those of Khufu and Khafra at Giza. It is believed to be the first to have been designed as a pyramid from the beginning. - Red pyramid The highest and longest standing obelisk in Egypt, with an approximate height of 30 meters or 97.5 feet high and weighing over 300 tons is attributed to this female king (Queen). It is meant to advertise her link to Amon-Ra. Who is its erector? - Hatshepsut The largest religious complex ever constructed in Ancient Egypt is _________. It is a city of temples built over 2,000 years and dedicated to the Theban triad of gods, Amun, Mut, and Khonsu. - Temple of Karnak The ornamentation used in many Egyptian structures adapted the form of _________. - Vegetable forms (Palm, Lotus, Papyrus, etc) Temples andmonuments in ancient Egypt are characterized by featuring only post-and-lintel construction without arches and vaulting, rendering the Egyptians as the first to use this type of vault construction. Identify this type of vault. - Corbelled Vault Egyptian planning is characterized by _____________? - Central Axis In what order did the following famous Egyptian pyramids evolve? - STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER, Saqqara BENT PYRAMID OF SENEFERU, Dahshur; RED PYRAMID OF SENEFERU, Dahshur A system using both pictorial and phonetic symbols to record information in ancient Egypt - Hieroglyphics The first stone building constructed by the Egyptians. It also marked a departure from the traditional burial structure known as a mastaba. constructed of six mastabas stacked together. The largest formed the base, and the rest decreased in size so that the smallest was at the top of the structure. Designed by Imhotep and is the oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world- rubble filling - Step Pyramid of Zoser Mud-Brick towering gateway wall, associated with twoMountains of the horizon, gods travel in-out in the temple, same as sun disc rising. - Pylon They are huge monoliths, square on plan and tapering to an electrum capped pyramidion at the top. They have a height of 9 or 10 times the size of the base. Symbol of Advertising link to Amon-Rah - Obelisk Mythical Beasts acted as guardians of the Royal Tombs. - Sphinx Lion’s body with the head of a man. - Androsphinx Lion’s body with the head of a bird. - Hieracosphinx Lion’s body with the head of a ram. - Criosphinx Type of column in which a standing figure of an Egyptian god is placed before a square pier. It diers from the classical caryatid in that the