Articulatory Phonetics - Introduction to Linguistics - Lecture Slides, Slides of Linguistics

Download Articulatory Phonetics - Introduction to Linguistics - Lecture Slides and more Slides Linguistics in PDF only on Docsity! Schedule of Topics • Week 10: Articulatory Phonetics How do we classify sounds? • Week 11: Speech Perception What is involved in perceiving speech? How can we capture the process? • Week 12: Phonological Processes How can we describe the patterns found in speech? How can we explain the processes? Docsity.com Description and Classification of Sounds • Ladefoged, P. (2006), A Course in Phonetics. London: Thomson & Wadsworth. • Gussenhoven, C. & H. Jakobs (2005) Understanding Phonology. London: Arnold. • Plenty of other introductory Phonetics and Phonology textbooks in library. Docsity.com Continuous versus Discrete • Phonetically, sounds are continuous. • Sounds continuously exhibit the influence of neighbouring sounds (coarticulation) e.g. caw [k
] versus key [ki] • Phonologically, sounds are discrete. • However, at a phonological level the sounds [k] and [k] function alike: they are both /k/ Docsity.com How many sounds? Bilabial Labio- Dental Dental Alveolar Post- Alveolar Velar Glottal Plosive p b t d t d k g Nasal m n  Fricative f v s z  h Approxi mant Lateral l Docsity.com Consonant chart (Irish English) Bilabial Labio- Dental Dental Alveolar Post- Alveolar Velar Glottal Plosive p b t d t d k g Nasal m n  Fricative f v s z  h Approxi mant Lateral l Docsity.com The International Phonetic Alphabet • Since the 16th century attempts have been made to devise a universal system for transcribing speech sounds. The IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) has been developing since 1888. • Avoids the problem of orthography, one IPA symbol = one sound. • Independent of any particular language: e.g.Eng: sharp Ir: Seán Fr: chambre - all begin with [  ] Docsity.com IPA Good, Orthography Bad • Orthography can have a one letter (or letter sequence) to many sounds relationship e.g. in English ou can be [ ] in cough, [
] in thought, [au] in loud, [ ] in journal, [o] in soul, [ ] in couple, [] in could or [u] in youth • There are also one sound to many letters relationships e.g. in French [  ] can be written temps ‘weather’, tant ‘so much’, tan ‘tan’, taon ‘horsefly’, tend ‘tighten’, Caen (name of a city), champ ‘field’, grand ‘big’, emporter ‘take’ or en ‘in’ Docsity.com The International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (2005 revision) Consonants (pulmonic) sree de aoe ne 2 rent mneenane Bllabial ae Dental | Alveolar anonar Fetrofier | Palatal | velar | wvular |Pharyrgpall Glottal wen [Pb td t die #|k glac ? Wasal m 1) n T. yn q N Tall B r R Tap or Flap Vv c C nate 1b B/f VIO S6|s z\f 3/s ale J|x yJx BIH ThA a tb ‘pprorimant v I Lt} ij} wy = pprexant l lL} Al oL Consonants (non-pulmonic} Other symbols ©) Baapia 3 6 pati > Bective, ax in: Pr k’ 3’ Po Bpiglotial plosire | Dental a d Dental /Atvectar w Voiceless Isbial-velar fricative ‘ % Aleolo-palatal fricatives 2, Veiced Inbial-relar approrimant ‘Alveolar lateral Asp Z + Pestlanesier é § Patel Uf Voiced lnbisl-palatel spproximant fh Simuttanemus {and X + Pemawoa gf wer H_ Wirlesssrighnaltiaice «Tar yey iets mad ll Alveolar lateral = oar G Voiced epiglotial fricative use two symbols joined by a tie bar. ® Docsity.com • All languages possess voiced and voiceless sounds • Important to be able to distinguish voicing from voicelessness • easy for most consonants • Not so easy for a class of consonants called stops [ p, t, k ] • In English, voiceless stops are accompanied by aspiration, a slight puff of air -Pan [ pæn ] -French pain [ p ] Docsity.com Voiced or Voiceless? • [ m ] • [  ] • [ f ] • [ p ] • [ g ] • [ d ] • [ x ] voiced voiceless voiceless voiceless voiceless voiced voiced Docsity.com The Many Lives of the Larynx • Phonation Types • Modal voicing • Depending on muscular and other configurations within the larynx: • whispery voice • creaky voice • breathy voice • falsetto voice Docsity.com To boldly go...beyond the larynx • Air may be obstructed anywhere in the vocal tract by the various articulators. • If the vocal folds are not vibrating, this is all we hear • If the vocal folds are producing voicing, we hear a mixture voicing and the “obstruction noise” • Where the obstruction takes place is termed Place of Articulation Docsity.com Passive Articulators ——— soft palate hard palate a teeth id Aalveolar cugla ridge | pharynx wall lip Docsity.com Active Articulators Docsity.com Recap: Places of Articulation for Irish English p b t d t d k ) f v % & s z Docsity.com Consonant Specification • For Consonants, you need to specify: • Voicing: voiced or voiceless • Place of Articulation: it’s always Location, Location, Location! • Manner of Articulation: it ain’t what you do, it’s the way that you do it Docsity.com Articulatory Phases • Articulations consist of three distinct phases: • Approach Phase: articulators are moved towards their intended target • Hold Phase: articulators reach target and maintain that configuration • Release Phase: articulators move away from the target position Docsity.com Vowel Specification • For Vowels, you need to specify: • Height (high, mid, low) • Fronting: Front, Central or Back • Lips: rounded or unrounded Docsity.com Vowel Quadrilateral for Irish English i u e o  æ  high mid-high mid low low front back Docsity.com Rounding/front-back/height • [ æ ] • [ ] • [ u ] • [ 7 ] • [ o ] • [ ] • [   ] low front unrounded mid central unrounded high back rounded high (lowered) front (retracted) unrounded mid-high back rounded low back unrounded nasalised mid-low front unrounded Docsity.com