Foundation Chemistry: Definitions, Calculations, and Concepts, Lecture notes of Chemistry

Download Foundation Chemistry: Definitions, Calculations, and Concepts and more Lecture notes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! CHEM1 - Foundation Chemistry Definitions to Learn 1. Formulae & Equations Atomic number number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass number sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Isotopes atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons Empirical formula simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound Molecular formula actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Atom economy mass of desired product x 100% total mass of reactants 2. Mass Spectrometry & Electronic Structure Relative atomic mass average mass of an atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom Relative molecular mass mass of a molecule relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon- 12 atom 3. Moles Mole unit for amount of substance Avogadro constant, NA number of particles present in a mole (6.02 x 1023 mol-1) 4. Bonding & Periodicity Lattice a regular 3-dimensional array Ionic bond electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice Covalent bond a shared pair of electrons Dative covalent bond covalent bond formed by donation of a lone pair Metallic bond a lattice of positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons Electronegativity ability of an atom to attract the electrons in a covalent bond Polar bond electrons are shared unequally (due to difference in electronegativity of atoms at either end) 1st ionisation energy energy change when one mole of electrons is removed from one mole of gaseous atoms 5. Alkanes Homologous series a series of organic compounds with: • the same general formula • difference of CH2 between each member • a trend in physical properties • similar chemical properties Functional group a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound Structural isomers same molecular formula, different structures Hydrocarbon a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only Saturated contains only single C-C bonds Fractional distillation separates due to differences in boiling point Fraction mixture of compounds of similar boiling point Cracking breaking a long chain alkane into a shorter chain alkane and an alkene