Health Equity and Public Health: Achieving Fair Opportunities for All, Exams of Nursing

Download Health Equity and Public Health: Achieving Fair Opportunities for All and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NUR 495 Public & Global Health Final Exam Guide Q & A 2024 1. What is the primary goal of public health interventions? A. To treat individual illnesses B. To promote health and prevent disease C. To provide rehabilitation services D. To conduct medical research Correct Answer: B Rationale: The primary goal of public health interventions is to promote health and prevent disease across populations, rather than focusing on individual treatment. 2. Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Global Health'? A. Health issues that affect individuals in a single country B. Health practices observed in the western world C. Health concerns that transcend national boundaries D. The study of health trends within private sectors Correct Answer: C Rationale: Global Health refers to health concerns that transcend national boundaries and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions. 3. In the context of global health, what does the term 'epidemiology' refer to? D. Disease-specific programs Correct Answer: C Rationale: Primary Health Care is a whole-of-society approach that includes comprehensive and community-based care, and is the first level of contact for individuals within the health system. 8. What role do 'Non-Communicable Diseases' (NCDs) play in global health? A. They are the least common causes of death worldwide B. They primarily affect populations in high-income countries C. They are a major cause of disability and death globally D. They are easily preventable through vaccination Correct Answer: C Rationale: Non-Communicable Diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung disease, are a major cause of disability and death worldwide. 9. How does 'Universal Health Coverage' (UHC) contribute to global health? A. By ensuring all individuals receive military health benefits B. By providing free health services for all citizens C. By ensuring all people have access to needed health services without financial hardship D. By focusing solely on the provision of emergency health services Correct Answer: C Rationale: Universal Health Coverage aims to ensure that all people have access to the necessary health services they need without suffering financial hardship as a result. 10. What is the importance of 'vaccination' in public health? A. It provides a temporary immunity boost B. It is the only treatment for viral infections C. It helps to eradicate and control infectious diseases D. It is used as a last resort when other treatments fail Correct Answer: C Rationale: Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent diseases and has been instrumental in eradicating and controlling many infectious diseases. Which of the following is an example of a primary prevention strategy in public health? A. Screening for early detection of breast cancer B. Providing vaccinations for children C. Administering antibiotics to treat pneumonia D. Performing surgery to remove a tumor Correct answer: B. Providing vaccinations for children Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of disease by addressing risk factors before they lead to illness. Vaccinations are a prime example of primary prevention as they help build immunity against infectious diseases. In global health, what is the term used to describe the average number of years a person is expected to live? A. Life expectancy B. Mortality rate C. Incidence rate D. Prevalence rate Correct answer: A. Life expectancy Rationale: Life expectancy is a key indicator of the overall health and well-being of a population, reflecting the impact of various factors such as healthcare access, lifestyle, and environmental conditions. Which of the following best describes the concept of social determinants of health? A. Genetic factors that influence disease risk B. Economic and social conditions that impact health outcomes C. Availability of healthcare services in a community D. The effectiveness of medical treatments in preventing diseases C. Immunity only present in certain animal species D. Immunity that protects individuals but not communities Correct answer: B. Immunity achieved when a large proportion of a population is vaccinated Rationale: Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of the population becomes immune to a disease, reducing its spread and protecting vulnerable individuals who cannot be vaccinated. What is the purpose of the Health Belief Model in public health promotion? A. Assessing the prevalence of diseases in a population B. Predicting individuals' health behaviors based on their beliefs C. Providing healthcare services to underserved communities D. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions Correct answer: B. Predicting individuals' health behaviors based on their beliefs Rationale: The Health Belief Model is a psychological framework that helps understand and predict individuals' health behaviors by considering their perceptions of threats, benefits, and barriers to taking action. Which of the following factors contributes to health disparities in populations? A. Universal access to healthcare services B. Genetic differences among individuals C. Socioeconomic inequalities and discrimination D. Adequate funding for public health programs Correct answer: C. Socioeconomic inequalities and discrimination Rationale: Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes between groups, often influenced by social, economic, and environmental factors that create barriers to accessing healthcare and achieving optimal health. How does the One Health approach promote public health? A. By focusing solely on human health issues B. By integrating efforts to address health risks at the human-animal- environment interface C. By prioritizing individual medical treatments over population health interventions D. By excluding environmental factors from health assessments Correct answer: B. By integrating efforts to address health risks at the human-animal-environment interface Rationale: The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, emphasizing collaboration across sectors to address emerging infectious diseases and other health threats. What is the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in public health emergencies? A. Conducting medical research on chronic diseases B. Providing direct healthcare services to underserved populations C. Monitoring and responding to infectious disease outbreaks D. Regulating the pharmaceutical industry Correct answer: C. Monitoring and responding to infectious disease outbreaks Rationale: The CDC plays a critical role in detecting, investigating, and responding to public health emergencies, including infectious disease outbreaks, to protect the health and safety of the population. Which of the following interventions is an example of secondary prevention in public health? A. Promoting healthy eating habits in schools B. Screening for early detection of cervical cancer C. Implementing smoke-free policies in public places D. Providing treatment for individuals with diabetes Correct answer: B. Screening for early detection of cervical cancer C. Strengthen healthcare systems in low-income countries D. Mobilize resources to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria Correct answer: D. Mobilize resources to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria Rationale: The Global Fund supports programs to prevent, diagnose, and treat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, aiming to reduce the burden of these diseases and strengthen health systems in affected regions. Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural competence in healthcare? A. Providing medical care based on personal beliefs and values B. Respecting and understanding the cultural differences of patients C. Excluding diverse perspectives in healthcare delivery D. Advocating for uniform healthcare practices across all populations Correct answer: B. Respecting and understanding the cultural differences of patients Rationale: Cultural competence involves healthcare providers recognizing and respecting the cultural beliefs, practices, and values of patients to deliver effective and patient-centered care. What is the significance of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in public health? A. It established guidelines for pharmaceutical regulation B. It emphasized the role of health education and advocacy in promoting health C. It eradicated polio through global vaccination campaigns D. It mandated universal healthcare coverage for all populations Correct answer: B. It emphasized the role of health education and advocacy in promoting health Rationale: The Ottawa Charter highlighted the importance of health promotion strategies, empowerment, advocacy, and creating supportive environments to improve health and well-being at the population level. How does the concept of social justice relate to public health ethics? A. By prioritizing individual rights over community well-being B. By addressing health disparities and promoting fairness in health C. By excluding vulnerable populations from access to healthcare D. By focusing on profit-making in healthcare systems Correct answer: B. By addressing health disparities and promoting fairness in health Rationale: Social justice in public health ethics involves recognizing and addressing inequalities in health outcomes, advocating for fair distribution of resources, and promoting equitable access to healthcare services for all. What is the role of community health workers in promoting public health initiatives? A. Conducting medical research on rare diseases B. Providing direct clinical care to hospitalized patients C. Educating communities on preventive health measures D. Administering treatments in hospital settings Correct answer: C. Educating communities on preventive health measures Rationale: Community health workers play a vital role in promoting public health by engaging with communities, providing health education, facilitating access to healthcare services, and addressing health disparities at the grassroots level. 1. Which of the following best defines the concept of epidemiology in public health? A) The study of how diseases spread among populations B) The study of how individuals experience illness C) The study of mental health disparities D) The study of individual healthcare outcomes D) Cultural beliefs that impact healthcare utilization Correct answer: B) Economic and social conditions that influence health outcomes Rationale: Social determinants of health refer to the social, economic, and environmental factors that can influence an individual's health and well-being. 6. What is the primary role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in global health? A) Providing direct healthcare services to individuals in need B) Conducting research on infectious diseases C) Setting global health standards and guidelines D) Advocating for universal healthcare coverage Correct answer: C) Setting global health standards and guidelines Rationale: The WHO is responsible for setting norms and standards in healthcare, monitoring and assessing health trends, and providing technical support to countries. 7. In the context of public health emergency preparedness, what is the purpose of a public health surveillance system? A) To provide treatment to individuals during emergencies B) To monitor and detect health threats in a population C) To control the spread of diseases in healthcare facilities D) To develop emergency response plans for government agencies Correct answer: B) To monitor and detect health threats in a population Rationale: Public health surveillance systems are designed to systematically collect, analyze, and interpret health-related data in order to detect and respond to health threats. 8. Which of the following is NOT a key component of the social-ecological model in public health? A) Individual factors B) Community factors C) Policy factors D) Genetic factors Correct answer: D) Genetic factors Rationale: The social-ecological model in public health considers how individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors interact to influence health outcomes, but does not focus on genetic factors. 9. When conducting a health impact assessment, which of the following factors would NOT typically be considered? A) Environmental factors B) Social and economic factors C) Public opinion D) Genetic predisposition Correct answer: D) Genetic predisposition Rationale: Health impact assessments typically focus on the potential health effects of policies, programs, or projects on populations, considering environmental, social, and economic factors. 10. Which of the following best describes the concept of herd immunity in public health? A) The idea that vaccines are harmful to the population B) The immunity of a single individual in a community C) The protection of the entire community when a critical mass is immunized D) The rapid spread of disease among a population Correct answer: C) The protection of the entire community when a critical mass is immunized Rationale: Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to a disease, providing indirect protection to those who are not immune. Correct answer: B) Eliminating health disparities and ensuring everyone has the opportunity to achieve their full health potential Rationale: The goal of achieving health equity is to address inequalities in health outcomes and access to healthcare, promoting fair and just opportunities for all individuals to achieve good health. 15. Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered a social determinant of health? A) Education level B) Income level C) Genetic predisposition D) Access to healthcare services Correct answer: C) Genetic predisposition Rationale: Social determinants of health are external factors that influence health outcomes, such as socioeconomic status, education, and access to healthcare, rather than genetic factors. 16. When designing a community-based intervention to address a public health issue, which of the following steps is NOT typically part of the process? A) Conducting a needs assessment B) Developing an evidence-based intervention C) Implementing the intervention without community input D) Evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention Correct answer: C) Implementing the intervention without community input Rationale: Community-based interventions should involve input from community stakeholders to ensure that the intervention is culturally appropriate and addresses the specific needs of the community. 17. Which of the following best describes the concept of health literacy in public health? A) An individual's ability to access healthcare services B) An individual's ability to understand and use health information to make informed decisions C) An individual's genetic predisposition to certain health conditions D) An individual's adherence to medical treatments Correct answer: B) An individual's ability to understand and use health information to make informed decisions Rationale: Health literacy refers to the ability to obtain, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions about one's health. 18. In the context of disease surveillance in public health, what is the purpose of monitoring disease trends? A) To provide treatment to individuals with diseases B) To identify outbreaks and trends in disease occurrence C) To implement vaccination programs D) To conduct research on infectious diseases Correct answer: B) To identify outbreaks and trends in disease occurrence Rationale: Monitoring disease trends through surveillance systems helps public health officials detect outbreaks, track disease patterns, and implement control measures. 19. Which of the following best describes the concept of health promotion in public health? A) Providing treatment for individuals with health conditions B) Preventing diseases and improving overall health in populations C) Increasing healthcare costs for the government D) Implementing mandatory health screenings for all individuals Correct answer: B) Preventing diseases and improving overall health in populations Rationale: Health promotion aims to prevent illness, promote wellness, and improve overall health outcomes in populations through education, behavior change, and policy interventions. Correct answer: A) The fair allocation of healthcare resources based on need Rationale: Social justice in public health refers to the fair distribution of resources and opportunities, ensuring that everyone has the chance to achieve good health outcomes. 24. When designing a community health assessment, which of the following steps is typically NOT part of the process? A) Collecting data on the health needs and assets of the community B) Analyzing and interpreting the data C) Developing intervention strategies without community input D) Presenting findings to stakeholders and community members Correct answer: C) Developing intervention strategies without community input Rationale: Community health assessments should involve collaboration with community members and stakeholders to identify health needs, assets, and priorities, and develop strategies that meet the community's needs. 25. Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural competence in healthcare? A) Treating all patients the same regardless of their cultural background B) Understanding and respecting the cultural beliefs and practices of patients C) Implementing mandatory health screenings for all patients D) Focusing on individual health outcomes over cultural considerations Correct answer: B) Understanding and respecting the cultural beliefs and practices of patients Rationale: Cultural competence in healthcare refers to healthcare providers' ability to understand and address the cultural beliefs, practices, and preferences of their patients in order to provide effective care. 26. In the context of health disparities, which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with contributing to disparities in healthcare access and outcomes? A) Socioeconomic status B) Race and ethnicity C) Gender D) Genetic predisposition Correct answer: D) Genetic predisposition Rationale: While genetic factors can play a role in health outcomes, social determinants such as socioeconomic status, race, and gender are typically more significant factors contributing to health disparities. 27. When conducting a community health needs assessment, which of the following steps is typically NOT part of the process? A) Identifying key stakeholders and partners in the community B) Collecting data on the health needs of the community C) Developing intervention strategies without community input D) Analyzing and interpreting the data Correct answer: C) Developing intervention strategies without community input Rationale: Community health needs assessments should involve collaboration with community stakeholders to ensure that interventions are culturally appropriate and address the community's specific health needs. 28. Which of the following best describes the concept of disaster resilience in public health? A) The ability to recover from disasters and maintain normal functioning B) The ability to prevent disasters from occurring C) The rapid identification and control of disease outbreaks D) The implementation of mandatory vaccination programs Correct answer: A) The ability to recover from disasters and maintain normal functioning Rationale: Disaster resilience refers to a community's ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters while maintaining essential functions and services. D) Engaging with community members and stakeholders in the communication process Correct answer: A) Using jargon and technical language to convey complex information Rationale: Effective health communication in public health involves using clear, simple language and tailoring messages to the needs and preferences of diverse populations, rather than using technical jargon. 33. Which of the following best describes the concept of community engagement in public health? A) Implementing programs without input from community members B) Engaging community members in identifying health needs and solutions C) Mandating healthcare treatments for all community members D) Prioritizing individual health outcomes over community well-being Correct answer: B) Engaging community members in identifying health needs and solutions Rationale: Community engagement in public health involves involving community members in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of programs and interventions to ensure they meet the community's needs. 34. When developing a public health policy to address a population health issue, which of the following steps is typically NOT part of the policy development process? A) Identifying key stakeholders and partners B) Conducting a literature review of evidence-based interventions C) Implementing the policy without community input D) Assessing the potential impact of the policy on the target population Correct answer: C) Implementing the policy without community input Rationale: Public health policies should involve input from key stakeholders and community members to ensure that policies are effective, culturally appropriate, and address the needs of the target population. 35. Which of the following best describes the role of governmental public health agencies in promoting population health? A) Providing direct medical care to individual patients B) Conducting research on healthcare outcomes C) Developing and implementing public health policies and programs D) Managing healthcare facilities and resources Correct answer: C) Developing and implementing public health policies and programs Rationale: Governmental public health agencies are responsible for developing, implementing, and evaluating public health policies and programs that promote population health and address health disparities. 36. In the context of global health partnerships, which of the following is NOT typically considered a key principle for effective collaboration among partners? A) Transparency B) Trust C) Competition D) Equity Correct answer: C) Competition Rationale: Effective global health partnerships are based on principles of transparency, trust, equity, and collaboration, rather than competition among partners. 37. Which of the following best describes the concept of health system strengthening in global health? A) Focusing on individual healthcare outcomes B) Improving the infrastructure and capacity of healthcare systems C) Mandating specific healthcare treatments for populations D) Increasing healthcare costs for certain populations