ASM 275 unit 4 study guide(FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY) updated 2023 best rated & reviewed, Exams of Nursing

Download ASM 275 unit 4 study guide(FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY) updated 2023 best rated & reviewed and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ASM 275: Forensic Anthropology Exam 4 Study Guide What are positive identification and individuation? • Final phase of forensic analysis • GOAL: Identify with high prob the exact identity of ind. • Begin w/ info on sex, age, stature, ancestry • Add other info gleaned from skeleton Paleopathology: The study of ancient disease in skeletal remains • Also focuses on mummified remains Pathology: Know the three ways pathology affects bone and the terms lytic, osteoclastic, and osteoblastic Pathology affects bone in 3 ways: 1. Excess osteoclastic activity produces lytic lesions ➢ Osteoclasts: Bone cells responsible for removal of bone from body 2. Excess osteoblastic activity produces proliferate lesions ➢ Osteoblasts: create new bone 3. Abnormalities of shape produces by both lytic and proliferative processes Lytic lesion on distal end of humerus, cavitation in joint surface, holes are pores due to exposure of underlying trabecular bone ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Proliferative legions (Maxillary sinusitis): little additions of bones that look like spider webs; body responded to disease by activating osteoblasts and creating new bone Left: Woven bone to some sort of systemic infection Right: Excess piece of bone, may be traumatic in origin What is it? How is it useful to forensic anthropologists? 1. Can be confused with perimortem trauma (fusion defects-bones don’t fuse correctly in adulthood) 2. Can be confused with postmortem taphonomic alterations 3. Can provide information on life course experience of individual- healthy of unhealthy life? 4. Can provide info on socio-economic status (poor health) based on patterning of disease 5. Therefore, #3 & #4 (disease pathology) can lead to positive identification Pathological conditions disease processes that affect bone (MOST DO NOT!) • Past patterns of trauma = occupations, social economic status, work-related injuries • Diet and health conditions- generalized stress level that could be related to socio economic status • Congenital disease malformations- born with them, should be medically documented, ID and individuation • Infectious diseases (communicably diseases that you catch from contact with others)- health, medical history • Rare bone diseases- geographic origin What can past patterns of trauma tell us about the individual? • Shows occupational, social economic status, work related injuries Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease • Results from break down of joint capsule do to overuse, can be linked to certain types of activities ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Dental Indicators of Stress: Linear Enamel Hypoplasias • Teeth do not grow after done forming • LEHs give indication of time and duration of a given stress during childhood, first 6-7 years • Can be caused by antibiotics, poor nourishment, other stress How it works: • Enamel formed by cells called ameloblasts, start producing enamel at dark line/arrow in picture • Curvy path is how enamel formed from inside to outside of tooth How do they form: • Ameloblasts, the cells that create enamel, do not secrete at a constant rate when stressed • The result is ripple or nick in enamel visible on tooth’s surface ASM 275 unit 4 study guide 3 episodes, evenly spaced might suggest seasonal deprivation of sorts may suggest something about how long the event was • Harris Lines- Long Bones larger, ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o Similar to LEHs in that they are indicators of similar stresses (growth stalled or stopped for some period of time). BUT will eventually be remodeled and obliterated- impossible in teeth o Evident as opaque line on xray, indicating area of increased bone density o Form AFTER individual has recovered from stress event (hence density) o Downside: require xray, eventually remodeled and possibly won’t see them down the lineo Plus side: lets you look at stress over entire period of growth/teenage years not just up to 5-7 ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • Severe diploic expansion through orbital ceiling, cortical bone, severe anemia • Porotic hyperostosis: on cranial vault • Iron deficiency anemia ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • minor • more severe ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • very severe, contour of skull affected Parasitic load and dietary deficiency causes anemia • Hookworms from ingestion, schistosoma from swimming in infected waters • ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o Plagiocephaly and Brachycephaly: extent of malformation determined by which sutures close prematurely ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • Spina Bifida: when fusion that should happen DOESN’T happeno Spinal cord exposed because bone doesn’t form complete ring around it, doesn’t fuse ASM 275 unit 4 study guide *What can infections diseases tell us? • Tell us health, medical history • 3 types of infectious diseases that have specific correlates in human skeleton o Tuberculosis- mycobacterium tuberculosis Highly contagious, spread through air Leads to damage of certain segments of body, most often mid thoracic/ mid back region: Pott’s disease • Causes destruction of vertebral bodies hunchback Also affects face: widens nose, destroys boney area of upper lip o Leprosy- mycobacterium leprae Less contagious, direct contact Only 5% of affected individuals show skeletal features Destroys face and hard palate: nose widened as bone is destroyed in surrounding region, perforation of hard palate; in severe cases, face totally destroyed and no differentiation between nose and mouth soft tissue ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Also significantly affects the hands, feet: lesions in soft tissue, hourglass like shape in bones and bone ends destroyed ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Not very common in US anymore, but is more so in other parts of world: leads to identification of where ind is from o Treponemal infections (including venereal syphilis) Four diseases caused by the same species: treponema pallidum, kinda controversial Found in different parts of world, different causes, target different portions of pop • Endemic syphilis/Bejelo T.pallidumendemicum ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o Young children, mouth-mouth o Arid • Yaws o T.pallidumpertenueo Young children, skin contact o Tropics • Pintao T.pallidumpertenue o Young children, skin contact o Tropics• Veneral syphilis: STI o T.pallidumpallidum o Adults o Sexual contact Soft tissue site of infection indicated by canker, shocker ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o Caused by inhalation of fungal spores found in soil o Bone changes rare but similar to TB o Know the examples of each of the above that we went over in class! Be familiar with the following terms: anemia inflamed balloon like appearance to bone, combined with focal lytic lesions ASM 275 unit 4 study guide hazy area on xray indicates soft tissue damage, white part shows bone damage as well cribra orbitalia,porotichyperostosis,linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), Harris lines, arthritis,tuberculosis,leprosy,syphilis (treponemal infections). Non-specific stress markers- what are they and what do they tell us? What is "stress"? Occupational Stress Markers *Know what they are and why they are useful to forensic anthropologists. • Link behavior to signature on skeleton • Wolf’s law says bone will be taken away from places where it’s not needed and put where it is. Can have atrophy of muscle as result (broken bones- when in cast, muscle will atrophy) o Muscle attachment sites can decrease in size from muscle atrophy o Evidence of focused concentrated use of certain body segments Enlarged areas of muscle attachment Focal regions of erosion: caused by stress Soft tissue ossification: connective tissue linking bone and muscle starts to turn to bone itself from stress related injuryo If deltoid muscle is larger, area of attachment will be larger and rougher *Know the four "classes" of the markers 1) Modifications to areas of muscle insertion: areas of bone where muscles attaches, indicated by roughened segments • changes in muscle attachment sites (MAS) • hypertrophy (MAS gets bigger) and osteolysis (degreades, breakdown, becomes more irregular) of muscle attachment site ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o overuse, reliance on that muscle group me el ell proximal phalanges ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Grasping writing tool, holding oar Gluteal tuberosity, Tate Bey es 1-1) Football players, horesback riders Calcaneus Petal iim clalelelem adductor hallicus Joggers Calcaneus ar lal tc lmat etm tere) e spurs) Police officers, floor OE e Osteological Evidence of Occupational Stress Mandibular condyle = woodwind instrument playing Medial epicondyle of the humerus = golfing Radial tuberosity = masons and bakers Distal tibia = any job involving squatting, quite common in the Third World (“squatting facets”). Scoliosis of spine = unequal carrying on one shoulder Sternal end of clavicle = hand sewing Acromial end of clavicle = milkmen Knee = martial arts and frequent wading in deep snow ASM 275 unit 4 study guide 2) osteophytosis : found on joints • joints overuses, joint cavity will break down- osteoarthritis • osteophytosis represent breakdown of joint due to overuse • lipping of bone (little segments of bone added), usually around rim of joint o humerus o ulna, problem in elbow (incorrectly set ASM 275 unit 4 study guide broken arm elbow arthritis) 3) discrete markers – squatting facets, dental attrition, habitual pipe-smoking, etc • facets, grooves, deformations found on specific portions of skeleton associated with specific repeated activity • Squatting facet: extra joint surface on front portion of distal end of tibia (top) and tallus interior face (bottom, on distal end of tibia) o o • Modern Exampleso Clinical Dental Attrition- granite worker: lots of dust in air that wears down teeth just through inhalation of granite particles o Occlusal surface grooves- grooves in front teeth: repeated process of pulling string through teeth to cut it etc: wear facet in weavers ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o *How accurate are these methods? • Pretty dubious ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • Markers are very subtle and light • Need entire body to get accurate description (is upper body muscular? Asymmetry?) • Chart is a bit extreme Radiography –how can it be used to ID individuals? *Comparison of ante-mortem records • Obv, body with 16 toes is easy to match, or 6 fingers • Idea is to compare antemortem radiographs with features of bone • Needle in haystack approach, can be all sort of odd idiosyncratic variations in body; “kinda luck into it” • Some areas better than others- frontal sinus o Can be seen if head xray ever done o Frontal sinus is very distinct among idividualso Has been used in kinship analysis, shape of sinus “runs” in families o Sort of like a fingerprint, only visible radiographically • midline septum- varies in length, curvature • left and right cels (cloud • scalloping of • connections with • Problems: puff like shapes)- differ in size and shape cels ethmoid sinuses must have antemortem x-ray replicate angle of x-ray questionableaccuracy questionable ASM 275 unit 4 study guide must replicability * Looking for odd variants or variation in frontal sinus pattern; difficulties involved in looking at the frontal sinus Forensic Odontology: Know what it is and the two general uses of it • Theory: no two mouths are alike (even identical twins are different), teeth leave recognizable marks in boneo Different diets, injuries, etc ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • Twinned incisors- partially separated • Premolar odontome- little finger like enamel projection • Other odd projections ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ASM 275 unit 4 study guide parastyle • Differences in lower molar cusp number ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • Used to identify assailant if victim was bitten, or some bite mark left at crime scene; identify victim as well • Leaving bite marks on victim is obviously personal • Indicative of mindset of assailant- psychologically compromised, serial killer, etc • Places to find bite marks o Human skino Foods: apples, cheese, gumo Duct tapeo Pencilso Steering wheels, bullet casings • Can take cast of bite mark, compare to suspect’s teeth (cusps, ridges, tooth shape, other morphology) • Different types of bite markso Hemorrhage- small bleeding spoto Contusion- ruptured blood vessel, bruise o Laceration- punctured or torn skino Incision- neat puncture of skino Avulsion- removal of skino Artifact- bitten off piece of body • What to examineo Distance from canine to canineo Shape of mouth archo Evidence of tooth out of alignmento Teeth width and thickness, spacing between them o Missing teetho Curves of biting edges on ind teetho Unique dentistryo Wear patters such as chips, grinding -Ted Bundy • Bite analysis used for conviction • Bit one of victims • Escaped prison twice, went to florida and killed 2 girls at chi omega sorority house o One of killed girls had 2 bite marks on left butt cheek- left bruises, bruises change color!!! o 2 different bites superimposedo 2 different renderings of bundy’s teeth o • Wax bite of Bundy’s teetho Made positive impression, white arrows show central incisors out of place and both canines on sides to measure distance between them o Teeth aligned with bite mark on victim o -Problems: makes testimony more difficult • Skin behaves differently when put under pressure. How does this affect bite mark seen? • How unique are teeth given resolution of bruising?? How out of alignment does a tooth need to be for it to appear as such in bite mark? ASM 275 unit 4 study guide How does jaw movement, degree of violence affect bite mark’s appearance? • Bite marks are mainly bruises, how do these change with time? • Bite marks differ in living and deceased • In recent year bite mark analysis has come under scrutiny because of this Anatomical variants: ASM 275 unit 4 study guide *What can they provide information on?*How are they forensically useful?*Know examples (eg metopic suture, extra-sutural bones in cranium, extra digits Intentional Cultural Modification *How is this forensically useful? *Know examples (foot binding, corset training, artificial cranial deformation, intentional tooth removal, etc) front bottom teeth purposely pulled, upper incisors cut: definitely not modern ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ©1995 Robert Connally ©1995 Robert Connally © 1995 Lumir Janku Foot binding ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Corset Training: affects shape of ribs ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Handedness: *Why is this forensically useful? • 95% people right handed • if a decedent is clearly left-handed, narrows range of possibilities considerably *What specific indicators are used to assess handedness? • Based on differential use of right and left arms which alters bone mass and contours • ALL RELATIVE • 6 different criteria, need both left and right bones 1. Glenoid beveling a. on scapula, the shoulder joint b. refers to elevated edge surrounding actual joint surface ASM 275 unit 4 study guide 2. Glenoid posterior deflection a. On scapula, shoulder joint b. Refers to angle of the joint when viewed from inferior (bottom, arrow) direction: will angle slightly to the back towards joint on arm which you use to write 3. c. 4. Arm bone lengths and weight a. Longer, heavier arm bones= writing arm 4. Humerus epicondylar breadth a. Wider elbow joint= writing arm; measure across red bar and compare arms ASM 275 unit 4 study guide ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • Photo of reproduction released to media in hopes of identifying individual • Pretty much last resort in effort to identity Uses: • Archaeology- offer reasonably accurate pic of what early peoples may have looked like • Fossil hominids • History- to dis/prove an identity as in Josef Mengele (reading) • Forensic applications in modern legal cases o Identify victim *Know the techniques discussed in class (and in the film we saw) and difficulties involvedd. • Clay o By building up face with clayo By going layer by layer, reconstructing muscles and fat tissue o Step1: reassemble skull if fragmentedo Step2: create mold Don’t add clay to original evidence! Disrespectful to family too.. o Step3: assess skull for sex, ancestry, age, take measurements and weight Do as much as possible to individualize specimen; take note of healed trauma and elements of life history o Step4: consult text with standards for tissue depth- many problematic, all averages Significant variations from 3 major sources: sex, body type (difficult to determine from skeleton), ancestral group Standard of thickness have error built in: measurements from different sources • Needle method- incorrect placement, inward deformation, dead vs living tissue thickness o Would stab faces of cadavers to get thicknesso Putting needle in right place: dry skull vs covered body• CT scan- incorrect placement but accuracy improved, can be done on living, not invasiveo Differentiate bone from soft tissue and measure distance to get deptho Step5: cut tissue depth markers (erasers, thin wooden dowel, or plastic) o Step6: place and glue tissue depth markers on skull at app location o Step7: setting the eyes ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Use of fake eyes standard, color based on ancestral group to some extent 1- protrusion of eye: cornea is 4mm anterior to line connecting superior and inferior margin of orbits 2- corners of eyelids in like with malar tubercle of lacrimal fossa o Step8: apply strips of clay to specified depth to form contours of face Leave tops of tissue markers exposed (see number of marker) Leave nose and mouth alone at this point ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Anatomical build up method • Requires knowledge of muscles, glands, fat pads of face that most affect how we look • Makes better reconstruction • 7 anatomical structures sculpted onto the skull; most define outer surface of faeeo temporalis muscle o zygomaticus muscle o masseter muscleo orbicularis oriso parotid glando buccal fatty pado fat pad of chin ASM 275 unit 4 study guide oo Lips width= 133% distance between canine length o Lip thickness somewhat random, distance btwn teeth and nose gives some indication of upper lip length• Step 11: adding skin to smooth contours of clay (art aspect) o This is where you add epicanthic folds, aging indicators (wrinkles etc)... o Loss of teeth= sunken cheeks, eyelids groop Final product: note sunken eyes for age, nose roughed and tweaked ASM 275 unit 4 study guide (perhaps some injury on bone) Problems:• artists... o Tend to create works of art ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o Tend to come out as very attractive people o Fail to follow some of the rules • Scientist... o Tend to produce awkward looking peopleo Use themselves for modelso Ignore contours of face o Often look like Patrick stewart, yul Brenner, woody harrelson How effective? • Some forensic researchers claim 80% accuracy o Probs closer to 50% • Accuracy is in identification • Even good facial reconstructions don’t always result in ID • ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o Start with same stepso Tissue depth markerso Connect dots with gentle shading o • By computero Take photo and generate 3D image o Add layer by layer to achieve faceo Better at making reconstruction that looks more human • Pencil sketcho Connecting the dots, following the contours • Computero Age progression starting with child around 2 • Photographic superimpositiono Photographic comparison o Use video, computer techniqueso Goal: determine if photography of person in like matches photo of skull Take picture of skull and try to match up features, contours of picture o Already have an idea of who it might be, use this as positive identification o How can you be sure? Best pictures are smiling, can match teeth Is nose in right place? Eyes? Facial contours coform? When using video images fade and emerge Joseph Mengele, The Angel of Death • Nazi doctor who performed horrific experiments on humans • Thought he fled to SA and lived under alias • Exumed body to compare life/death images ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Exclusionary superimposition• White arrows show areas of inconsistencies o Problems Different angles, same skull Need to take pic of skull same angle as photo Human Rights Investigations: ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT)- 9/11, Katrina, mass disasters, plane crashesGenocide and Mass Graves (Human Rights) Goal is repatriation of remains and prosecutions of war criminals JPAC: Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Recovery of military personnel lost in foreign wars *Types of war crimes • Block humanitarian aid • Use of prohibited weapons Terrorism • Targeting of civilians • Unjust destruction of cultural property • Pillaging (not requisitioning) • Perfidy: causing an individual to believe falsehood (false surrender) • Treachery: act of betrayal that causes harm (killing those who surrendered) • Genocide *Genocide—what constitutes it? What two elements are involved in this crime? • Two elements of the crime o Mental element: intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group o Physical element: encompasses five crimes Conspiracy to commit, incitement to commit, attempt to commit Complicity: the union with others in an ill design • Not silence or acquiescence • Not mere presence during the act • Not denying having knowledge of the crime Successful acts of genocide • Five acts considered evidence of intent to commit genocide ASM 275 unit 4 study guide o • Canonization of Pedro de Corpa- prof’s project! o History of Spanish Florida Killed in 1597 in Georgia 1565- St Augustine Fl founded 1573- Franciscans arrive to convert natives to christianity 1650- height of missions 1705- missions destroyed, primarily by English and allied natives o Juanillo Uprising of 1597: southern part of Georgia Sacrament of Marriage: in defense of Jaunillo taking a second wife Five friars killed, one taken hostage and tempted with women Three of five bodies recovered by force of Spanish soldiers ~1 month after Two non-recovered bodies • Fray Pedro de Corpa • Fray Francisco de Verascola o Fort King George Calvaria found Founded in 1952 by archaeologists excavating Fort King George (Southern coast of ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Ga) Found it and thought it was Corpa, same location of Spanish mission No formal mention of this in ANY reports or publications found o Can we do anything to determine if this was the head of Pedro de Corpa? Forensic Profile Is there anything in texts that personalized Georgia Martyrs (2 unfound men)? • Unique features: No • Stature: No How were they killed? What weapons in what context? What happened to bodies afterwards? o Historical Documents- Evidence Burned Spanish document written in archaic Spanish Want primary stuff: don’t exist Secondary Tertiary: read a book, wrote a book- where most of evidence comes from Testimony of Youths- rounded up and claimed to have been around and witness friar being killed: Lucas • Gave testimony to governor, Canzo, and translated by Gaspar de Salas, and recorded by Juan de Ximenez in Averette 1929 • May not really be what he said... • Lucas was waterboarded, thought he was drowning, confessed to being around; hung because of testimony • Only person present at killing that provided testimony • Ringleaders were hiding and then were killed o Basic info on Corpa and Verascola Both male Both middle age adults • Corpa: 38 • Verascola: 33 Both Spanish descent, Verascola Basque o Expectations of Cranial Trauma Corpa • Killed with “macana”o General name for a club that differs in shape in time, place to placeo Macahuitl has obsidian in it, leave blunt and sharp force traumao Taino more club like, leave blunt force trauma ASM 275 unit 4 study guide • Beheaded • Impaled and paraded • Body left to rot then hidden in woods Verascola • No idea how he was killed, with what • Scalped?- scalps found but can’t math • No info about beheading or other body treatment o SexAssessment Calvaria, only 3 things we can look at all consistent with being a male o Age estimation Can only look at cranial suture closure ASM 275 unit 4 study guide specimen is actually Pedro de Corpa based on our age at death estimate.”o Assessment of Ancestry: expect to see specific European profile if them Fort King George skull is C: osteometric point nasion depressed in europeans Doesn’t really prove anything other than not NA or African Compare NA skulls (grey), English soldier skulls (open), FKG skull (Star): more similar to Europeans than NA • o Taphonomy or Trauma supposedly scalped, but NO SIGNS OF SCALPING (ex on right) ASM 275 unit 4 study guide Comparative Nasal Morphology a) European b) African c) FKG Cranium Note nasion depression and similar nasal structure In ‘a’ and ‘c’ ASM 275 unit 4 study guide