Download Understanding Computer Systems: Hardware Components and Processing Characteristics and more Slides Management Information Systems in PDF only on Docsity! 1 • Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization • Describe how to select and organize computer system components to support information system (IS) objectives and business organization needs docsity.com 2 • When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization. Your choice of a particular computer system device should always allow for later improvements • Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central processing and memory devices • Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of secondary storage devices • Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and output devices • Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each docsity.com 5 Hardware Components (continued) • Communications devices • Primary storage devices • Secondary storage devices docsity.com Figure 3.1: Computer System
Components
Control Arithmetic/
Unit Logic Unit
Register Storage Area
Input Devices Output Devices
Memory
(Primary Storage)
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7 Hardware Components in Action • Step 1: Fetch instruction • Step 2: Decode instruction • Step 3: Execute instruction • Step 4: Store results docsity.com 10 Processing Characteristics and Functions • Machine cycle time is measured in: • Microseconds (1 millionth of a second) • Nanoseconds (1 billionth of a second) • Picoseconds (1 trillionth of a second) • MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) docsity.com 11 Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued) • Clock speed: electronic pulses that affect machine cycle time • Hertz (Hz): one cycle (pulse) per second • Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second • Microcode: elementary circuits and logical operations a processor performs when executing instructions docsity.com 12 Figure 3.3: Clock Speed and the Execution of Microcode Instructions docsity.com Figure 3.4: Moore’s Law
NUMBER OF
TRANSISTORS
1,000,000,000
100,000,000
10,000,000
100,000
T TTT TTT TTT TT T TT
1985 1990 1995, 2010
YEAR INTRODUCED
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16 Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing • Complex instruction set computing (CISC): chip design that places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible • Reduced instruction set computing (RISC): chip design that involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions docsity.com Memory Characteristics and Functions:
Storage Capacity
Name Abbreviation Number of Bytes
Byte B 1
Kilobyte KB 2" or approximately 1,024 bytes
Megabyte MB 2” or 1,024 kilobytes [about 1 million)
Gigabyte GB 2” or 1,024 megabytes [about 1 billion)
Terabyte TB 2% or 1,024 gigabytes [about 1 trillion)
Petabyte PB 27 or 1,024 terabytes [about 1 quadrillion)
Exabyte EB 2" or 1,024 petabytes [about 1 billion billion, or 1 quintillion)
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20 Figure 3.5: Basic Types of Memory Chips docsity.com Figure 3.6: Cache Memory
Memory
(Main Store]
Typically
256 KB
or More
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22 Multiprocessing • Multiprocessing: the simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time • Massively parallel processing • Speeds processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel • Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed docsity.com
